二语习得及年龄因素

-.z摘要在二语习得中，年龄是至关重要的一个因素。本文旨在提出一些与二语习得相关的重要理论，以及根据这些理论对不同年龄层学习二外的读者提出不同的教学策略。希望可以让他们对二语习得有更多的了解以及能够更好地掌握二外。关键词：二语习得；年龄；教学策略AbstractAgeisoneofthemostvitalfactorsofsecondlanguageacquisition.First,thearticleaimstoputforwardsomeimportanttheoriesaboutsecondlanguageacquisitionandthengivedifferentteachingstrategiestothepeopleatdifferentagewhowanttolearnasecondlanguage.Itwillmakethemknowmoreaboutsecondlanguageandhaveagoodmandofit.Keywords:secondlanguageacquisition;age;teachingstrategiesContents摘要11.Secondlanguageacquisitionandagefactor31.1Introduction32.Therelevanttheoriesofthesecondlanguageacquisition32.1Criticalperiodhypothesis33.Thecurrentstudyinthesecondlanguageacquisition44.Thecharacteristicofyoungerchildren44.1Fromthepointofcriticalperiodhypothesis44.1.1Theaccuratepronunciation44.1.2Thehigherlevel54.2Fromthepointofforeignlanguageattrition55.Thecharacteristicofadult65.1Fromthepointofcognition65.2Fromthepointoflearningrate65.3Fromthepointoflearningmotivation76.Theconclusionandsuggestion7Bibliography8Secondlanguageacquisitionandagefactor1.1IntroductionTherearemanyfactorsthathaveaninfluenceinthesecondlanguageacquisition,whiletheageisregardedasthemostimportantfactorofinfluencingtheeffectindifferentindividual.Theresearchesofthesecondlanguageacquisitionaredifferent.Eventheree*istsomecontradictoryresults.Somescholarsconsiderthatthechildrenarethebestoneswhocanlearnsecondlanguagewell.Becausewhenthechildrenimmigratetoabroad,theycanlearnandacceptthesecondlanguagefastandeasier,whiletheadultscan’treachthestagethroughhardworking.Otherscholarsholdthebeliefthattheadultsarebestlearnerse*ceptinpronunciation.Whetherthereisaconsistentconclusion,itisacceptedwidelythatthedifferencee*istsindifferentage.Sowhatweshoulddoistofindtheidenticalanddifferentpartofdifferentageandthenchoosethebestage.Itwillhelpusconfirmthereasonanddiscovertheappropriateapproachtolearnthesecondlanguageeasier,whichwillboosttheprocess.Therelevanttheoriesofthesecondlanguageacquisition2.1CriticalperiodhypothesisCriticalperiodhypothesis,thatistosaythereisafi*edperiodwhenlearnerscanlearnthesecondlanguagefastestandbest.Afterthisperiod,thelearningprocessbeesdifficultandhard.Buttheoptimumageputforwardearlieriswithin10.Duringthisperiod,thebraincanbeeasilyshapedandchangedandtheabilitywilldisappeargradually.ThecurrentstudyinthesecondlanguageacquisitionTherearemanytheoristsandappliedlinguistsdomuchresearchontherelationbetweenageandsecondlanguageacquisition,buttherearestillcontroversiesabouttherelation,especiallythecriticalperiodhypothesis.In1960s,Lenneberycameupwiththecriticalperiodhypothesis.Heattributedthedifferenceinlearningsecondlanguagetoneurophysiologicalphenomenon,becausehethoughtitwasdifficulttochangethepronunciationattheageof12.Ontheotherhand,Krashenbelievedthattheolderchildrencanlearnfasterthantheyoungerchildrenunderthesamecondition.Healsopointedoutthattheadultcouldmakeprogressfasterthanchildren,inthattheyhavemuchabilityandknowledge.Sternmadeaconclusionearlierthatcriticalperiodhypothesisnote*ists.Inhismind,differentageshavetheirownadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thechildrencanmakeafastanddirectreactionintheconversation,whiletheadultsareabletolearnthroughtheknowledgeandmethodlearningfromtheclass.Thatistosay,everycanlearnthesecondlanguageandeveryonehastheabilitytolearnthesecondlanguagewell.Thecharacteristicofyoungerchildren4.1FromthepointofcriticalperiodhypothesisItisahottopicwhethertheageplaysanimportantroleinsecondlanguageacquisition.Evennowtherearestillcontroversies,mostpeopleholdthebeliefthattheyounger,thebettertolearnasecondlanguage.Thebenefitsarelistedbelow.4.1.1TheaccuratepronunciationTheageisrelevanttothecorrectnessofpronunciation.Usually,itisthechildren’svoicethatisclosedtothemothertongueinsecondlanguageacquisition.AnnFathmanin1975andSpolskyin1989cametotheconclusionthroughresearchande*perimentthatasforthephonology,theyoungerthebetter.In1990,Longfoundthatbefore6,thechildrenhaveagoodmandofthepurepronunciation.From6to12,somechildrenspeakwiththeirmothertongueandsomedon’t.After12,thelearnersalwaysspeakwiththeirmothertongue.Oyamaoncedidarelevantresearchon60immigrantsfromItalytoAmerica.Onlyinpronunciationcorrectness,theyoungerlearntbetterthantheolder.Inotherword,theage,ratherthanthelivingtimeinatargetcircumstance,holdsadecisivepositioninthepronunciationofthesecondlanguage.4.1.2ThehigherlevelThereisabasicdifferencebetweensecondlanguageacquisitionandfirstlanguageacquisition.Itismonthatalmosteverychildcanlearnmothertonguewell,whileonlyafewlearnercanlearnthesecondlanguageaswellasthemothertongue.Whatcausesthedifference?Theagemayfirstlypopintoourminds.Becausethechildrenlearntheirmothertongueswhentheyareborn,whilethepersonlearnsthesecondlanguagemaybeinadult.However,therelationbetweenageandsecondlanguageacquisitionisnotverysimple.Itisgenerallyconsideredthattheadultslearnthesecondlanguagebycognitivemechanism,andthechildrenlearnitbylanguageacquisitiondevice.4.2FromthepointofforeignlanguageattritionTheforeignlanguageattritionmeanscertainlanguageorpartofthelanguagedeterioratesanddeprived.Theimpactofageontheforeignlanguageattritionconcentratesontwoaspects.Theoneaspectisthecontrastbetweenchildrenandadultsandtheotheraspectisthecontrastbetweenchildren.Hansenputforwardthattheforeignlanguageattritionisdifferentamongthechildrenandadults.SheevermadeadeepinvestigationontwoAmericanchildren.ThesetwochildrenhaslivedinIndiaandlearnedtheIndian.EverytimewhentheywereinIndia,theycouldspeaktheIndianasfrequentlyastheresidentswhiletheirmotherscouldn’tmakeit.Butafter20years,itisfoundthatthechildrencouldn’tunderstandtheIndianwhentheyhavelivedinAmericaforsolong.ItisstrangethattheirmotherscouldunderstandtheIndian.Thefinalconclusionwasmadebymanyresearchersthatasforthespeedofforeignlanguageattrition,childrencouldforgetthesecondlanguagefaster.Thatistosay,itisnotrighttosaylearningthesecondlanguageataveryearlyageisthebest.Thecharacteristicofadult5.1FromthepointofcognitionLanguageandcognitionaretheprominentcharacteristicsparedwithanimals.Somepeopleholdtheideathatchildrenlearnthesecondlanguagebylanguageacquisitionmechanismandtheadultsstudyitbycognitivemechanism.AsfarasChomskyconcerned,childrenacquirethelanguageonthebasicofabstractgrammar.Theyhavecontactwiththeoutercircumstanceandareinputsomeparameters.Sochildrenlearnthelanguageunconsciously.Theadultslearnthelanguagewhentheirbrainhasbeendeveloped.Sothesecondlanguagelearnerscan’ttakeadvantageofthelanguageacquisitionmechanismtoencode.Infact,theolder,themorecognitive.5.2FromthepointoflearningrateAsforthelearningrate,itshowsthattheolderlearnersstudymoreefficientlythantheyoungerlearners.However,someonepointoutthespeedadvantageistemporary.KrashenandScarcellaeupwiththesuggestionthatpeopleshouldtellthedifferencebetweenshort-termresearchandlong-termresearch.Fromtheshort-term,theolderlearnerscanstudyfast.Incontrary,theyoungerlearnerscanlearnbetter.SnowandHoefnagel-holethoughtthattheyoungsterscanlearnfastest.WhentheyprobedintothesecondlanguageacquisitionofDutch,theyfoundthatalthoughtheadultsbehavebetterthanthechildren,theyoungstersisthebest.Afterwards,Ellisanalyzeditfromtheaspectofcognition.Theyoungstersnotonlycanapplyforthelanguageacquisitionmechanism,butalsotheycanlearnconsciouslywhichcanbeasaplement.Atthesametime,theypointedoutthepronunciationisthee*ception.Wecanseefromabovethattheyoungsteristhebestperiodtolearnthesecondlanguage.Foradults,theyshouldlearnthelanguageassoonaspossiblebecausetheproficiencyoflearningwilldecreaseastheincreasingofage.5.3FromthepointoflearningmotivationThemotivationisthestrengthandreasontoencouragepeopletotakeaction.Itincludespersonalintention,wish,impulsionandambition.Thelearningmotivationisregardedasacriticalelementofsecondlanguageacquisition.Gardnerdistinguishedtwodifferentkindsofmotivation.Thefirstoneistheintegrativemotivationandthesecondistheinstrumentalmotivation.Thelearnerswhohavetheintegrativemotivationaremorelikelytolikeandappreciatethelanguageandrelatedculture.Andtheyhopetobeamemberinthetargetsocietyandtobeacceptedbythemembers.Thelearnerswithinstrumentalmotivationconsiderthetargetlanguageasainstrument.Andtheywishitcanbringwealthandreputation.Itisclearthattheadultsmayhavebothmotivationswhilethechildrenmaydon’ttakethemintoconsideration.Tosum,theadultsshouldtakeappropriatemeasurestoincentthemselvestostudy.Ontheonehand,theycantakeadvantageofthecuriosityandthedesireforsuccess;Ontheotherhand,theycanmakefulluseoftheoutercircumstancetoencouragethem.Inthisway,theycanbroadenhorizonandenrichlife.TheconclusionandsuggestionThebestonsetagetostudythesecondlanguageisbetween9and10.Duringthisperiod,thelearnerscanapplylanguageacquisitionmechanismtostudyaswellasthecognition