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/第一章名词第一节可数名词与不可数名词英语的名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。英语中的专有名词(人名、地名……)、物质名词(如copper,water)及抽象名词为不可数名词。此外,还有一些词并非根据其词义而是根据其本身属性为不可数名词,如:advice,baggage,clothing,equipment,evidence,garbage,information,litter,luggage,machinery,newsprogress,traffic,ware等。有些名词作物质名词时,是不可数名词;也可作个体名词,而且这时则为可数名词。注意其意义上的变化,并注意他们作主语时,其谓语动词的单复数形式。不可数名词可数名词不可数名词可数名词iron铁熨斗business商业、事务企业、商店rubber橡皮橡皮擦capital资本首都wood木头森林brick砖砖块beauty美丽美人glass玻璃玻璃杯copper铜铜币room空间、余地房间cork软木软木塞chicken鸡肉鸡tin锡罐cloth布料抹布,桌布paper纸试卷,文件,论文等power权力强国第二节可数名词有单、复数之分。1.一般情况下在单数名词后加-s或-es即构成复数形式,如:desk—desks;girl—girls; brush—brushes; box—boxes.2.复合名词变复数时,有中心词时将中心词变为复数。如:fortune-tellers(算命人);lookers-on(旁观者);comingsin(收入);girlfriends(女朋友,girl在这里表性别,friend是中心词);passers-by(过程人);editors-in-chief(总编,主编)。如果复合名词中无中心词,则复数加在词尾。如:forget-me-nots(勿忘我);grown-ups(成人);set-backs(挫折);break-throughs(突破)。如果复合名词是以woman,man为前缀构成,则合成的两个名词都变为复数。如:womenteachers(女教师);mendoctors(男医生)。当两个由’s构成的所有格名词修饰同一个事物时,前一个名词的’s省略;若它们所修饰的是互不相同的事物时,则两个所有格名词必须’s。如:BrownandCatherine’svilla(两人共同拥有的别墅)Brown’sandCatherine’svilla(分别指布朗的别墅和凯瑟琳的别墅)。单数复数单数复数scale等级、刻度规模天平advice忠告通知,消息Short短的短裤arm武装武器surrounding包围环境air空气架子,神气content内容目录good好货物necessity需要必需品remain仍然(是)遗体,废墟color颜色旗,绶带子rich富裕财富quarter一刻钟,四分之一营房spirit精神情绪effect效果财产,动产due应得权益应付款humanity人类人文科学manner方式礼貌custom风俗海关pain痛努力4.下列名词常以复数形式出现:scissors(剪刀);savings(积蓄);ashes(灰烬,骨灰);belongs(所有物);earnings(收入);lodgings(租住的房子);minutes(会议记录);outskirts(郊区);slums(贫民窟);atone’sfinger’sends(了如指掌);makebothendsmeet(收支相抵)等。5.下列名词单数形式相同:deer(鹿);sheep(绵羊);craft(小船;飞船);score(二十);species(种,种类);series(系列);means(方式,方法);works(工厂);aircraft(飞机,飞船);headquarters(总部);Burmese(缅旬人,以-ese和-ss结尾的民族名称指人时单复数同形)。Exercise11.Folkartisaspontaneousexpressionofthefeelings,attitudes,andthelowerclassesofasociety.A.need B.needof C.needs D.needsof2.Heboughtforhisfatherinadrugstore.A.somemedicine B.somemedicinesC.manymedicines D.enoughmedicines3.Itrequiresacertainofpreparation.A.number B.lot C.amount D.deal4.IhavetogetaboutthesubjectbeforeIwritethepaper.A.afewmoreinformations B.alittlemoreinformationC.afewmoreinformation D.alittlemoreinformations5.Althoughagreatnumberofhouseinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair.Therebeenmuchimprovementintheirappearance.A.has B.have C.willhave D.wouldhave6.Everymeansbeentriedsincethen.A.have B.are C.has D.is7.Hecouldn’tremember.A.whatwastheformula B.whattheformulawasC.whatweretheformula D.whattheformulawere8.Hewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstore B.shoestoreC.shoes’store D.shoe’sstore9.Iwillgiveyoutofinishit.A.twoweekstime B.twoweek’stimeC.two-weekstime D.twoweeks’time10.Hegavemeseveralgood.A.pieceofadvice B.piecesofadvicesC.pieceofadvices D.piecesofadvice答案:1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.D第二章代词英语中的代词可分为下列八类:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词,疑问代词,连接代词和关系代词。英语专业四级考试中这部分测试的分量不重,稍加注意即可。第一节人称代词、不定代词1.人称代词要注意主格和宾格的用法。2.