OECD 太空经济规模衡量手册 -OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy

OECDHandbook

onMeasuringtheSpace

Economy

2ndEdition

OECDHandbook

onMeasuringtheSpaceEconomy,2ndEdition

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OECD(2022),OECDHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomy,2ndEdition,OECDPublishing,Paris,

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FOREWORD3

OECDHANDBOOKONMEASURINGTHESPACEECONOMY,2NDEDITION©OECD2022

Foreword

In2012,theOECDpublishedtheHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomy,thefirstinternationalefforttosystematicallydefineandmeasurethe“spaceeconomy”,achallengingtaskgivenitsarrayofverydiverseeconomicactivities.Sincethen,thedefinitionofthespaceeconomyprovidedinthepublicationhasbeenwidelyadoptedbygovernmentsandtheprivatesectoralike.

Muchhaschangedinthespaceeconomyoverthepastdecade,notleastduetotheever-growingnumberofcountriesandbusinessenterprisesinvolvedinspaceactivities.Despitethedevelopmentofnewandimprovedsurveysinmanypartsofworldandsignificantoverallprogressinthequalityofpubliclyavailableeconomicdata,theinternationalcomparabilityofspaceeconomystatisticsremainslimited.Therefore,thetimeseemsripetoprovidearevisionoftheHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomytoreflectthechanginglandscapeofspaceactivities,spacetechnologiesanduserneedsformetrics.

TheobjectiveofthissecondeditionoftheHandbookistoencourageandfacilitatedatacollectionamongbothincumbentandnewactorsinvolvedinspaceactivities,aswellastorespondtotheneedsofthepublicagenciesthatstillfundthebulkofspaceprogrammesandtoprivate-sectordecisionmakerswhoalsostandtobenefitfromimprovedstatisticsonthespaceeconomy.ItupdatesandexpandsuponthefirsteditionoftheHandbookinthefollowingareas:

.Revisedconceptsanddefinitionsforthespaceeconomy:High-leveltermsaredefinedwiththeaimtoencourageimprovedinternationalcomparabilityfororganisationswishingtocomparetheirresults.

.Mainprinciplesofindustrysurveys:Buildingonbestinternationalpracticesandanextensivereviewofmorethan20spaceindustryquestionnaires,keyprincipleshavebeenassessedandoutlinedfororganisationsinterestedindevelopingspaceeconomysurveys.Originalpointersandlessonslearntareprovided,whichmaygivenewideastolong-standingdevelopersofsurveys.

.Astatisticalcompanionintroducingapproachestoevaluatingandassessingtheimpactsofspaceactivities:Step-by-stepapproachestoconductingevaluationandimpactassessmentsareavailablefromothersourcesandtheHandbookdoesnotattempttoreplicatethem.However,itexplainsdifferenttechniquesthatmaybeusedandpointstomanyexistingstudiesfocusedontheimpactofthespaceeconomy.

TheHandbookisstructuredaccordingtothefollowingchapters:

.Chapter1:IntroducingtheOECDHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomy

.Chapter2:Progressinconcepts,definitionsandmeasurementofthespaceeconomy

.Chapter3:Monitoringtheevolvingcastofspaceactors

.Chapter4:Usingindustrysurveystobetterunderstandthespaceeconomy

.Chapter5:Strengtheningassessmentoftheimpactsofthespaceeconomy.

ThispublicationisbasedonresearchandanalyticalworkconductedbytheOECDSpaceForumSecretariatintheScienceandTechnologyPolicyDivision,withintheDirectorateforScience,Technology

4FOREWORD

OECDHANDBOOKONMEASURINGTHESPACEECONOMY,2NDEDITION©OECD2022

andInnovation(STI).TheseactivitiesarepartofthebroaderprogrammeofworkoftheOECDCommitteeforScientificandTechnologicalPolicy(CSTP).

Theindicatorsinthisreportareconstructedusingdataregularlyprovidedbymembercountries’authoritiesandfromotherOECDandinternationalsources.ThedataprimarilycomefromofficialsourcessuchasOECDdatabases,statisticalofficesandnationalspaceagencies.Insomecases,dataaresourceddirectlyfromindustry.Thepublishedindicatorshavebeenchosenbasedonreliabilityandtimelinessoftherequiredsourcedata.

