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本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文学院信息工程学院专业信息工程年级班别学号学生姓名指导教师\h目录译文 译文基于单片机的开关电源1、用途开关电源产品广泛应用于工业自动化控制、军工设备、科研设备、LED照明、工控设备、通讯设备、电力设备、仪器仪表、医疗设备、半导体制冷制热、空气净化器,电子冰箱,液晶显示器,LED灯具,通讯设备,视听产品,安防,电脑机箱,数码产品和仪器类等领域。2、简介随着电力电子技术的高速发展,电力电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切,而电子设备都离不开可靠的电源,进入80年代计算机电源全面实现了开关电源化,率先完成计算机的电源换代,进入90年代开关电源相继进入各种电子、电器设备领域,程控交换机、通讯、电子检测设备电源、控制设备电源等都已广泛地使用了开关电源,更促进了开关电源技术的迅速发展。开关电源是利用现代电力电子技术,控制开关晶体管开通和关断的时间比率,维持稳定输出电压的一种电源,开关电源一般由脉冲宽度调制(PWM)控制IC和开关器件(MOSFET、BJT等)构成。开关电源和线性电源相比,二者的成本都随着输出功率的增加而增长,但二者增长速率各异。线性电源成本在某一输出功率点上,反而高于开关电源。随着电力电子技术的发展和创新,使得开关电源技术在不断地创新,这一成本反转点日益向低输出电力端移动,这为开关电源提供了广泛的发展空间。开关电源高频化是其发展的方向,高频化使开关电源小型化,并使开关电源进入更广泛的应用领域,特别是在高新技术领域的应用,推动了高新技术产品的小型化、轻便化。另外开关电源的发展与应用在节约能源、节约资源及保护环境方面都具有重要的意义。3、分类现代开关电源有两种:一种是直流开关电源;另一种是交流开关电源。这里主要介绍的只是直流开关电源,其功能是将电能质量较差的原生态电源(粗电),如市电电源或蓄电池电源,转换成满足设备要求的质量较高的直流电压(精电)。直流开关电源的核心是DC/DC转换器。因此直流开关电源的分类是依赖DC/DC转换器分类的。也就是说,直流开关电源的分类与DC/DC转换器的分类是基本相同的,DC/DC转换器的分类基本上就是直流开关电源的分类。直流DC/DC转换器按输入与输出之间是否有电气隔离可以分为两类:一类是有隔离的称为隔离式DC/DC转换器;另一类是没有隔离的称为非隔离式DC/DC转换器。隔离式DC/DC转换器也可以按有源功率器件的个数来分类。单管的DC/DC转换器有正激式(Forward)和反激式(Feedback)两种。双管DC/DC转换器有双管正激式(DoubleTransistorForwardConverter),双管反激式(DoubleTransistorFeedbackConverter)、推挽式(Push-PullConverter)和半桥式(Half-BridgeConverter)四种。四管DC/DC转换器就是全桥DC/DC转换器(Full-BridgeConverter)。非隔离式DC/DC转换器,按有源功率器件的个数,可以分为单管、双管和四管三类。单管DC/DC转换器共有六种,即降压式(Buck)DC/DC转换器,升压式(Boost)DC/DC转换器、升压降压式(BuckBoost)DC/DC转换器、CukDC/DC转换器、ZetaDC/DC转换器和SEPICDC/DC转换器。在这六种单管DC/DC转换器中,Buck和Boost式DC/DC转换器是基本的,Buck-Boost、Cuk、Zeta、SEPIC式DC/DC转换器是从中派生出来的。双管DC/DC转换器有双管串接的升压式(Buck-Boost)DC/DC转换器。四管DC/DC转换器常用的是全桥DC/DC转换器(Full-BridgeConverter)。隔离式DC/DC转换器在实现输出与输入电气隔离时,通常采用变压器来实现,由于变压器具有变压的功能,所以有利于扩大转换器的输出应用范围,也便于实现不同电压的多路输出,或相同电压的多种输出。在功率开关管的电压和电流定额相同时,转换器的输出功率通常与所用开关管的数量成正比。所以开关管数越多,DC/DC转换器的输出功率越大,四管式比两管式输出功率大一倍,单管式输出功率只有四管式的1/4。非隔离式转换器与隔离式转换器的组合,可以得到单个转换器所不具各的一些特性。按能量的传输来分,DC/DC转换器有单向传输和双向传输两种。具有双向传输功能的DC/DC转换器,既可以从电源侧向负载侧传输功率,也可以从负载侧向电源侧传输功率。DC/DC转换器也可以分为自激式和他控式。借助转换器本身的正反馈信号实现开关管自持周期性开关的转换器,叫做自激式转换器,如洛耶尔(Royer)转换器就是一种典型的推挽自激式转换器。他控式DC/DC转换器中的开关器件控制信号,是由外部专门的控制电路产生的。4、开关电源的分类人们在开关电源技术领域是边开发相关电力电子器件,边开发开关变频技术,两者相互促进推动着开关电源每年以超过两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。开关电源可分为AC/DC和DC/DC两大类,也有AC/ACDC/AC如逆变器DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化,且设计技术及生产工艺在国内外均已成熟和标准化,并已得到用户的认可,但AC/DC的模块化,因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中,遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。以下分别对两类开关电源的结构和特性作以阐述。自激式:是无须外加信号源能自行振荡,自激式完全可以把它看作是一个变压器反馈式振荡电路。它激式:则完全依赖于外部维持振荡,在实际应用中它激式应用比较广泛。根据激励信号结构分类;可分为脉冲调宽和脉冲调幅两种,脉冲调宽是控制信号的宽度,也就是频率,脉冲调幅控制信号的幅度,两者的作用相同都是使振荡频率维持在某一范围内,达到稳定电压的效果。变压器的绕组一般可以分成三种类型,一组是参与振荡的初级绕组,一组是维持振荡的反馈绕组,还有一组是负载绕组。比如在家用电器中使用的上海正艺科技生产的开关电源,将220V的交流电经过桥式整流,变换成300V左右的直流电,滤波后进入变压器后加到开关管的集电极进行高频振荡,反馈绕组反馈到基极维持电路振荡,负载绕组感应的电信号,经整流、滤波、稳压得到的直流电压给负载提供电能。负载绕组在提供电能的同时,也肩负起稳定电压的能力,其原理是在电压输出电路接一个电压取样装置,监测输出电压的变化情况,及时反馈给振荡电路调整振荡频率,从而达到稳定电压的目的,为了避免电路的干扰,反馈回振荡电路的电压会用光电耦合器隔离。