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本文格式为Word版,下载可任意编辑——高三语法总结

高三语法复习内容

语法复习一:句子成分语法复习二、主谓一致语法复习三:名词性从句语法复习四:定语从句

语法复习五:强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语语法复习六:状语从句语法复习七:倒装句语法复习八:动词时态和语态语法复习九:非谓语动词

语法复习十:动词的语气——虚拟语气语法复习十一:助动词与情态动词

语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句

一、句子成分

(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

(二)主语:主语是一个句子所表达的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:

Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)

WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)

One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)

Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)

WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)

Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)

(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)Isityours?(代词)

Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)

Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)

Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)

Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)

(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)

Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)

Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)

Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.

(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾

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语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:

HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)

(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:

Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)

Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)

Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)

(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:

Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)

Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination(.不定式短语)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Waitaminute.(名词)Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:

Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)

Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(条件状语)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)

Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)

Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)

练习一

一、指出以下句子划线部分是什么句子成分:

1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.

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10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符号划出以下短文各句中的主语(—)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):

Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.

三、用符号划出以下短文各句中的定语(—)、状语(=)、补语(~):

MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.

四、选择填空:

()1.____willleaveforBeijing.

A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.

A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.

A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.

A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.

A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.

A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.

A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.

A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.

A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.

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A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where

二、简单句、并列句和复合句

(一)句子种类两种分类法

1、按句子的用途可分四种:1)陈述句(确定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2)疑问句(一般、特别、选择、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?

3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4)慨叹句:Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种:

1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句:由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。

3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。

e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.(二)简单句的五种基本句型

1、主语+系动词+表语:e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词:e.g.Wework.

3、主语+及物动词+宾语:e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。

(三)并列句的分类

1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示选择,常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折,常用的连词

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