TheteamparticularlythanksthememberinstitutionsoftheOECDSpaceForumforprovidinginformation,dataandcommentsinstrumentaltothepreparationofthispublication.Wealsothanktherepresentativesofindustry,smallbusinesses,academia,ministriesandnationaldelegatesfromtheOECDCommitteeforScientificandTechnologicalPolicy,whocontributedsubstanceduringbilateralmeetingsandmanyOECDSpaceForumworkshops(seeacknowledgementssection).

TheOECDCommitteeforScientificandTechnologicalPolicy(CSTP)declassifiedtheOECDHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomy,2ndEditionon25May2022bywrittenprocedure.TheOECDSecretariatprepareditforpublication.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS5

OECDHANDBOOKONMEASURINGTHESPACEECONOMY,2NDEDITION©OECD2022

Acknowledgements

ThissecondeditionoftheOECDHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomyistheresultofmanyyearsofcloseco-operationbetweentheOECDSecretariat,theministriesandspaceagenciesrepresentedintheOECDSpaceForum,nationalstatisticaloffices,privatesectorstakeholders,OECDcolleaguesandnationaldelegates.Wewarmlythankalltheexpertswhokindlycontributedsubstanceandcommentsinthecourseoftheproject.

ThereportwasdraftedbyClaireJolly,MaritUndseth,MattiaOlivariandJamesJolliffe,fromtheOECDSpaceForumintheDirectorateforScience,TechnologyandInnovation(STI),withBarrieStevens,senioradvisor,kindlyprovidingcomments.

TheOECDSpaceForumSecretariatwishestoacknowledgewithsincerethanksthesupportprovidedbytheorganisationsformingtheSteeringGroupoftheOECDSpaceForum:theCanadianSpaceAgency(CSA),Canada;theNationalCentreforSpaceStudies(CNES),France;theGermanAerospaceCentre(DLR),Germany;theItalianSpaceAgency(ASI),Italy;theKoreaAerospaceResearchInstitute,Korea;theNetherlandsSpaceOffice,Netherlands;theNorwegianSpaceAgencyandtheMinistryofTrade,IndustryandFisheries,Norway;theSwissSpaceOffice,Switzerland;theUKSpaceAgency,UnitedKingdom;theOfficeofTechnology,PolicyandStrategyattheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),UnitedStates;andtheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA).

ThepublicationhasgreatlybenefitedfrominsightscollectedduringOECDSpaceForumworkshopsandseminars,withover500expertsinvolvedinsubstantivediscussionsinthepastsixyears:

.Onlineseminars,heldon4Mayand8June2021,on“SpaceEconomyMeasurementandSurveys”:Theobjectiveoftheseseminarswastounderstandthestate-of-playinongoingspaceeconomysurveysandrelatedanalysisfromcountriesaroundtheworld.

.Onlineworkshop,heldon9October2020,entitled“What'sNextfortheSpaceeconomyintheEraofCovid-19?”Theworkshopassembledagenciesandspaceindustryrepresentativestodiscussrecentevolutionsinstatisticalindicators.

.Workshop,heldon2October2019atOECDHeadquartersinParis,entitled“LinkingPoliciesandIndicators:AFreshLook”:Themainobjectivesoftheworkshopwereto:1)highlightnewstrategiesinplaceatnationalandregionallevelstoattractandsustainspaceindustryandinvestments;and

2)reviewtheavailabilityandqualityofexistingandexperimentalindicatorsusedbypublicorganisationstotakestockofrecentorongoingprogrammeevaluationsandimpactassessments.

.AmeetingofthegroupofSpaceAgenciesTechnologyTransferOfficers(SATTO),on21February

2019attheInternationalSpaceUniversity(ISU)inStrasbourg,France:Theobjectivewastodiscussdifferentnationalpracticesintechnologytransfers.

.Workshop,heldon27April2018atOECDHeadquarters,Paris,entitled“TheTransformationoftheSpaceIndustry:LinkingInnovationandProcurement”:Theobjectivewastoreviewadministrations’practicesandtheirneedforspecificstatistics.

.Workshop,jointlyhostedbytheOECDSpaceForumandSpaceAgenciesTechnologyTransferOfficers(SATTO),heldon21June2017attheFrenchspaceagencyCNES,entitled“Technology

6ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

OECDHANDBOOKONMEASURINGTHESPACEECONOMY,2NDEDITION©OECD2022

TransferandCommercialisation(TTC)fromSpaceProgrammes:EnablingConditions,ProcessesandEconomicImpacts”:Theobjectivewastodiscussmeasurementofspacetechnologytransfers.

