浙江省嘉兴高级中学09-10学年高二下学期期中考试 英语

嘉兴高级中学2022-2022学年第二学期期中考试高二年级英语试卷

考生须知：1.

全卷分试题卷和答题卷两部分，试题卷12页，答题卷2页，合计14页，有七大题，87小题，满分为100分，考试时间为120分钟。2.

本卷答案必须做在答题卷的相应位置上，做在试题卷上无效，请将客观题的答案在机读卡的相应位置上涂黑。3.

请用钢笔或圆珠笔将学校、班级、姓名、考号分别填写在答题卷和机读卡的相应位置上。试

卷Ⅰ听力测试（共两节，满分10分）第一节（本节有5小题；每小题1分，共5分）你将从录音上听到5段小对话。每段对话后有一个小题，请从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上把相应的答案涂黑。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.Whatdoweknowaboutthewoman?A.Shetookthejob

B.Sherefusedthejob

C.Shefailedtogetthejob2.Whatdoesthemanmean?

A.It’seasytoforgetthekey

B.Peopleoftenmakethesamemistakes

C.Hehastakenthewrongkeyoutoftheroomhimself3.WhatistrueaboutMaryandJack?

A.Theyspentaweekhavingtheirhoneymoon

B.Theywentontheirhoneymoonaweekaftertheirwedding

C.Theythoughtahoneymoonofoneweekwastoolong4.Howdoesthewomanfeel?

A.Surprised

B.Light-hearted

C.Worried5.Whatarethetwospeakerstalkingabout?

A.Clearwater

B.Someplants

C.Nuclearpower第二节（本节有5小题；每小题1分，共5分）

你将从录音上听到两段对话或独白。请从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上把相应的答案涂黑。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读每个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7、8三个小题。6.Howmanycarsalespersonswerehired?A.Ten

B.Eleven

C.Twenty-one7.Whatadvantagedoesthewomanhaveoverthesalesmen?

A.Sheisawoman

B.Sheisveryfriendly

C.Sheisreadytohelpothers8.Whatdoweknowaboutthewoman?A.ShenevergoesoutforlunchB.Shedoesn’tliketotalktoherworkmatesC.Sheisn’tgettingonverywellwithsomesalesmen请听第七段材料，回答第9、10两个小题。9.Whatisthewomangoingtodo?A.Tobuyaticket

B.Totakeaplane

C.Tomeetafriendattheairport10.Whatmustthewomandoinordertogettotheplaceshewantsto?A.WalkthroughthreeyardsandturnleftattheendB.TurnleftattheendandwalkfurthertoasignC.Turnleftattheticketcounterandwalkfurther二、单项填空（本题有20小题；每小题分，共10分）在A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。11.Heis______youngvolcanologistin______observatorybuthehasalreadymadesomeimportantdiscoveries.

A.the;the

B.the:/

C.a;/

D.a;the12.Thereisno______standardforbeauty.

A.right

B.wrong

C.absolute

D.false13.Ifyourfreetimewas____asideforexercise,youwouldbe______tohaveahealthylife.A.set;bound

B.toset;bound

C.tobeset;bounds

D.set;bounded14.–Wherecanwegetyournewsciencefiction?--I’msorry,it______andwillcomeoutnextweek.A.hasbeenprinted

B.willbeprinted

C.isprinted

D.isbeingprinted15.We_______thepoorstudentssowewilldoallthatwecantohelpthem.A.feelsympathyfor

B.areoutofsympathy

C.winsympathyof

D.expressingsympathyfor16.Thedateforthenextroundsix-partytalk______butwhetherprogresswillbemaderemains______.A.hasagreed;tobeseen

B.hasbeendecidedon;tobeseen

C.hasbeenreached;beingseen

D.hasbeendeterminedon;beingseen17.______othergoodstudents,theteacherthinks,Hankis______one.A.Comparedto;amostsatisfied

B.Comparingto;themostsatisfied

C.Comparingwith;thesatisfying

D.Comparedwith;amoresatisfying18.Themanager_______thedangerofthegasexplosionbeforethemineaccident.