物主代词则需要着区分名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词,要记住:名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+相应名词;名词性物主代词相当于名词的句法功能,在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语等;而形容词性物主代词不能独立来表达一个完整的含义,它充当名词的定语,总是与名词连用来表达一完整概念。3.英语中不定代词有:all,each,everyone,everybody,both,enough,many,much,few,less,little,either,neither,other,another,something,anything,nothing等。而anybody,something,nothing等不定词被形容词或限定词修饰时,该形容词或限定词应该后置,即:something(anything,nothing,anybody,somebody)+形容词或限定词,如:somebodyold(某个老人);somethingnew(某个事物);anythingunknown(任何尚未知晓的事)等。另外,不定代词有许多习惯搭配,表示特定的含义;nothingbut(只不过,就是,只有),anythingbut(根本不,并不),somethingof(表示“略有”),noneotherthan(就是)。4.英语中的相互代词只有两个:eachother和oneanother。通常eachother用来指两个以上人或事物相互之间的关系。第二节one和ones,it和them,that和those的用法在英语中,one和ones,it和them,thatthose可用来代替上文出现过的名词(人或物),其中,one,it,that代替上文出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词,而ones,them,those代替上文出现过的可数名词。而one/ones,it/them及that/those这三组替代词用法的区别主要在于其是否带有前置和后置修饰语。例:1)Idon’tliketheseshirts.Takethemaway,please.2)Pleaseshowmetheredones(intheshopwindow).3)Ok,I’dliketotakethosewithbronzebuttons.句1)中的them代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts,且既不带前置修饰词,也无后置修饰词。句2)中的ones也代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts,在ones前有前置修饰词“thered”,而其后的修饰语“intheshopwindow”是否出现并不影响本句语法结构的正确及句意的完整,属可有可无。句3)中的those仍代替shirts,但它不能有前置修饰语,却一定要带后置修饰语。Exercise21.Itwaswhodidthat.A.heandI B.himandme C.heandI D.heandme2.Thisbicycleishis,not.A.their B.hers C.her D.your3.Eachmanandwomanmustsignfullnamebeforeenteringtheexamination.A.their B.its C.her D.his4.Themembersofthetwogroupsoftenhelp.A.eachother B.oneanother C.oneandtheother D.oneandanother5.“MayIhelpyouwithsomeshoes,Sir?”“Yes,I’dliketotryonthosebrown.”A.one B.ones C.pair D.shoe6.Hehastwobluepensandared.A.it B.one C.ones D.that7.Afteralongwalk,Iwantedtodrink.A.coldsomething B.somethingcoldC.somethingtomakecold D.anythingcold8.Themanoverthereisourprincipal.A.nootherbut B.nootherthanC.noonethan D.noneotherthan9.Ourdepartmentismonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billand.A.I B.mine C.me D.my10.Ididnotchooseanyofthethreeofferings,becauseIfoundsatisfactory.A.neitherofthem B.noneofitC.eitherofthem D.noneofthem答案:1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.D第三章动词动词是英语中涉及语法范畴最广、用法最为复杂、测试中出现频率最高、考生也感觉最难掌握的部分,它包括动词的时态、动词的语气,情态动词,主、谓数的一致,非限定动词等的用法与区别。第一节英语专业四级测试中常考虑的时态用法有一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时的用法与区别。一、一般现在时1.表示普遍真理和客观事实。如:Ourteachertoldusthatanythingthatisdroppedfallstowardsthecenteroftheearthbecauseofthepullofgravity.2.在I’llseetoitthat…,I’llmakesurethat…,see(toit)that…结构的从句里用一般现在时表示将来含义。如:1)I’llseetoitthatyoudon’tgetlost.2)See(toit)thatyouareherepunctuallytomorrowmorning.3)在when,while,as,themoment等连词引导的时间状语从句中及if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来含义。如:1)I’lltellhimyouraddresswhenhecomesback.2)Hewillbegladifhepassestheexamination.但注意:3)Idon’tknowwhenhewillcomeback.4)Iamnotsureifhewillcome.句3)中when引导的从句中用将来时没错,因为when在本句中不引导时间状语从句,而引导宾语从句。句4)中if引导的从句用将来时也对,因为if在此引导的不是条件状语从句。4.comego,begin,end,leave,start,arrive,return,depart,stop等瞬间性动词常用一般现在时表示按计划、安排、时刻表将发生的动作。如:1)Thefilmbeginsatsevenintheevening2)Theplaneleavesattenthirty.