.Workshop,heldon22-23June2017atOECDHeadquarters,Paris,on“EconomicandInnovationIndicatorsfortheSpaceSector”:Themainobjectivewastotakestockofrecentpubliceffortstocollectandanalysedataandindicatorsrelatedtoeconomicdevelopmentandinnovationinthespacesector,sharingexperienceswithstakeholdersfromOECDcountriesandbeyond,includingindustryassociations.

.Workshop,heldon10-11March2016,atOECDHeadquarters,Paris,entitled“DatatoDecisions:ValuingtheSocietalBenefitofGeospatialInformation”.TheeventwashostedbyOECDandorganisedincollaborationwithNASA,USGSandtheGEOValueCommunity:Itwasthefirsttechnicalworkshopassemblingsomanyeconomistsandscholarsfromacademiaandresearchinstitutestospecificallydiscussthevalueofgeospatialinformationandsatellitedata.Theworkshopbroughttogetheraround100participantsfrom22countries(Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Ghana,Japan,Korea,Mexico,Netherlands,Nigeria,Norway,SouthAfrica,Sweden,Switzerland,Uganda,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,VietNam).(SeeChapter5onimpacts.)

.Workshop,heldon25May2015,atOECDHeadquarters,Paris,entitled“TaxonomyintheSpaceEconomy:Defining,DescribingandClassifyingActorsengagedinSpaceActivities”:Themainobjectivesoftheworkshopweretosharepracticalinformationabouttaxonomiesanddatacollectiontosupportnationalpoliciesandagencies’prioritiesandtobuildconsensusonbasicdefinitionsandperimetersforspace-relatedactivitiestoimproveinternationalcomparability.

SpecialthanksgotoHendrikFischerandMaraGrunewaldfromtheDLRandDavidHaight,AaronParsonsandJamesJarvis-ThiébaultfromtheCSA,whocontributedoriginalmaterialfortheHandbookbasedonCanadianandGermanexperiencesinspaceindustrysurveys(seeAnnex4.B).FurtherspecialthanksgotoTinaHighfillattheBureauofEconomicAnalysisintheUSDepartmentofCommerce,aswellasPierreLionnetattheEurospaceindustryassociation,whokindlyprovidedvaluableinputsduringthedraftingofthispublication.

Finally,wethankcolleaguesfromtheOECDDirectorateforScience,TechnologyandInnovationfortheircarefulreviewandcomments,notablyAlessandraColecchia,HeadoftheScienceandTechnologyPolicyDivision,andFernandoGalindo-Ruedo,senioreconomist,coordinatoroftheactivitiesoftheOECDWorkingPartyofNationalExpertsonScienceandTechnologyIndicators(NESTI).

TABLEOFCONTENTS7

OECDHANDBOOKONMEASURINGTHESPACEECONOMY,2NDEDITION©OECD2022

Tableofcontents

Foreword3

Acknowledgements5

Abbreviationsandacronyms10

Executivesummary15

1IntroducingtheOECDHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomy17

WhatistheOECDHandbookonMeasuringtheSpaceEconomy?18

WhyandhowwastheHandbookrevised?19

WhatarethemaindifferencesbetweenthisandthefirsteditionoftheHandbook?23

References24

2Progressinconcepts,definitionsandmeasurementofthespaceeconomy27

Definingthe“spaceeconomy”28

Generalconcepts:Identifyingthemainsectorsofspaceapplicationsandthethreemain

segmentsofthespaceeconomy29

Measurementstrategies:Identifyingspaceactivities,productsandservicesinstatistical