A.shouldbecomeawareof

B.shouldhavebecomeawareof

C.shouldbeawareof

D.couldfeelawareof19.Congratulations______you______havingpassedthedrivingtestatyourfirstattempt.A.to;on

B.on;to

C.to;for

D.with;for20.Inordertoevaluatetheeffectthatthecomputerhas______people’slife,theyhavehandedoutquestionnairestomorethanonethousandyoungcitizens,allof______arepickedoutatrandom.

A.on;whom

B.for;them

C.in;whom

D.on;them21.______hardbefore,hefailedintheexam.A.Neverhaveworked

B.Neverworked

C.Havingneverworked

D.Neverhavingworked22.Equippedwithprotectiveequipment,thevolcanologistsmadetheir_____thevolcano_____thecontinualfountainingupandflowingdownoflava.

A.waysto;inspiteof

B.wayto;despite

C.wayup;inspiteof

D.waysup;despite23.Hisphysicaldisabilitymakes______ratherdifficultforhimtofindagoodjob.

A.him

B.that

C.it

D.this24.TheEnglishareproudofthe30thOlympicGames_______inLondonin2022.A.tobeheld

B.tohold

C.holding

D.held25.Eachlettershouldbe_______byastampedaddressedenvelope.A.appeared

B.bought

C.accompanied

D.kept26.Shewasscared______whenhearingthesoundofexplosion.A.todeath

B.death

C.ofdeath

D.withdeath27.Hehashisfault,but______heisanhonestman.A.inall

B.inword

C.allinall

D.wordinword28.Itistheabilitytothejob______matters______whereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.

A.which;morethan

B.that;ratherthan

C.that;otherthan

D.which;ratherthan29.--Canyoutellme______Icandowiththebrokencomputer?--Sorry,you’dbetteraskanexpert______todealwithit.A.how;what

B.what;how

C.how;how

D.what;what

30.–Haveyoubeenwastingtimeoncomputergamesagain?

--______.I’vebeenstudyingalotandIneedabreak.

A.Noway

B.Notreally

C.Icouldn’tagreemore

D.Whynot?三、完形填空（本题有20小题；每小题1分，共20分）

通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在31-50题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。Weshouldshowrespecttoeverybody,especiallyoureldersbecausetheyareaheadofus—inage,inwisdomandmaturity,inexperienceandeducation.Our

31

havedonealotforus,directlyorindirectlyandmostofus

32

everythingtotheirkindnessandlove.Whenwe

33

themrespect,whetheritisbybowingtothem,or

34

themwithasmile,orofferingthemanyhelptheyneed,itisonewayof

35

ourownloveandgratitudetothem.

36,eldershavealsobeenthroughalltheyearsyouare

37

andknowalittlemoreabouttheworldthanyoudo.

Itis

38

thatyoudonotagreewiththebeliefofyourelders,butthisisnothingnew.Allyoungergenerationshavealways

39

withtheireldersanditisthesedifferencesthatbringchangesinhuman

40.Howevermuchyoudisagreewiththem,givethemcreditfortheir

41.

Withchangingtimesand

42

influences,youngstersnolongerknowwhatisinterpretedasdisrespecttoelders.Youngstersshould

43

expresstheirviewsandiftherearearguments,theyshouldnot

44

theirvoices.Ifthereisnospaceonsofasorchairs,childrenwillimmediately

45

theirplaces,andsitonthecarpet.Inbusesandtrains,youngstersare

46

togiveuptheirplacestoolderpeople.Thisisnota

47

ofwhohasmorerights.Itissimplythatthosewhoareyoungerhavethestrengthtobear

48,ortolerateunpleasantness,soitisnaturaltoshowconsiderationtothosewhoareolderandperhapsata