二、一般过去时1.在有些谚语中用过去时而不用现在时。如:1)Carekilledacat.(忧郁伤身。)2)Thecourseoftrueloveneverdidrunsmooth.(好事多磨。)2.表示过去经常、反复、习惯但现在已经不再如此的动作。如:Iwenttovisithimeveryday.3.用一般过去时代替一般现在时表示更加客气、婉转的语气。如:1)CouldyoutellmethewaytotheSummerPalace?2)Didyouneedmyhelp?三、一般将来时1.当shall在陈述句中用于第二、第三人称时,它不是将来时的时态助动词,而是情态动词,表示说话者的允诺、意图、警告、命令等。例:Heshallnotleavehispost.他不是离开岗位。2.beaboutto接动词原形也可以表示将来,有“就要、即将”的意思。但它不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。例:HeisabouttostartforBeijingtomorrowmorning.[误]改正:去掉tomorrowmorning即可。3.Will和begoingto接动词原形均可表将来,但will常表示说话人临时“打算做什么”,而begoingto则表示说话人在讲此话前已作好决定“将做什么”。例:1)—Maryisinhospital.—Really?Iwillseehersomedaynextweek.2)—Johnisinhospital.—IknowitIamgoingtovisithimonnextWednesday.四、现在进行时1.现在进行时表示到现在某一刻或某一阶段尚未完成,仍在进行的动作或所处的状态。例:Thenewlibraryisstillbeingbuiltinouruniversity.2.现在进行时中有时用副词always,forever,constantly等,表示对某一经常发生动作的厌烦、赞同等感情色彩。例:1)Heisconstantlytellingthestoryofhislife.2)Heisalwayshelpingothers.3.静态动词不用现在时行时,若用进行时则词义会有所变化。例:1)Heiswealthyandhastwocars.2)WearehavingEnglishlessonthewholemorning.4.表状态的动词一般不用现在时,而用一般现在时代替现在进行时。表状态的动词常见的有:live,hate,like,wish,belongto,sound,taste,desire,understand,think(认为),know,own,possess,have(有),envy等。5.感觉动词表示“被动感觉”意义时不用进行时态,表示“主动感觉”时可以用进行时态度。例:1)Thewoodisfeelingverysmooth.[误]2)Thewoodfeelsverysmooth.[正]3)Heisfeelinghiswayinthedark.[正]6.be后接动态形容词时可用进行时态表示人的暂时行为和性格特征,若是表态形容词,则不能用进行时态。例:1)Heisbeingmodest.他显得谦虚[正]2)Sheisbeingtall.[误](tall是静态形容词,不能表示暂时行为)。五、现在完成时。现在完成时表示动作的延续、结果或经历,着重于过去时间和现在时间的综观,因此,不能与表示单纯过去时间的状语(如twoweeksago,lastyear等)连用,而常与下列状语连用;already,yet,ever,never,scarcely,lately,recently,uptothepresent,uptillnowinthepastfewyears,sofar,once,just,thisweek等。例:Uptonowtheworkhasbeeneasy.1.瞬间性动词或词组go,come,becomeleave,start,die,begin,stop,join,getup,borrow,buy,comeback等可以用于现在完成时,但它们若用现在完成时,则不能for,since等表示延续的时间状语连用。要表示瞬间性动作持续多久时可用它们相应的系表结构或者换为持续性动词的完成时形式。例:1)Hehasdied.[正]2)Hehasjoinedthearmyfor14years.[误]3)Hehasbeeninthearmyfor14years.[正]4)HehasboughttheTVsetfor10years.[误]5)HehashadtheTVsetforyears. [正]2.在It(That,This)isthefirst(second…)time,Itisthemost(best)…结构后通常要用现在完成时态。若be动词为"was",则从句用过去完成时。例:1)ThisisthesecondtimeIhavevisitedyourbeautifulcountry.2)ItwasthemostinterestingnovelIhadeverread.3.瞬间性动词不与延续性时间状语同时用于现在完成时中,但若句子是否定结构则没有这个限制。例:1)Hehasgonehomefortwoweeks.[正]2)Hehasn’tgonehomefortwoweeks.[误]4.在“itis+时间段+过去时”结构中,since后面接终止性动词表示该动作开始;后面接延续性动词则表示该动的终止。例:1)ItisfiveyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.我已经学了五年的英语了。2)ItisfiveyearssinceIstudiedEnglish.我已经五年没有学英语了。六、过去完成时1.用动词hope,mean,suppose,intend,think,plan等的过去完成时表示过去未能实现的愿望等。例:1)Ihadintendedtocometenminutesearlier,butIwascaughtinatrafficjam.2)bytheendof后接过去时间,句子用过去完成时;bytheendof后接将来时间,句子用将来完成时。例:1)Bytheendoflastweekendallthepapershadbeenchecked.2)BytheendofnextmonthwewillhavebeenintheUnitedStatesfortwoweeks.3.过去完成时不能单独使用,它所表示的动作必须是“过去的过去”,即表示在过去某一时间或作(或用从句表示出,或可从上下文看出)之前的动作。例:1)Theinstructorhadgoneovertheproblemsmanytimesbeforethestudentstookthefinalexamination.2)Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.Exercise3—11.Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotaboutcomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.A.paying B.havingpaid C.topay D.tohavepaid2.Bythetimesheis50yearsold,sheaninmateoftheprisonforoverhalfofherlife.A.wouldhavebeen B.willbe C.willhavebeen D.wouldbe3.Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeonemethatevening.A.tohaveinterrupted B.wouldhaveinterrupted C.hadinterrupted D.tointerrupt4.Whateverthecause,Englishattheendofthe20thofthe20thcenturyismorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherlanguage.A.everwas B.hadeverbeenC.haseverbeen D.wouldeverbe5.Theambassadorheardthatathispostayearlonger.A.hebestaying B.himtostayC.hewouldhestaying D.hewillhavestayed6.Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageavoided.A.istobe B.canbeC.willbe D.hasbeen7.Inthisexperiment,theyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhatthey.A.hadjustbeendreaming B.havejustbeendreamingC.arejustdreaming D.hadjustdreamt8."Whatdoyouthinkoftheboxingmatchlastnight?"“IreallythinkJackson.”A.don’t…haswon B.didn’t…wouldwinC.didn’t…has D.don’t…wins9.Itforoveramonthandthedownpourhaddamagedmanyhouses.A.rainedheavily B.hadbeenrainingcatsanddogsC.hasbeenrainingheavily D.hasrainedcatsanddogs10.TheManagingDirectorsaidthatimprovingrelationswiththeassociationwouldnotbeeasy,butthattheytotry.A.wouldhavedecided B.decideC.havedecided D.haddecided答案:1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.D第二节主谓一致英语中句子的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致,这叫主谓一致,首先应注意三大主谓一致原则,即语法一致、意念一致及就近一致原则。一、语法一致原则语法一致原则即确定谓语人称和数的形式时,只考虑主语的语法形式,不考虑其含意。1.and与with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,besides,inadditionto,including,accompaniedby,combinedwith连接并列主语结构的区别。and是并列连词,可连接并列成分,包括并列主语,而其余的词和词组均属介词,只能连接介词短语,作方式伴随状语。例1)Mr.WangandhiswifearegotovisitCanada.(“andhiswife”作并列主语)2)Mr.WangwithhiswifeisgoingtovisitCanada.(“withhiswife”是介词短语,作方式伴随状语,主语是Mr.Wang,单数)2.Manya+单数可数名词,Morethanone+单数可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式。例:1)ManyastudentsitsinTEM-4eachyear.2)ManystudentssitinTEM-4eachyear.3)Morethanonequestionhasbeenraisedatthemeeting.二、意念一致原则意念一致原则即确定谓语的人称和数的形式时,只考虑主语的含义,而不管其语法形式。1.常用集合名词committee,family,audience,team,crowd,crew,staff,government,faculty,group,board,jury等意指整体时,谓语用单数;意指个体成员时,谓语用复数。例:1)Myfamilyloveclassicmusic.2)Myfamilylivesinabeautifulblock.2.表示时间、距离重量、价值等的复数名词作主语,表示整体概念,谓语用单数。例:1)Seventymilesisalongwaytodrive.2)Threethousandyearsisveryshortinthelonghistoryofthedevelopmentoftheuniverse.3)Fivehundreddollarsistoomuchforme.三、就近一致原则就近一致原则即谓语的单、复数形式与靠近谓语的主语的数保持一致。1.由并列连词neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso…等连接两个主语时,其谓语的单复数形式由贴近谓语的主语确定。例:1)Eithertheteacherorthestudentshavemadeamistake.2)Eitherthestudentsortheteacherhasmadeamistake.2.当关系代词作关系分句(即定语从句)的主语时,从句的谓语的数由靠近从句的名词的形式确定。例:Johnisworkingwithhisfriendswhowerehisclassmatesinhismiddleschooldays.但当关系分句的先行项被oneofthe修饰,且oneofthe…又被thegreat,theonly,theright,thevery等强调时,关系分句的谓语是单数形式。例:1)LuxunisoneofthegreatwriterwhohavemadecontributionstoChineseliterature.2)Peteristhe(only)oneoftheboyswhoisdisobedienttotheteachers.3.在表存在的“therebe+名词”句型中,若名词主语是由“and”连接的并列主语,谓语“be”