informationsystems35

Keytake-awaystosupportspaceeconomymeasurementstrategies45

Annex2.A.200CommoditycodesusedfortheUSSpaceEconomySatelliteAccount46

Annex2.B.Europeanclassificationcodesforselectedspaceproductsandservices51

References53

3Monitoringtheevolvingcastofspaceactors57

Introduction58

Nationalinnovationsystemsandthespaceecosystem58

Roleofthegovernmentsectorinthespaceeconomy59

Roleofthehighereducationsectorinthespaceeconomy64

Roleofinternationalorganisationsandotherinstitutionsinthespaceeconomy68

Roleofbusinessenterprisesinthespaceeconomy69

Identifyingspecificgroups:SMEsandworkforcediversity70

Theevolvingcastofspaceactors:Keytake-aways74

References75

4Usingindustrysurveystobetterunderstandthespaceeconomy79

Introduction80

8TABLEOFCONTENTS

OECDHANDBOOKONMEASURINGTHESPACEECONOMY,2NDEDITION©OECD2022

Abriefreviewofexistingspaceindustrysurveys80

Principlesforasuccessfulspaceindustrysurvey84

Towardsamodelquestionnaire89

Keytake-awaysonspaceeconomysurveys93

Annex4.A.Modelsurveyformeasuringthespaceeconomy94

Annex4.B.Launchingandconductingaspaceindustrysurvey:LessonslearntfromCSA-DLR

co-operation99

Organisationalrequirementsforlaunchingaspaceindustrysurvey99

References101

5Strengtheningassessmentoftheimpactsofthespaceeconomy105

Introduction106

Briefintroductiontoassessingimpact106

Selectedeffectsandapproachestotheirmeasurement109

Strengtheningspaceeconomyimpactassessments125

Annex5.A.Spaceeconomyevaluationstudies127

References128

AnnexA.Glossary141

Tables

Table1.1.Recentestimatesofthespaceeconomy20

Table2.1.Selectedactivities,productsandservicesintheupstreamspacesegment32

Table2.2.Selectedactivities,productsandservicesinthedownstreamspacesegment33

Table2.3.Selectedtwo-digitspace-relatedISICcodesforinternationalcomparisons37

Table2.4.Selectedcategoriesofspaceproductsandservicesininternationalclassifications38

Table2.5.Selectedfour-digitISICcodesforspaceactivitiesandtheirNAICSandNACEequivalents41

Table2.6.IndustriesandcommoditiesincludedintheUSspaceeconomyestimateswithprincipaldata

sources43

Table2.7.USspaceeconomygrossoutputbyindustry44

Table3.1.SelectedspaceagenciesinOECDmembercountriesandpartnereconomies60

Table3.2.Selectedinternationalspaceorganisations68

Table3.3.Shareofwomeninscientificand/ormanagementoccupationsinspaceorganisationsinselected

OECDcountriesandpartnereconomies73

Table4.1.Selectedspacesectorsurveys81

Table4.2.Selectedspaceindustryassociations84

Table4.3.Sectionsandquestionsinselectedspaceindustrysurveys90

Table5.1.Methodologiesusedinimpactassessmentsandexamplesfromevaluationsofthespaceeconomy109

Table5.2.EconomicimpactofspaceactivitiesinCanada,2019115

Table5.3.SelectedbenefitsofNASAtechnologicaltransfers119

Table5.4.Selectedgeneralmetricsusedbytechnologytransferoffices121

Table5.5.PipelineinfrastructuremonitoringintheNetherlands122

Table5.6.EstimatedbenefitstobusinessenterprisesderivedfromtheuseoftheGlobalPositioningSystem124

AnnexTable2.A.1.ListofspacecommoditiesusedintheUSSpaceEconomySatelliteAccount46

AnnexTable2.B.1.Concordancetableforselectedspaceproductsandservices51

AnnexTable5.A.1.Selectedevaluationsandimpactassessmentsofspaceactivities127

Figures

Figure1.1.Almost80countrieshaveregisteredasatelliteinorbit21

Figure2.1.Definingthemainsegmentsofthespaceeconomy31

Figure2.2OverviewofrelationshipsbetweendifferentinternationalandEuropeanclassifications36

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Figure2.3.StandardSystemofNationalAccountsandthematicsatelliteaccounts42

Figure3.1Archetypesfornationalinnovationsystems(beyondthespacesector)59

Figure3.2.GrossdomesticexpenditureonspaceR&DbysectorinKorea62

Figure3.3.Governmentspacebudgetallocationsforselectedcountriesandeconomies63

Figure3.4.Canadianuniversitiesandresearchcentres’space-relatedrevenuesfromthegovernmentsector65

Figure3.5.Space-relatedgrantstohighereducationinstitutesundertheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020

spaceprogramme66

Figure3.6.NASAprocurementawardstoUSeducationalandnon-profitorganisations67

Figure3.7.BreakdownofHorizon2020space-relatedgrantsbyinstitutionalcategories70

Figure3.8.SmallbusinessparticipationinNASAprocurements72

Figure4.1.Mainapplicationsofsatellite-basedservicesinDanishenterprises85

Figure5.1.Grossandneteffects107

Figure5.2.Organisation-relatedoutcomesofESAprojectsandcomplementarynationalactivitiesbysectorin

Switzerland111

Figure5.3.Thenumberofspacedebrisobjectshasacceleratedsince2007,potentiallythreateningthe

provis