49

disadvantage.Whenyoudosimplethingsasamarkofrespect,eldersbecome

50

thatyoungsterscareforthem,andtheyrespondwithaffectionandkindness.31.A.youngsters

B.elders

C.parents

D.juniors32.A.devote

B.owe

C.pay

D.contribute33.A.show

B.explain

C.exhibit

D.point34.A.greeting

B.receiving

C.declaring

D.showing35.A.expressing

B.describing

C.sending

D.suggesting36.A.However

B.Therefore

C.Besides

D.Though37.A.experiencingwith

B.goingthrough

C.sufferingfrom

D.worryingout38.A.maybe

B.likely

C.possibly

D.probably39.A.quarreled

B.dealt

C.lived

D.disagreed40.A.community

B.organization

C.society

D.public41.A.experience

B.reality

C.emotion

D.information42.A.cultural

B.special

C.environmental

D.position43.A.quietly

B.slightly

C.silently

D.coldly44.A.rise

B.raise

C.support

D.force45.A.giveaway

B.getridof

C.giveup

D.sendout46.A.expected

B.forced

C.needed

D.reminded47.A.doubt

B.question

C.wonder

D.challenge48.A.suffering

B.upset

C.trouble

D.discomfort49.A.serious

B.light

C.heavy

D.slight50.A.aware

B.alive

C.knowing

D.sensible四、阅读理解（共两节，有19小题，满分33分）第一节：阅读下面短文并做每篇后面的题目。从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。（本节有14小题；每小题2分，共28分）ATeadrinkingwascommoninChinafornearlyonethousandyearsbeforeanyoneinEuropehadeverheardabouttea.PeopleinBritainweremuchslowerinfindingoutwhatteawaslike,mainlybecauseteawasveryexpensive.ItcouldnotbeboughtinshopsandeventhosepeoplewhocouldaffordtohaveitsentfromHollanddidsoonlybecauseitwasafashionablecuriosity.Someofthemwerenotsurehowtouseit.Theythoughtitwasavegetableandtriedcookingtheleaves.Thentheyservedthemmixedwithbutterandsalt.Theysoondiscoveredtheirmistakebutmanypeopleusedtospreadtheusedtealeavesonbreadandgivethemtotheirchildrenassandwiches.TearemainedscarceandveryexpensiveinEnglanduntiltheshipsoftheEastIndiaCompanybegantobringitdirectfromChinaearlyintheseventeenthcentury.Duringthenextfewyearssomuchteacameintothecountrythatthepricefellandmanypeoplecouldaffordtobuyit.AtthesametimepeopleontheContinentwerebecomingmoreandmorefondoftea.Untilthenteahadbeendrunkwithoutmilkinit,butonedayafamousFrenchladynamedMadamedeSevignedecidedtoseewhatteatastedlikewhenmilkwasadded.Shefounditsopleasantthatshewouldneveragaindrinkitwithoutmilk.Becauseshewassuchagreatladythatherfriendsthoughttheymustcopyeverythingshedid,theyalsodranktheirteawithmilkinit.SlowlythishabitspreaduntilitreachedEnglandandtodayonlyveryfewBritainsdrinkteawithoutmilk.Atfirst,teawasusuallydrunkafterdinnerintheevening.Nooneeverthoughtofdrinkingteaintheafternoonuntiladuchess（公爵夫人）foundthatacupofteaandapieceofcakeatthreeorfouro’clockstoppedhergetting“asinkingfeeling”asshecalledit.Sheinvitedherfriendstohavethisnewmealwithherandso,tea-timewasborn.51.Thispassagemainlydiscusses

.

A.thehistoryofteadrinkinginBritain

B.howteabecameapopulardrinkinBritain

C.howtheBritainsgotthehabitofdrinkingtea

D.howtea-timewasborn52.PeopleinEuropebegantodrinkteawithmilkbecause

.

A.ittastedlikemilk

B.ittastedmorepleasant

C.itbecameapopulardrink

D.MadamedeSevingewassuchaladywithgreatsocialinfluencethatpeopletriedtocopythewayshedranktea53.WemayinferfromthepassagethatthehabitofdrinkingteainBritainwasmostlyduetotheinfluenceof

.

A.afamousFrenchlady

B.theancientChinese

C.theupper(上层的)socialclass

D.peopleinHollandBHisfirstfightwasfortheequalrightsofblackpeopleinSouthAfrica.Then,asthefirstblackpresidenthefoughttounitethecountryandorganizethegovernment.NowNelsonMandelahassethissightsonanewenemy,AIDS.OnMarch19the82-year-old,formerpresident,hostedhissecondAIDS-awarenessconcert.Hewarnedthat25millionpeopleinAfricawerealreadyinfectedwiththefataldisease.