的形式由靠近“be”的名词形式确定。例:1)Thereisabedandseveralchairsintheroom.2)Thereareseveralpeartreesandanappletreeinthecourtyard.除了这三大原则以外,还有很多其他形式的词、词组作主语时谓语的数也值得我们注意。1.单个的名词性从句,动名词(或动名词短语)以及不定式(或不定式短语)作主语,谓语用单数形式。例:1)Doingmorningexercisesisgoodforyourhealth.2)Whatintereststheworkersmostisbetterwagesandworkingconditions.2.表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时,谓语用复数。例:TheAndesarerichinminerals,especiallycopper,goldandsilver.3.以-ics结尾的许多名词表示某个学科名称时谓语用单数;而指该学科的实践和具体运用时,谓语用复数。如:politics政治学(单数)政治见解(复数)statistics统计学(单数)统计数据(复数)mathematics数学(单数)数学能力(复数)economics经济学(单数)经济效益(复数)4.某些名词形式上是单数,意义上是复数概念,谓语用复数。如:police,people,clergy,youth,folk,cattle,militia等。5.用and连接的两个单数名词时,若and后面的名词没有有冠词,则表示同一个人、同一物或同一概念,谓语用单数。如:Thewheelandaxle轮轴,aknifeandfork刀叉,thebreadandbutter涂黄油的面包。 例:Thesecretaryanddeanisgivingaspeech.书记兼系主任正在讲话。6.and连接数个单数名词作主语,若名词前有every,each或no修饰,则谓语用单数。例:Noboyandnogirlispermittedtoentertheroom.7.当mostof,therestof,all,half(of),themajorityof,last,enough,theremainder和分数、+百分数+名词作主语时,其谓语由名词的形式决定,名词为不可数名词或单数可数名词时,谓语用单数,当名词为可数名词复数时,谓语用复数。例:1).Mostofthisbookisinteresting.2)Mostofthesebooksarehelpful.8.以-ings结尾的名词,如beginnings,bookings,clippings,diggings,earnings,lodgings,surroundings,sweepings等作主语时,谓语用复数。Exercise3—21.Eitherofthetwopupiltheexaminations.A.havepassed B.havebeenpassedC.haspassed` B.hasbeenpassed2.Thenumberofthestudentsintheclasssmall.A.are B.is C.havebeen D.were3.wereinterestedintheoffer.A.Noneofacustomer B.NoneofcustomerC.Noneofthecustomer D.Noneofthecustomers4.WritingstoriesandarticleswhatIenjoymost.A.is B.are C.havetobe D.were5.“TheArabianNights”thestoryofAladdin.A.tocontain B.containing C.contains D.contain6.Apainteranddecoratorthewallsofthehouse.A.werecalcimining B.wascalciminingC.werecalcimined D.wascalcimined7.Eitherdyeorpaintstocolorcloth.A.isused B.beused C.areused D.wasused8.Everypolicemanandfiremantocolorcloth.A.havebeen B.are C.was D.were9.Tenhoursenoughtimeforthatpaper.A.is B.are C.havebeen D.were10.Thisdepartment,alongwiththreeothersthenewmethod.A.istrying B.aretrying C.istried D.aretried答案:1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.A第三节情态动动词情态动词有一定词义,表示某种感情和语气,如能力、可能性和意愿等,但不能单独用作谓语,需和其他动词(原形)一起构成谓语。常用的情态动词can(could),may(might),must,shall,will(would),should,oughtto,need,dare,其中,need和dare既可做情态动词,又可以做一般行为动语。一、情态动词中,有些后面可跟完成时,即情态动词+have+V-ed,但意义各有不同。1.can(could)havedone是对过去事情肯定猜测,表示怀疑或不肯定的语气。例:Youcan’tfindyourbookandyoucanhaveleftitathome.(可能)2.can(could)nothavedone是对过去事情的否定猜测。例:Nowthathehasnotyetcome,hecan’thavecaughttheearlybus.(不可能)3.may(might)havedone是对过去事情的猜测。例:Hemayhavelosthisway.(也许已经)4.musthavedone是对过去事情的肯定猜测,语气很强。例:MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically,“Areyoufeelingallright?”(一定)。5.shouldhavedone与oughttohavedone都表示过去应该做但实际上并未做的事,是一种责备的语气;后者比前者语气更加。例:Yououghttohavememorizedallthewords.(本应该已经记住而实际上没有记住)Should’thavedone表示过去不应该做但实际上却做了的事,也含责备的语气。例:Youshouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.(你不应该犯这样的错误的,但实际上已犯了)6.needhavedone表示过去需要做但实际上没做的事,needn’thavedone则表示过去无须做但实际上却做了的事。例:1)Youneedhavepreparedallfortheexamination.2)Youneedn’thavetoldhimaboutit.7.wouldratherhavedone表示一件事实上未做但希望已经做了。