5、技术发展动向开关电源高频化是其发展的方向,高频化使开关电源小型化,并使开关电源进入更广泛的应用领域,特别是在高新技术领域的应用,推动了开关电源的发展前进,每年以超过两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。开关电源可分为AC/DC和DC/DC两大类,DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化,且设计技术及生产工艺在国内外均已成熟和标准化,并已得到用户的认可,但AC/DC的模块化,因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中,遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。另外,开关电源的发展与应用在节约能源、节约资源及保护环境方面都具有重要的意义。开关电源中应用的电力电子器件主要为二极管、IGBT和MOSFET。SCR在开关电源输入整流电路及软启动电路中有少量应用,GTR驱动困难,开关频率低,逐渐被IGBT和MOSFET取代。开关电源的发展方向是高频、高可靠、低耗、低噪声、抗干扰和模块化。由于开关电源轻、小、薄的关键技术是高频化,因此国外各大开关电源制造商都致力于同步开发新型高智能化的元器件,特别是改善二次整流器件的损耗,并在功率铁氧体材料上加大科技创新,以提高在高频率和较大磁通密度(Bs)下获得高的磁性能,而电容器的小型化也是一项关键技术。SMT技术的应用使得开关电源取得了长足的进展,在电路板两面布置元器件,以确保开关电源的轻、小、薄。开关电源的高频化就必然对传统的PWM开关技术进行创新,实现ZVS、ZCS的软开关技术已成为开关电源的主流技术,并大幅提高了开关电源的工作效率。对于高可靠性指标,美国的开关电源生产商通过降低运行电流,降低结温等措施以减少器件的应力,使得产品的可靠性大大提高。模块化是开关电源发展的总体趋势,可以采用模块化电源组成分布式电源系统,可以设计成N+1冗余电源系统,并实现并联方式的容量扩展。针对开关电源运行噪声大这一缺点,若单独追求高频化其噪声也必将随着增大,而采用部分谐振转换电路技术,在理论上即可实现高频化又可降低噪声,但部分谐振转换技术的实际应用仍存在着技术问题,故仍需在这一领域开展大量的工作,以使得该项技术得以实用化。电力电子技术的不断创新,使开关电源产业有着广阔的发展前景。要加快我国开关电源产业的发展速度,就必须走技术创新之路,走出有中国特色的产学研联合发展之路,为我国国民经济的高速发展做出贡献。开关电源的发展和趋势1955年美国罗耶(Roger)发明的自激振荡推挽晶体管单变压器直流变换器,是实现高频转换控制电路的开端,1957年美国查赛(JenSen)发明了自激式推挽双变压器,1964年美国科学家们提出取消工频变压器的串联开关电源的设想,这对电源向体积和重量的下降获得了一条根本的途径。到了1969年由于大功率硅晶体管的耐压提高,二极管反向恢复时间的缩短等元器件改善,终于做成了25千赫的开关电源。目前,开关电源以小型、轻量和高效率的特点被广泛应用于以电子计算机为主导的各种终端设备、通信设备等几乎所有的电子设备,是当今电子信息产业飞速发展不可缺少的一种电源方式。目前市场上出售的开关电源中采用双极性晶体管制成的100kHz、用MOS-FET制成的500kHz电源,虽已实用化,但其频率有待进一步提高。要提高开关频率,就要减少开关损耗,而要减少开关损耗,就需要有高速开关元器件。然而,开关速度提高后,会受电路中分布电感和电容或二极管中存储电荷的影响而产生浪涌或噪声。这样,不仅会影响周围电子设备,还会大大降低电源本身的可靠性。其中,为防止随开关启-闭所发生的电压浪涌,可采用R-C或L-C缓冲器,而对由二极管存储电荷所致的电流浪涌可采用非晶态等磁芯制成的磁缓冲器。不过,对1MHz以上的高频,要采用谐振电路,以使开关上的电压或通过开关的电流呈正弦波,这样既可减少开关损耗,同时也可控制浪涌的发生。这种开关方式称为谐振式开关。目前对这种开关电源的研究很活跃,因为采用这种方式不需要大幅度提高开关速度就可以在理论上把开关损耗降到零,而且噪声也小,可望成为开关电源高频化的一种主要方式。当前,世界上许多国家都在致力于数兆Hz的变换器的实用化研究。6、原理简介开关电源的工作过程相当容易理解,在线性电源中,让功率晶体管工作在线性模式,与线性电源不同的是,PWM开关电源是让功率晶体管工作在导通和关断的状态,在这两种状态中,加在功率晶体管上的伏-安乘积是很小的(在导通时,电压低,电流大;关断时,电压高,电流小)/功率器件上的伏安乘积就是功率半导体器件上所产生的损耗。与线性电源相比,PWM开关电源更为有效的工作过程是通过“斩波”,即把输入的直流电压斩成幅值等于输入电压幅值的脉冲电压来实现的。脉冲的占空比由开关电源的控制器来调节。一旦输入电压被斩成交流方波,其幅值就可以通过变压器来升高或降低。通过增加变压器的二次绕组数就可以增加输出的电压组数。最后这些交流波形经过整流滤波后就得到直流输出电压。控制器的主要目的是保持输出电压稳定,其工作过程与线性形式的控制器很类似。也就是说控制器的功能块、电压参考和误差放大器,可以设计成与线性调节器相同。他们的不同之处在于,误差放大器的输出(误差电压)在驱动功率管之前要经过一个电压/脉冲宽度转换单元。开关电源有两种主要的工作方式:正激式变换和升压式变换。尽管它们各部分的布置差别很小,但是工作过程相差很大,在特定的应用场合下各有优点。7、电路原理所谓开关电源,顾名思义,就是这里有一扇门,一开门电源就通过,一关门电源就停止通过,那么什么是门呢,开关电源里有的采用可控硅,有的采用开关管,这两个元器件性能差不多,都是靠基极、(开关管)控制极(可控硅)上加上脉冲信号来完成导通和截止的,脉冲信号正半周到来,控制极上电压升高,开关管或可控硅就导通,由220V整流、滤波后输出的300V电压就导通,通过开关变压器传到次级,再通过变压比将电压升高或降低,供各个电路工作。振荡脉冲负半周到来,电源调整管的基极、或可控硅的控制极电压低于原来的设置电压,电源调整管截止,300V电源被关断,开关变压器次级没电压,这时各电路所需的工作电压,就靠次级本路整流后的滤波电容放电来维持。待到下一个脉冲的周期正半周信号到来时,重复上一个过程。这个开关变压器就叫高频变压器,因为他的工作频率高于50HZ低频。那么推动开关管或可控硅的脉冲如何获得呢,这就需要有个振荡电路产生,我们知道,晶体三极管有个特性,就是基极对发射极电压是0.65-0.7V是放大状态,0.7V以上就是饱和导通状态,-0.1V--0.3V就工作在振荡状态,那么其工作点调好后,就靠较深的负反馈来产生负压,使振荡管起振,振荡管的频率由基极上的电容充放电的时间长短来决定,振荡频率高输出脉冲幅度就大,反之就小,这就决定了电源调整管的输出电压的大小。