MandelawasborninasmallvillageinSouthAfricain1918.Hewasadoptedbythechiefofhistribe(部族)andcouldhavebeenachiefhimselfandlivedahappycountrylife.

Butherefusedtobeachiefwhenhispeoplelivedunderracialdiscrimination(种族歧视).HedecidedtofightforequalrightsforallthepeopleinSouthAfrica.Before1990,underthecountry’sRacialSegregationLaw(种族隔离法),coloredandwhitepeoplelivedseparately.Blackpeopleweretreatedunfairlyevenwhentakingabus.Blackshadtostandatthebackofthebustomakeroomforwhitepeopleevenwhentherewereonlyafewofthemonboard.

ForhisoppositiontothesystemMandelawasarrestedandspent27yearsinprison.Hewasfreedin1990andbecomethepresidentofthecountryafterthefirstelectionswereheldinwhicheveryonecouldvote.

Mandelawasnotonlyapoliticalfighterwhoattackedwithspeeches.Hewasalsoatrainedboxer(拳击手)andfoughtintheringwhenhewasyoung.

“AlthoughIdidnotenjoytheviolenceofboxing,Iwasinterestedinhowonemovedone’sbodytoprotectoneself,howoneusedastrategybothtoattackandretreat(撤退),”hewroteinhisautobiography.

Asaskilfulfighter,hechosemusicashisweaponagainstAIDS.HehopestowinanothervictoryagainstAIDS.

54.NelsonMandelasucceededindoingthefollowingexcept_____.

A.winningtheequalrightsfortheblackpeopleinSouthAfrica

B.unitingSouthAfrica

C.organizingagovernmentinSouthAfrica

D.controllingthespreadofAIDS

55.IfNelsonMandelahadn’tfoughtagainstracialdiscrimination,he_____.

A.couldeasilyhavebeenthepresidentofSouthAfrica

B.couldstillhavelivedahappylife

C.couldhavebeeninadifficultsituation

D.wouldhavebeenanexcellentboxer

56.ItcanbeinferredthatNelsonMandela_____.

A.continuestohelptheblackpeoplewiththepoliticalstruggle

B.istakingapositioninamusicgroup

C.istakingontheworld’sgreatestfightagainstAIDS

D.ispreparingforthenextelectionofpresident

57.WhichstatementcanbestdescribethelifeofNelsonMandela?

A.Struggleishislife.

B.Sportsmakehisfame.

C.Fightforequalrights.

D.Greatfighteragainstgovernment.CWhenIwasanofficialofaschoolinPaloAlto,California

“Todayweburiedour20-year-oldson.HewaskilledinamotorcycleaccidentonFridaynight.HowIwishIhadknownthatthelasttimeIhadtalkedtohimwouldbethelasttime.IfIhadonlyknownthat,Iwouldhavesaidtohim,‘Jim,IloveyouandI’malwayssoproudofyou.’Iwouldhavetakenthetimetocountthemanyblessingshehadbroughttothelivesofthepeoplewholovedhim.Iwouldhavetakenthetimetoappreciatehisbeautifulsmile,hislaughter,andhisgenuinelovetootherpeople.

“WhenIputallthegoodthingsonthescaleandtrytobalancethemwithalltheirritating(恼人的)thingssuchastheradiothatwasalwaystooloud,thehaircutthatwasn’ttoourliking,thedirtysocksunderthebed,etc.,Ifindthattheirritationsreallydon’tamounttomuch.

“Iwon’tgetanotherchancetotellmysonallthatIwouldhavewantedhimtohear,but,otherparents,dohaveachance.Tellyouryoungpeoplewhatyouwouldwantthemtohearasifitmaybeyourlastconversation.ThelasttimeItalkedtoJimwasthemorningofthedaywhenhedied.Hecalledmetosay,‘Hi,Mom!IjustcalledtosayIloveyou.Youhavetogotoworknow.Bye.’Thatday,hegavemesomethingtotreasureforever.”IfthereisanypurposeatallforJim’sdeath,maybeitistomakeothersappreciatelifemoreandtotellpeople,especiallyfamilymembers,thattheyshouldtakethetimetoleteachotherknowjusthowmuchtheycare.Youmayneverhaveanotherchance.Doittoday!58.WhowasJim?A.Aschoolboy.