例:I’dratherhavebeenblamedforit.我宁愿为此受责备(实际上没有)。二、“must”表示“必须”时,否定式用needn’t.例:“Mustthebeattheofficethatearly?”“No,heneedn’t.”“must”表示猜测时,否定式用can’t。例:“ItmustbeProf.Li.”“Itcan’tbehim.HehasjustgonetoBeijing.”三、有些情态动词组成了固定的词组。1.may(might)well+动词原形,意为“有道理,大概”。例:Hisappearancehaschangedsomuchthatyoumightwellnotrecognizehim.2.may(might)aswell+动词原形,意为“不妨”。例:Sincethismedicinedoesn’twork,youmightaswelltryanother.3.cannotbut+动词原形(不得不),can’thelp+V-ing(情不自禁,忍不住)。例:1)Ican’tbutwaitforhim.2)WhenJanefelloffthebike,theotherchildrencouldnothelplaughing.4.hadbetter+动词原形(最好是……),其否定形式:hadbetternot+动词原形。例:You’dbetternottaketoomuch.It’sheavy.5.Wouldrather+动词原形(宁愿不……)。例:I’drathernottellhimthenews.四、need作情态动词时不用于肯定句,作行为动词时没有这个限制。例:1)Weneedinformhimofthatmatter.2)Wemustinformhimofthatmatter.3)Weneedn’tworryaboutit.4)Weneedtoexpandtheparkinglot.五、could与was/wereableto的用法的区别。could表示过去一般情况下能做的事。was/wereableto表示过去在某一具体情况下能做的事。例:Beforeliberation,thebread-earnercouldnotaffordabigfamily,butmygrandpawasableto.Exercise3—31.ThelibrarianwilltellTomthathepayforthemissingbook.A.neednot B.neednottoC.needsnot D.needsnotto2.Idon’tbelievehim.Whathehassaidbetrue.A.maynot B.mustnot C.cannot D.shouldnot3.MustIaccompanyhim?No,you.A.mustn’t B.needn’t C.cant D.won’t4.I’msorryIcouldn’tgetintouchwithhimbeforeheleft.Ihimearlier.A.musthavephoned B.mighthavephonedC.shouldhavephoned D.wouldhavephoned5.Shemoreembarrassed.A.couldn’thavelooked B.needn’thavelookedC.shouldn’thavelooked D.wouldn’thavelooked6.John’sscoreonthetestisthehighestintheclass.He.A.shouldstudy B.shouldhavestudiedlastnightC.musthavestudiedlastnight D.needstudylastnight7.I’dratherShanghaibytrain.A.leavefor B.leftfor C.leavingfor D.toleavefor8.Whenthelostofmoneyisreportedtohim,thesecurityofficerinterviewsallthosepeoplewhotheopportunitytogointotheSalesoffice.A.mighthavehad B.wouldhavehadC.willhavehad D.shouldhavehad9.I’dratheryouaboutit.A.don’ttell B.nottotell C.nottell D.tellnot10.You’dbetteritrightnow,otherwiseyoucan’tfinishitintime.A.todo B.do C.willdo D.did答案:1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.B第四节虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话是某种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或可能,虚拟语气较多地用于条件句,也可见于其他从句。一、虚拟语气的三种常见结构见下表。假设If从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反一般过去时be动词用wereWould(could,might,should)+动词原形与过去事实相反Had+过去分词Would(could,might,should)+have+过去分词与将来事实相反should(wereto)+动词原形Would(could,might,should)+动词原形例:1)IfIhadmoretime,IwouldstudyGerman.2)IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainifIhadhadmoretimeatyesterday’sexamination.3)Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldmarryyou.二、虚拟语气的混合式:条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式决定于要表示的具体时间。例:Ifshehadn’ttrainedsohard,shewouldn’tbeabletorunsofast.三、虚拟语气条件从句的倒装与省略:在书面语中,如果条件从句中的谓语含有were,had或should等词,要将were,had或should与从句的主语交换位置,从布满省略if,条件从句形成倒装和省略。例:1)WereIyou,IWouldgetupearlyeverymorning.2)Hadyouarrivedatthestationtenminutesearlieryesterday,youcouldhavecaughtthetrain.3)Shouldyouchangeyourmind,letmeknow.