那么变压器次级输出的工作电压如何稳压呢,一般是在开关变压器上,单绕一组线圈,在其上端获得的电压经过整流滤波后,作为基准电压,然后通过光电耦合器,将这个基准电压返回振荡管的基极,来调整震荡频率的高低,如果变压器次级电压升高,本取样线圈输出的电压也升高,通过光电耦合器获得的正反馈电压也升高,这个电压加到振荡管基极上,就使振荡频率降低,起到了稳定次级输出电压的稳定,太细的工作情况就不必细讲了,也没必要了解的那么细的,这样大功率的电压由开关变压器传递,并与后级隔开,返回的取样电压由光耦传递也与后级隔开,所以前级的市电电压,是与后级分离的,这就叫冷板,是安全的,变压器前的电源是独立的,这就叫开关电源。8、DC/DC变换DC/DC变换是将固定的直流电压变换成可变的直流电压,也称为直流斩波。斩波器的工作方式有两种,一是脉宽调制方式Ts不变,改变ton(通用),二是频率调制方式,ton不变,改变Ts(易产生干扰)。其具体的电路由以下几类:Buck电路——降压斩波器,其输出平均电压U0小于输入电压Ui,极性相同。Boost电路——升压斩波器,其输出平均电压开关电源及电路图U0大于输入电压Ui,极性相同。Buck-Boost电路——降压或升压斩波器,其输出平均电压U0大于或小于输入电压Ui,极性相反,电感传输。Cuk电路——降压或升压斩波器,其输出平均电压U0大于或小于输入电压Ui,极性相反,电容传输。上述为非隔离型电路,隔离型电路有正激电路、反激电路、半桥电路、全桥电路、推挽电路。当今软开关技术使得DC/DC发生了质的飞跃,美国VICOR公司设计制造的多种ECI软开关DC/DC变换器,其最大输出功率有300W、600W、800W等,相应的功率密度为(6.2、10、17)W/cm3,效率为(80~90)%。日本NemicLambda公司最新推出的一种采用软开关技术的高频开关电源模块RM系列,其开关频率为(200~300)kHz,功率密度已达到27W/cm3,采用同步整流器(MOSFET代替肖特基二极管),使整个电路效率提高到90%。9、AC/DC变换AC/DC变换是将交流变换为直流,其功率流向可以是双向的,功率流由电源流向负载的称为“整流”,功率流由负载返回电源的称为“有源逆变”。AC/DC变换器输入为50/60Hz的交流电,因必须经整流、滤波,因此体积相对较大的滤波电容器是必不可少的,同时因遇到安全标准(如UL、CCEE等)及EMC指令的限制(如IEC、、FCC、CSA),交流输入侧必须加EMC滤波及使用符合安全标准的元件,这样就限制AC/DC电源体积的小型化,另外,由于内部的高频、高压、大电流开关动作,使得解决EMC电磁兼容问题难度加大,也就对内部高密度安装电路设计提出了很高的要求,由于同样的原因,高电压、大电流开关使得电源工作损耗增大,限制了AC/DC变换器模块化的进程,因此必须采用电源系统优化设计方法才能使其工作效率达到一定的满意程度。AC/DC变换按电路的接线方式可分为,半波电路、全波电路。按电源相数可分为,单相、三相、多相。按电路工作象限又可分为一象限、二象限、三象限、四象限。开关电源的选用开关电源在输入抗干扰性能上,由于其自身电路结构的特点(多级串联),一般的输入干扰如浪涌电压很难通过,在输出电压稳定度这一技术指标上与线性电源相比具有较大的优势,其输出电压稳定度可达(0.5~1)%。开关电源模块作为一种电力电子集成器件,要注意选择。原文ThedesignBasedonsinglechipswitchingpowersupply1、usesTheswitchingpowersupplyproductsarewidelyusedinindustrialautomationandcontrol,militaryequipment,scientificequipment,LEDlighting,industrialequipment,communicationsequipment,electricalequipment,instrumentation,medicalequipment,semiconductorcoolingandheating,airpurifiers,electronicrefrigerator,LCDmonitor,LEDlighting,communicationsequipment,audio-visualproducts,security,computerchassis,digitalproductsandequipmentandotherfields2、IntroductionWiththerapiddevelopmentofpowerelectronicstechnology,powerelectronicsequipmentandpeople'swork,therelationshipoflifebecomeincreasinglclose,andelectronicequipmentwithoutreliablepower,intothe1980s,computerpowerandthefullrealizationoftheswitchingpowersupply,thefirsttocompletecomputerPowernewgenerationtoentertheswitchingpowersupplyinthe1990shaveenteredintoavarietyofelectronic,electricaldevices,program-controlledswitchboards,communications,electronictestingequipmentpowercontrolequipment,powersupply,etc.havebeenwidelyusedinswitchingpowersupply,butalsotopromotetherapiddevelopmentoftheswitchingpowersupplytechnology.Switchingpowersupplyistheuseofmodernpowerelectronicstechnologytocontroltheratiooftheswitchingtransistortoturnonandofftomaintainaoutputvoltagepowersupply,switchingpowersupplyisgenerallycontrolledbypulsewidthmodulation(PWM)ICsandswitchingdevices(MOSFET,BJT)composition.Switchingpowersupplyandlinearpowercomparedtoboththecostandgrowthwiththeincreaseofoutputpower,butthetwodifferentgrowthrates.Apowerpoint,linpowersupplycosts,buthigherthantheswitchingpowersupply.Withthedevelopmentofpowerelectronicstechnologyandinnovation,makingtheswitchingpowersupplytechnologytocontinuetoinnovate,theturningpointsofthiscostisincreasinglymovetothelowoutputpowerside,theswitchingpowersupplyprovidesabroadspacefordevelopment.Thedirectionofitsdevelopmentisthehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupply,highfrequencyswitchingpowersupplyminiaturization,andswitchingpowersupplyintoawiderrangeofapplicationareas,especiallyinhigh-techfielandpromotetheminiaturizationofhigh-techproducts,lightof.Inaddition,thedevelopmentandapplicationoftheswitchingpowersupplyintermsofenergyconservation,resourceconservationandenvironmentalprotectionareofgreatsignificance.3、classificationModernswitchingpowersupply,therearetwo:oneistheDCswitchingpowersupply;theotheristheACswitchingpowersupply.IntroducesonlyDCswitchingpowersupplyanditsfunctionispoorpowerqualityoftheoriginaleco-power(coarse)-suchasmainspowerorbatterypower,convertedtomeettheequipmentrequirementsofhigh-qualityDCvoltage(Varitronix).ThecoreoftheDCswitchingpowersupplyDC/DCconverter.DCswitchingpowersupplyclassificationisdependentontheclassificationofDC/DCconverter.Inotherwords,theclassificationoftheclassificationoftheDCswitchingpowersupplyandDC/DCconverteristheclassificationofessentiallythesame,theDC/DCconverterisbasicallyaclassificationoftheDCswitchingpowersupply.DC/DCconverterbetweentheinputandoutputelectricalisolationcanbedividedintotwocategories:oneisisolatedcalledisolatedDC/DCconverter;theothisnotisolatedasnon-isolatedDC/DCconverter.IsolatedDC/DCconvertercanalsobeclassifiedbythenumberofactivepowerdevices.ThesingletubeofDC/DCconverterForward(Forward),Feedback(Feedback)two.Thedouble-barreleddouble-barreledDC/DCconverterForward(DoubleTransistorForwardConverter),twin-tubefeedback(DoubleTransistorFeedbackConverter),Push-Pull(PushthePullConverter)andhalf-bridge(Half-BridgeConverter)four.FourDC/DCconverteristhefull-bridgeDC/DCconverter(Full-BridgeConverter).Non-isolatedDC/DCconverter,accordingtothenumberofactivepowerdevicescanbedividedintosingle-tube,doublepipe,andfourthreecategories.SintubetoatotalofsixoftheDC/DCconverter,step-down(Buck)DC/DCconverter,step-up(Boost)DC/DCconverters,DC/DCconverter,boostbuck(BuckBoost)deviceofCuktheDC/DCconverter,theZetaDC/DCconverterandSEPIC,theDC/DCconverter.DC/DCconverters,theBuckandBoosttypeDC/DCconverteristhebasicbuck-boostofCuk,Zeta,SEPIC,typeDC/DCconverterisderivedfromasingletubeinthissix.Thetwin-tubecascadeddouble-barreledboost(buck-boost)D/DCconverterDC/DCconverter.FourDC/DCconverterisused,thefull-bridgeDC/DCconverter(Full-BridgeConverter).IsolatedDC/DCconverterinputandoutputelectricalisolationisusuallytransformertoachievethefunctionofthetransformerhasatransformer,soconducitotheexpansionoftheconverteroutputrangeofapplications,butalsoeasytoachdifferentvoltageoutput,oravarietyofthesamevoltageoutput.Powerswitchvoltageandcurrentrating,theconverter'soutputpowerisusuallproportionaltothenumberofswitch.Themorethenumberofswitch,thegreatertheoutputpoweroftheDC/DCconverter,fourtypethanthetwooutputpoweristwiceaslarge,single-tubeoutputpowerofonlyfour1/4.Acombinationofnon-isolatedconvertersandisolatedconverterscanbeasingleconverterdoesnothavetheirowncharacteristics.Energytransmissionpointone-waytransmissionandtwo-waytransmissionoftwoDC/DCconverter.DC/DCconverterwithbi-directionaltransmissionfunction,eithersideofthetransmissionpowerfromthepoweroflateralloadpowerfromtheload-lateralsideofthetransmissionpower.DC/DCconvertercanbedividedintoself-excitedandseparatelycontrolled.Withthepositivefeedbacksignalconvertertoswitchtoself-sustainingperiodicswitchingconverter,calledself-excitedconverter,suchasthetheLuoYe(Royer,)converterisatypicalpush-pullself-oscillatingconverter.ControlledDC/DCconverterswitchingdevicecontrolsignalisgeneratedbyspecializedexternalcontrolcircuit.4、theswitchingpowersupply.Peopleinthefieldofswitchingpowersupplytechnologysideofthedevelopmentofpowerelectronicdevices,whilethedevelopmentoftheswitchinginvertertechnology,thetwopromoteeachothertopromotetheswitchingpowersupplyannualgrowthrateofmorethantwodigitstowardthelight,small,thin,low-noise,highreliability,thedirectionofdevelopmentofanti-jamming.SwitchinpowersupplycanbedividedintoAC/DCandDC/DCtwocategories,AC/ACDC/AC,suchasinverters,DC/DCconverterisnowmodulardesigntechnologyandproductionprocessesathomeandabroadhavealreadymaturedandstandardization,andhasbeenrecognizedbytheuser,butAC/DCmodular,itsowncharacteristicsmakethemodularprocess,encountermorecomplextechnologyandmanufacturingprocess.Hereinaftertoillustratethestructureandcharacteristicsofthetwotypswitchingpowersupply.Self-excited:noexternalsignalsourcecanbeself-oscillation,completelyself-excitedtoseeitasfeedbackoscillationcircuitofatransformer.Separateexcitation:entirelydependentonexternalsustainoscillations,excitedusedwidelyinpracticalapplications.Accordingtotheexcitationsignalstructureclassification;canbedividedintopulse-width-modulatedandpulseamplitudemodulatedtwopulsewidthmodulatedcontrolthewidthofthesignalisfrequency,pulseamplitudemodulationcontrolsignalamplitudebetweenthesameeffectaretheoscillationfrequencytomaintainwithinacertainrangetoachieveeffectofvoltagestability.Thewindingofthetransformercangenerallybedividedintothreetypes,onegroupisinvolvedintheoscillatiofntheprimarywinding,agroupofsustainedoscillationsinthefeedbackwinding,thereisagroupofloadwinding.SuchasShanghaiisusedinhouseholdappliancesarttechnologicalproductionofswitchingpowersupply,220VACbridgerectifier,changingabouto300VDCfilteraddedtothecollectoroftheswitchintothetransformerforhighfrequencyoscillation,thefeedbackwindingfeedbacktothebasetomaintainthecircuitoscillatingloadwindinginductionsignal,theDCvoltagebytherectifier,fregulatortoprovidepowertotheload.Loadwindingtoprovidepoweratthesametime,takeuptheabilitytovoltagestability,theprincipleisthevoltageoutputconnectedtoavoltagesamplingdevicetomonitortheoutputvoltagechanges,andtimelyfeedbacktotheoscillatorcircuitoadjusttheoscillationfrequency,soastoachievestablevoltagepurposes,inordertoavoidtheinterferenceofthecircuitfeedbackvoltagebacktotheoscillatorcircuitwithoptocouplerisolation.5、technologydevelopmentsThehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyisthedirectionofitsdevelopment,high-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyminiaturization,andswitchingpowersupplyintothebroaderfieldofapplication,especiallyinhigh-techfields,andpromotethedevelopmentandadvancementoftheswitchingpowersupply,anannualmorethantwo-digitgrowthratetowardthelight,small,thin,lownoise,highreliabilithey,directionoftheanti-jamming.SwitchingpowersupplycanbedividedintoAC/DCandDC/DCtwocategories,theDC/DCconverterisnowmodulardesigntechnologyandproductionprocessesathomeandabroadhavealreadymaturedandstandardized,andhasbeenrecognizedbytheuser,butmodularAC/DC,becauseofitsowncharacteristicsmakesthemodularprocess,encountermorecomplextechnologyandmanufacturingprocess.Inaddition,thedevelopmentandapplicationoftheswitchingpowersupplyintermsofenergyconservation,resourceconservationandenvironmentalprotectionareofgreatsignificance.Theswitchingpowersupplyapplicationsinpowerelectronicdevicesasdiodes,IGBTandMOSFET.SCRswitchingpowersupplyinputrectifiercircuitandsoftstartcircuit,smallamountofapplications,theGTRdrivedifficult,lowswitchingfrequency,graduallyreplacetheIGBTandMOSFET.Directionofdevelopmentoftheswitchingpowersupplyisahigh-frequency,highreliability,lowpower,lownoise,jammingandmodular.Small,thin,andtheketechnologyisthehighfrequencyswitchingpowersupplylight,soforeignmajorswitchingpowersupplymanufacturershavecommittedtosynchronizethedevelopmentofnewintelligentcomponents,inparticular,istoimprovethesecondarrectifierloss,andthepowerofironOxygenmaterialstoincreasescientificandtechnologicalinnovationinordertoimprovethemagneticpropertiesofhighfrequencyandlargemagneticfluxdensity(Bs),andcapacitorminiaturizationisaktechnology.SMTtechnologyallowstheswitchingpowersupplyhasmadeconsiderableprogress,thearrangementofthecomponentsinthecircuitboardonbotsides,toensurethatthelightoftheswitchingpowersupply,asmall,thin.High-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyisboundtothetraditionalPWMswitchingtechnologyinnovation,realizationofZVS,ZCSsoft-switchingtechnologyhasbecomethemainstreamtechnologyoftheswitchingpowersupply,andasubstantialincreaseintheefficiencyoftheswitchingpowersupply.IndicatorsforhighreliabiswitchingpowersupplymanufacturersintheUnitedStatesbyreducingtheoperatingcurrent,reducingthejunctiontemperatureandothermeasurestoreducethestressthedevice,greatlyimprovethereliabilityofproducts.Modularityistheoveralltrendofswitchingpowersupply,distributedpowesystemscanbecomposedofmodularpowersupply,canbedesignedtoN+1redundantpowersystem,andtheparallelcapacityexpansion.Forthisshortcomingoftheswitchingpowersupplyrunningnoise,separatethepursuitofhighfrequencynoisewillalsoincrease,whiletheuseofpartoftheresonantconvertercircuittechnologytoachievehighfrequency,intheory,butalsoreducenoise,butsomeThepracticalapplicationoftheresonantconvertertechnology,therearestilltechnicalproblems,itisstillalotofworkinthisfield,sothatthetechnologytobepracPowerelectronicstechnologyinnovation,switchingpowersupplyindustryhasbroadprospectsfordevelopment.ToacceleratethepaceofdevelopmentoftheswitchingpowersupplyindustryinChina,itmusttaketheroadoftechnologicalinnovation,outofjointproductionandresearchdevelopmentpathwithChinesecharacteristicsandcontributetotherapiddevelopmentofChina'snationaleconomy.Developmentsandtrendsoftheswitchingpowersupply1955U.S.Royer(Roger)inventedtheself-oscillatingpush-pulltransistorsingle-transformerDC-DCconverteristhebeginningofthehigh-frequencyconversioncontrolcircuit1957checkraceJen,Sen,inventedaself-oscillatingpush-pulldualtransformers,1964,U.S.scientistscanceledfrequencytransformeriseriestheideaofswitchingpowersupply,thepowersupplytothesizeandweightothedeclineinafundamentalway.1969increasedduetothepressureofthehigh-powersilicontransistor,diodereverserecoverytimeshortenedandothercomponentstoimprove,andfinallymadea25-kHzswitchingpowersupply.Atpresent,theswitchingpowersupplytothesmall,lightweightandhighefficiencycharacteristicsarewidelyusedinavarietyofcomputer-orientedterminequipment,communicationsequipment,etc.Almostallelectronicequipmentisindispensableforarapiddevelopmentoftoday'selectronicinformationindustrypowermode.Bipolartransistormadeof100kHz,500kHzpowerMOS-FETmade,thoughalreadythepracticalswitchingpowersupplyiscurrentlyavailableonthemarket,butitsfrequencytobefurtherimproved.Toimprovetheswitchingfrequencyitisnecessarytoreducetheswitchinglosses,andtoreducetheswitchinglosses,needforhigh-speedswitchcomponents.However,theswitchingspeedwillbeaffectedbythedistributionofthechargestoredintheinductanceandcapacitance,diodecircuitoproduceasurgeornoise.Thiswillnotonlyaffectthesurroundingelectronicequipment,butalsogreatlyreducethereliabilityofthepowersupplyitWhich,inordertopreventtheswitchingKai-closedthevoltagesurge,RLCorbufferscanbeused,andthecurrentsurgecanbecausedbythediodestoredchargeamorphousandothercoremadeofmagneticbuffer.However,thehighfrequencymorethan1MHz,theresonantcircuitomaketheswitchonthevoltageorcurrentthroughtheswitchwasasinewave,whichcanreduceswitchinglosses,butalsotocontroltheoccurrenceofsurges.Thisswitchiscalledtheresonantswitch.Ofthisswitchingpowersupplyisactive,youcan,intheory,becauseinthiswaydonotneetogreatlyimprovetheswitchingspeedoftheswitchinglossesreducedtozero,andthenoiseisexpectedtobecomeoneofthehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyThemainways.Atpresent,manycountriesintheworldarecommittedtoseveraltrillionHzconverterutility.6、theprincipleofIntroductionTheswitchingpowersupplyoftheprocessisquiteeasytounderstand,linearpowersupplies,powertransistorsoperatinginthelinearmodeandlinearpowthePWMswitchingpowersupplytothepowertransistorturnsonandoffstate,inbothstates,onthepowertransistorV-securityproductisverysmall(conductionvoltage,largecurrent;shutdown,voltage,current)Voltammetricproduct/powerdeviceispowersemiconductordevicesontheloss.Comparedwiththelinearpowersupply,thePWMswitchingpowersupplymoreefficientprocessisachievedby"chopping",thatiscutintotheamplitudeofinputDCvoltageequaltotheinputvoltageamplitudeofthepulsevoltage.Thepulsdutycycleisadjustedbytheswitchingpowersupplycontroller.OncetheinputvoltageiscutintotheACsquarewave,itsamplitudethroughthetransformertoraiorlower.Numberofgroupsofoutputvoltagecanbeincreasedbyincreasingthenumberofprimaryandsecondarywindingsofthetransformer.AfterthelastACwaveformaftertherectifierfiltertheDCoutputvoltage.Themainpurposeofthecontrolleristomaintainthestabilityoftheoutpvoltage,thecourseoftheirworkisverysimilartothelinearformofthecontroThatisthefunctionblocksofthecontroller,thevoltagereferenceanderroramplicanbedesignedthesameasthelinearregulator.Theirdifferenceliesintheerroramplifieroutput(errorvoltage)inthedrivebeforethepowertubetogothroughavoltage/pulse-widthconversionunit.SwitchingpowersupplyTherearetwomainwaysofworking:Forwardtransformandboosttransformation.Althoughtheyareallpartofthelayoutdifferenissmall,butthecourseoftheirworkvarygreatly,haveadvantagesinspecificapplications.7、thecircuitschematicTheso-calledswitchingpowersupply,asthenameimplies,isadoor,adoorpowerthroughaclosedpowertostopby,thenwhatisthedoor,theswitchingpowersupplyusingSCR,someswitch,thesetwocomponentperformanceissimilar,arerelyingonthebaseswitchcontrolpole(SCR),coupledwiththepulsesignaltocompletetheonandoff,thepulsesignalishalfattentivetocontrolthepolevoincreases,theswitchortransistorconduction,thefilteroutputvoltageof300V,220Vrectifierconduction,transmittedthroughtheswitchingtransformersecondarythrougthetransformertothevoltageincreaseordecreaseforeachcircuitwork.Oscillatpulseofnegativesemi-attentivetothepowerregulator,base,orSCRcontrolvoltalowerthantheoriginalsetvoltagepowerregulatorcut-off,300Vpowerisoff,switthetransformersecondarynovoltage,theneachcircuitTherequiredoperatingvoltadependsonthissecondaryroadrectifierfiltercapacitordischargetomaintain.Reptheprocessuntilthenextpulsecycleisahalfweekswhenthesignalarrival.Thisswitchtransformeriscalledthehigh-frequencytransformer,becausetheoperatingfrequencyishigherthanthe50HZlowfrequency.ThenpromotethepulseoftheswitchorSCR,whichrequirestheoscillatorcircuit,weknow,thetransistorhasacharacteristic,isthebase-emittervoltageis0.65-0.7Visthezoomstate,0.7VTharethesaturatedhydraulicconductivitystate-0.1V-0.3Vintheoscillatorystate,theoperatingpointafteragoodtune,torelyonthedeepnegativefeedbacktogenerateanegativepressure,sothattheoscillatingtubeonset,thefrequencyofoscillatingtubecapacitorcharginganddischargingofthelengthoftimefromthebatodeterminetheoscillationfrequencyoftheoutputpulseamplitude,andviceversathesmall,whichdeterminesthesizeoftheoutputvoltageofthepowerregulator.Transformersecondaryoutputvoltageregulator,usuallyswitchingtransformer,singlearoundasetofcoils,thevoltageatitsupperend,asthereferencevoltageafterectifierfilter,thenthroughtheoptocoupler,thisbenchmarkvoltagereturntotheoftheoscillatingtubepoletoadjusttheleveloftheoscillationfrequency,ifthetransformersecondaryvoltageisincreased,thesam
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