B.Thewriter.C.Thepresidentofaschoolboard.

D.Anofficialofaschool.59.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedphrase“theeducationallyhandicapped”?A.Thelearningdifficulty.

B.Thephysicalproblems.C.Thepsychologicalproblems.

D.Thecommunicationdifficulty.60.Accordingtothewriter,whichofthefollowingaboutJimisTRUE？A.Hewasalwayssadabouthisschoolmarks.B.Hisparentsalwaysscoldedhimabouthisbadschoolmarks.C.Hisstudyneededmoreattentionfromhisparentsandteachers.D.Hewaskilledinacaraccident.61.ThepurposeofPolly’sletteristo

.A.memorizehersonB.teachparentstoappreciatetheirchildrenC.teachchildrenhowtobegoodboysD.givesomeadviceonhowtodealwithchildren’sproblemsDAnxietyistheappropriate（适当的）emotionwhentheimmediatepersonalterror—ofavolcano,anarrow,astab（刺伤）inthebackandotherdisasters,alldirectedagainstone’sself-disappears.

Thekindofworldthatproducesanxietyisactuallyaworldofrelativesafety,aworldinwhichnoonefeelsthathehimselfisfacingsuddendeath.Theanxietyexistsasanuneasystateofmind,inwhichonehasafeelingthatsomethingunspecified（不具体的）andindeterminablemaygowrong.Iftheworldseemstobegoingwell,thisproducesanxiety—forgoodtimesmayend.Iftheworldisgoingbadly—itmaygetworse.Anxietytendstobewithoutfocus;theanxiouspersondoesn’tknowwhethertoblamehimselforotherpeople.Heisn’tsurewhetheritisthecurrentyearoftheadministrationorachangeinclimateortheatombombthatistoblameforthisundefinedsenseofunease.

Itisclearthatwehavedevelopedasocietywhichdependsonhavingtherightamountofanxietytomakeitwork…Whileweagreethattoomuchanxietyisharmfultomentalhealth,wehavecometorelyonanxietytopushusintoseeingadoctoraboutasymptom（症状）whichmayindicatecancer,intocheckinguponthatoldlife-insurancepolicywhichmayhaveout-of-dateprovisionsinit,intohavingaconferencewithBilly’steachereventhoughhisreportcardlooksallright.

Peoplewhoareanxiousenoughkeeptheircarinsuranceup,havethebrakeschecked,don’ttakeaseconddrinkwhentheyhavetodrive.Peoplewhoaretooanxiouseitherrefusetogointocarsatall—andsocomplicatetheordinarycourseoflife—ordrivesotenselyandcarefullythattheyhelpcauseaccidents.Peoplewhoaren’tanxiousenoughtakechanceafterchance,whichincreasestheterribleaccidentsoftheroads.authorholdsthat

.

A．anxietyisagoodthing

B．anxietyisasymptomofmentalillness

C．someanxietycanleadtochangesforthebetter

D．noanxietyisbadforsociety63.Accordingtotheauthor,accidentsoftheroadtendtobecausedby

.

A．allthosewhoaretooanxious

B．allthosewhohaveanxiety

C．thosewhohavenoanxiety

D．thosewhoarenotanxiousenough64.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe

.