四、含蓄虚拟:当虚拟句中的虚拟条件不用if引导的条件从句表示,而是对过介词短语或but连接的转折分句来表示,即含蓄虚拟条件。1.用“butfor”,“without”来代替“if…not”。fail.例:Butforyourhelp,IwouldHavefailed.2.用“otherwise”,“butthat+从句”或“but”分句代替if引导的条件句。例:1)Heworkedveryhard,otherwisehemighthavefailed.(主句有陈述语气,分句用虚拟语气)2)Butthathesawitwithhisowneyeshecouldnothavebelievedit.要不是他亲眼所见,他就不会相信那事。(从句用陈述语气,主句用虚拟语气)3)Iwouldhavegonetovisityou,butIwasfullyoccupiedlastweek.我早已经想去看你了,但上周我完全没空。(主句用虚拟语气,分句用陈述语气)五、虚拟语气用于宾语从句。宾语从句的谓语动词是否用虚拟语气由主句的谓语动词确定。1.当主句的谓语动词是表示“建议、命令、要求、欲望、想法”等意义的词,如:suggest,propose,recommend,move(提议),advise,order,command,decide,agree,insist,maintain,urge,desire,prefer,require,request,demand,resolve,rule,stipulate(规定)等,宾语从句中虚拟表达形式:should+动词原形(美国英语中常省掉should)。例:Irecommendedthathe,mybeststudent,(should)beadmittedtothepostgraduate’scollege.2.当主句的谓语动词是wouldrather,hadrather,wouldassoon时,后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,这种虚拟语气用过去时表示一种未实现的愿望。例:Iwouldratheryoustayedhere.3.动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常省略)要用虚拟语气,这种虚拟语气用过去时表示一种不可实现的愿望;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例:1)Shewishesshehadmoremoney.2)Shewishedshehadmoremoneyatthattime.4.在expect,believe,think,suspect等+动词的否定式或疑问形式后面的宾语从句中,谓语常用“should+动词原形(或完成时)”,表示怀疑、惊奇和不满等。例:Ineverexpectedthatheshouldbesogenerous.六、虚拟语气用于主语从句。1.在Itis/was+形容词+that…从句的句型中,“it”是形式主语,而“that…从句”是主语从句,主语从句是否要用虚拟语气由形容表语决定。当形容词是表示“必须,重要”等概念的词时,that…从句的谓语动词常用有:“should+动词原形”表示虚拟,should常省略,这类形容词有:necessary,essential,vital,important,urgent,imperative,obligatory,strange等。例:1)Itisnecessarythatyoushouldcleantheworkshopafterwork.2)Itisverystrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye.2.当形容词是由上述表示主张、要求、命令等概念的动词加-ed或加-able构成的时候,主玉器从句也须用should+动词原形表示虚拟,should可省。例:1)Itwasrecommendedthathisbeststudent(should)beadmittedtothepostgraduate’scollege.2)Itwasadvisablethathe(should)notstayupthewholenightbeforeexamination.注意下面这个句子:Ithoughtitimperativethatwe(should)takeimmediateactionstopreventtheeventfromspreading.虽然在句中that引导的是一个宾语从句,似乎不符合虚拟语气用于主玉器从句的语示规则,但这个句子可以扩充为:Ithoughtthatitwasimperativethatweshouldtakeimmediateactionstopreventtheeventformspreading.扩充后,“thatweshould…”部分就充当宾语从句中的主语从句了。这是目前常测试的语法知识。七、虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句:在suggestion,proposal,recommendation,motion,advice,order,commend,decision,insistence,desire,requirement,request,demand,resolution,rule,stipulation(即由上述表示“建议”、命令、要求、欲望、想法”的动词构成的名词)等名词后接的表语从句和同位语从句用should+动词原形(should可省)表示虚拟。例:1)Myadviceisthateverytestee(should)concentratemuchuponimprovingtheirabilityofreadingcomprehension.2)Hissuggestionthatwe(should)startearlywasadopted.八、虚拟语气用于关系句中,在Itis(high,about)time…后接的关系分句中用过去时表示虚拟语气。其含义是“早该做……而实际上未做”。注意:1)该句型中可以用过去时,或者“should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气,should不能省略。例:Itishightimetheworkwas(或shouldbe)started.2)在“Itisthesecondtimewe’venetinthestreet”中,关系分句不用虚拟语气,因为“time”的意义由“……的时候”,变成了“第……次”。九、虚拟语气用于其他从句。当