A．OneMan’sThoughtaboutAnxiety

B．TheRightAmountofAnxiety

C．AnxietyandSafety

D．DifferentAttitudestoAnxiety第二节：阅读下列材料，从所给的六个选项（A、B、C、D、E、F和G）中，选出符合各小题要求的最佳选项。选项中有两项是多余选项。(共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分)Whatmakesonepersonmoreintelligentthananother?Whatmakesonepersonagenius,likethebrilliantAlbertEinstein,andanotherpersonafool?Arepeoplebornintelligentorstupid,orisintelligencetheresultofwhereandhowyoulive?__65___.Weknow,however,thatjustbeingbornwithagoodmindisnotenough.Insomeways,themindislikealegoranarmmuscle.___66____.Mental(donewiththemind)exerciseisparticularlyimportantforyoungchildren.Manychildpsychologists(心理学家)thinkthatparentsshouldplaywiththeirchildrenmoreoftenandgivethemproblemstothinkabout.___67____.If,ontheotherhand,childrenareleftaloneagreatdealwithnothingtodo,theyaremorelikelytobecomedullandunintelligent.___68

_.Accordingtosomepsychologists,ifparentsarealwaystellingachildthatheorsheisafooloranidiot,thenthechildismorelikelytokeepdoingsillyandfoolishthings._

69___,suchas“Thatwasaverycleverthingyoudid.”or“Youaresuchasmartchild.”

A.ParentsshouldalsobecarefulwithwhattheysaytoyoungchildrenB.ThechildrenarethenmorelikelytogrowupbrightandintelligentC.ItneedsexerciseD.Theseareveryoldquestionsandtheanswerstothemarestillnotclear.E.Soitisprobablybetterforparentstosayverypositive(helpful)thingstotheirchildrenF.Apersonoftenthinkingaboutdifficultproblemsismorelikelytobecomeagenius.G.Whatmakesapersonbrightorstupidisstillunderdiscussion.

注意：第五、第六、第七大题，请做在试卷Ⅱ上，做在试卷Ⅰ上无效。

五、单词拼写（本题有10小题，每空分，共5分）（每空限写一词）70-74小题:根据下列句子及所给单词的首字母，在横线上写出各单词。70.Ithought,atthetime,thatthiswasjustastorybutthenIw___________itwithmyowneyesmanytimes..71.Asweknow,agooddietisb________________tohumanhealth.72.Asthesegoodsareofdifferentstyles,thepricesr___________from100yuanto9yuan.73.Afterhisg________________fromuniversity,hewenttothesouthtofindajob.74.Moreandmorepeoplebegantousethed____________cameraduetoitsconvenience.75-79小题:根据下列句子及所给汉语注释，在横线上写出空缺处各单词。75.

Zhangyunchengachievedhis______________(雄心，野心)towriteandpublishabook.76Itis________________(分布广地，普遍地)knownthathehasgainedamaster’sdegree.theatrehasverygoodaccessforthe________________(残疾人).78.Manyshopkeepers________________（保证）satisfactiontocustomers.79.FromJame’sface,Icouldseehewasterrifiedofbeing____________(放弃，抛弃)byus.六、短文改错（本题有10小题，共10分）文中共有10处语言错误，错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（/\）,并在该句下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。Onceanoldmansawabagonhiswaytohome.

Inthebagtherewasawolf.Itwas

catchingandputin

thebagbyashepherd（牧羊人）afewminutesbefore.Thewolfasked

theoldmantolethimout.

Theoldmantookpityonhimandopenedbag.

Whenthewolf

gotout，saidtotheoldman，"Iamveryhungry.Iwanttoeatyou."Theotheroldman

coulddonothing

andcryforhelp.Justthentheshepherdcameandsawthis.

Hebeatthe

wolftodeathbyastick.Thenhesaidtothe

oldman，"Wolveswanttoeatmenallthe

time.It'snature

willneverchange.Weshouldtookthisasagoodlesson."

七、书面表达（1小题，共12分）

假如你叫Jack，参加学校开展的“有困难向谁求助”(Whodoyouturntowhenintrouble?)的调查活动，调查结果如下表。请用英语给校报编辑写一封信反映相关内容。

求助对象比例理

由同学、朋友58％年龄相仿，容易理解与交流老师、家长30％有爱心、有经验，可以信任无12％不愿与人交流，难以与人沟通注意：1.内容要点全面，并表达出你的观点。为了使文章连贯，可适当增加内容。2.词数：120词左右。3.文章的开头已给出。Deareditor,I'mastudentinSeniorTwo.Wehavemadeasurvey—"Whodoyouturntowhenintrouble?"Herearetheresults.____________________________________________________________________