asif,asthough,evenif,eventhough,lest,forfear,incase等引导的状语从句(或表语从句)且从句的内容不是真实情况时,必须用虚拟语气。例:1)Nothingcouldhavesavedhimevenifhehadbeentendedwithoutdelay.2)Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit(should)gowrongontheway.十、Ifonly句型中的虚拟语气表达一种愿望。现在未实现的愿望用过去时表示;过去未实现的愿望用过去完成时表示,通常译作“要是……(就好了!)”,主句可省略。例:1)IfonlyIhadenoughmoney,IwouldbuythatPC.2)IfonlyIwereabird!3)Ifonlywehadgonetothecinemalastnight!Exercise3-41.I’dratheryouanythingaboutinforthetimebeing.A.do B.didn’tdo C.don’tdo D.notdo2.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,heourChairmannow.A.musthavebeen B.wouldhavebeen C.were D.wouldbe3.IwishItothemovieswithyoulastnight.A.went B.couldgo C.go D.hadgone4.Itishightimethatthiswrongspending.A.checks B.istobechecked C.waschecked D.ischecked5.Thejudgeassentedtothesuggestionthat.A.bothofthecriminalswillsoonbesetfreeB.someofthecriminalsareofguiltonlyC.theprisonerbesentencedtodeathD.thegirlwastobeparoledinthecustodyofawelfaresociety6.ThecommitteerecommendsthatthematteratthenextA.wouldbediscussed B.willbediscussed C.bediscussed D.maybediscussed7.,Ishouldhavecaughtthetrain.A.HadmycarnotbrokendownB.Hadn’tmycarbrokendownC.IfmycarwerenotbrokendownD.Wouldn’tmycarhavebrokendown8.Ifonlywethemanager’sadviceyesterday.A.hadfollowed B.wouldfollow C.follow D.followed9.Myunclealwaystalksasthoughheapublicmeeting.A.addresses B.isaddressing C.wereaddressing D.addressed10.Providingyoutheopportunitytogoabroad,wherewouldyougo?A.have B.had C.will D.wouldhave答案:1.B 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.D第五节非限定动词英语中非限定动词有三种:动词不定式、分词和动名词。非限定动词在句中能充当谓语的一部分,但不能单独充当谓语,故又称非谓语动词。它们的形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化,但仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带宾语。非谓语动词有以下几种变化形式。语态时态主动被动不定式一般时进行时完成时完成进行时towritetobewritingtohavewrittentohavebeenwritingtobewrittentohavebeenwritten动名词和现在分词一般时完成时writinghavingwrittenBeingwrittenHavingbeenwritten过去分词一般时written一、非谓语动词时态、语态变化形式及其用法二、当非谓语动词所表示动作发生在谓语动词表示动作之前时,非谓语动词完成时形式。例:1)Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ilistenedtomusicforrelaxation.当非谓语动词所表示动作与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生时,非谓语动词用进行时或一般时形式。例:2)Hepretendedtobeworkinghardwhenhismotherenteredhisroom.当非谓语动词所表示动作与谓语动词所表示动作之后时,非谓语动词用一般时形式。例:3)Iexpectyoutowritetome.二、非限定动词的句法功能比较动词不定式(或不定式短语)具有名词、形容词和副词的性质,在句中能充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语或状语。动名词(或动名词短语)具有名词形质,在句中常作主语、表语、宾语或定语。分词(或分词短语)具有形容词和副词的性质,在句中可作表语、定语、补语或状语。非限定动词的句法功能列表如下:句子成句非限定动词形式主语表语宾语定语补语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√分词√√√√1.动词不定式(短语)、和动名词(短语)作主语的区别1)当主语和表语都是非限定动词形式时,主语和表语的非限定形式要求一致。例:①Toliveistostruggle.[正]②Toliveisstruggling..[误]③Livingistostruggle..[误]④Livingisstruggling..[正]2)当主语为非限定动词,而表语不是的时候,不定式和动名词作主语都可以,意义有区别,但区别很少,可忽略。区别在于:不定式强调动作性,常表示一次性、短暂的动作;而动名词倾向于名词性,常指多次重复的动作。例:1)Toliveisnoteasy要活着不容易。2)Livingisnoteasy.生活不容易。2.动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和分词短语作表语的区别1)当主语是非限动词时,表语的非限定形式与主语的一致。2)当主语不是非限定动词形式时,不定式作表语表示一次性、短暂的动作,而动名词表示多次重复、习惯性动作,且类似于名词作表语时的用法,即常用来说明主语的身份、地位、职业等。例:①Herjobistotypethisletter.她要做的是打完这封信。②Herjobistyping.她是个打字员。而分词作表语时,类似于形容词作表语的用法,即说明主语的性质、特征或所处状态。例:①Thisbookisinteresting.②Hefeltexhausted.3.不定式(短语)和动名词短语作宾语的区别1)在remember,forget,mean,try,stop等动词后,接不定式和动名词都可以,但意义不同:用不定式时,

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