管理学英文版课件 11

Chapter11ManagingTeamsContentsDefinegroupanddescribethestagesofgroupdevelopmentDescribethemajorcomponentsthatdeterminegroupperformanceandsatisfactionDefineteamanddescribebestpracticesinfluencingteamperformanceGroupsAndGroupDevelopmentGroupTwoormoreinteractingandinterdependentindividualswhocometogethertoachieveparticulargoals.FormalgroupsWorkgroupsthataredefinedbytheorganization’sstructureandhavedesignatedworkassignmentsandspecifictasksdirectedataccomplishingorganizationalgoals.InformalgroupsSocialgroupsthatoccurnaturallyintheworkplaceandtendtoformaroundfriendshipsandcommoninterests.StagesofGroupDevelopmentFormingstageThefirststageofgroupdevelopment,inwhichpeoplejointhegroupandthendefinethegroup’spurpose,structure,andleadership.StormingstageThesecondstageofgroupdevelopment,whichischaracterizedbyintragroupconflict.NormingstageThethirdstageofgroupdevelopment,whichischaracterizedbycloserelationshipsandcohesiveness.PerformingstageThefourthstageofgroupdevelopment,whenthegroupisfullyfunctionalandworksonthegrouptask.AdjourningstageThefinalstageofgroupdevelopmentfortemporarygroups,duringwhichgroupmembersareconcernedwithwrappingupactivitiesratherthantaskperformance.StagesofGroupDevelopmentContentsDefinegroupanddescribethestagesofgroupdevelopmentDescribethemajorcomponentsthatdeterminegroupperformanceandsatisfactionDefineteamanddescribebestpracticesinfluencingteamperformanceGroupBehaviorModelGroupMemberResourcesAgroup’sperformancepotentialdependstoalargeextentontheresourceseachindividualbringstothegroup.Theseresourcesincludeknowledge,skills,abilities,andpersonalitytraits,andtheydeterminewhatmemberscandoandhoweffectivelytheywillperforminagroup.GroupStructureRoleNormsConformityStatusSystemsGroupSizeGroupCohesivenessGroupStructureRoleBehaviorpatternsexpectedofsomeoneoccupyingagivenpositioninasocialunit.TheStanfordPrisonExperimentProcedureParticipantsanswerednewspaperadverts.From75volunteers,24wereselected.TheywerejudgedtobeemotionallystableandphysicallyhealthyTheyalsohadnohistoryofpsychiatricproblemsandhadneverbeenintroublewiththepolice.Theywereallwhite,middleclassstudentsfromacrossUS,whowerestrangerstoeachotherandwererandomlyallocatedtoeitherprisonerorguardroles.Prisonerssignedaconsentdocumentwhichspecifiedthatsomeoftheirhumanrightswouldbesuspendedandalparticipantsweretoreceive$15adayforuptotwoweeks.ProcedureZimbardoconvertedabasementcorridorinStanfordUniversityPsychologydepartmentintoasetofprisoncellswithasolitaryconfinementroom,a‘yard’andanobservationscreen(throughwhichcovertvideoandaudiotapedatarecodingcouldtakeplace).ProcedureThoseallocatedtotheprisonerrolewerearrestedbythelocalpoliceoutsidetheirhousesbysurprise.Theywerechargedwithafelony,readtheirrights,searched,handcuffedandtakentoarealpolicestationforfingerprintingandprocessing.Theywerethentakenblindfoldtothebasementprison.Onarrivaltheywerestrippednakedandissuedwithaloosefittingsmock,nounderwear.ProcedureTheirIDnumberwasprintedonthefrontandbackandtheyhadachainboltedaroundoneankle.Theyworeanylonstockingtocovertheirhair,werereferredtobynumberonlyandwereallocatedtoacell,threetoacell.Prisonersremainedintheprison24hoursadayandfollowedascheduleofworkassignments,restperiodsandmeal/toiletvisits.ProcedureTheguardsworemilitarystyleuniformsandsilverreflectorsunglasses(makingeyecontactimpossible).Theycarriedclubs,whistles,handcuffsandkeystothecells.Therewereguardsonduty24hoursaday,eachworking8hourshifts.Theyhadcompletecontrolovertheprisonersbutweregivennospecificinstructionsapartfromtomaintainareasonabledegreeoforderwithintheprisonandweretoldnottousephysicalviolence.FindingsAninitial‘rebellion’bytheprisonerswascrushed.Afterthis,theybegantoreactpassivelyastheguardssteppeduptheiraggression.Theybegantofeelhelplessandnolongerincontroloftheirlives.Everyguardatsometimeoranotherbehavedinanabusive,authoritarianway.Manyseemedtoreallyenjoythenewfoundpowerandcontrolthatwentwiththeuniform.Theywokeprisonersinthenightandgotthemtocleanthetoiletwiththeirbarehands.Allprisoners’rightswereredefinedasprivileges(goingtothetoilet,eatingandwearingeye-glassesbecamerewards),andpunishmentwithlittleornojustificationwasappliedwithverbalinsults.Somevolunteeredtodoextrahourswithoutpay.Theparticipantsappearedtoforgetthattheywereonlyacting.Evenwhentheywereunawareofbeingwatchedtheyplayedtheirroles.FindingsAfterlessthan36hours,oneprisonerhadtobereleasedbecauseofcontrolledcrying,fitsofrage,disorganisedthinkingandseveredepression.Threeothersdevelopedthesamesymptomsandwerereleasedonsuccessivedays.Anotherprisonerdevelopedarashoverhiswholebody.Theybecamedemoralisedandapatheticandstartedtorefertothemselves(andothers)bytheirnumbers.Zendedtheexperimenttorunfortwoweeks.Butitwasabandonedafterjustsixdaysbecauseoftheprisoners’pathologicalreactions.Fulldebriefingandassessmentofparticipantstookplace,weeks,monthsandyearsafterwards.GroupStructure(cont’d)NormsStandardsorexpectationsthatareacceptedandsharedbyagroup’smembers.ClassesofNorms:PerformancenormsAppearancenormsSocialarrangementnormsConformityIndividualsconforminordertobeacceptedbygroups.Grouppressurescanhaveaneffectonanindividualmember’sjudgmentandattitudes.GroupthinkWhenagroupexertsextensivepressureonanindividualtoalignhisorheropinionwithothers’opinions. ExamplesofCardsUsedintheAschStudyStatus

Aprestigegrading,position,orrankwithinagroup.GroupStructure:GroupSizeSmallgroupsCompletetasksfasterthanlargergroups.Makemoreeffectiveuseoffacts.LargegroupsSolveproblemsbetterthansmallgroups.Aregoodforgettingdiverseinput.Aremoreeffectiveinfact-finding.SocialLoafingThetendencyforindividualstoexpendlesseffortwhenworkingcollectivelythanwhenworkindividually.GroupStructure(cont’d)GroupCohesivenessThedegreetowhichmembersareattractedtoagroupandsharethegroup’sgoals.Highlycohesivegroupsaremoreeffectiveandproductivethanlesscohesivegroupswhentheirgoalsalignedwithorganizationalgoals.TheRelationshipBetweenCohesivenessandProductivityGroupProcesses:GroupDecisionMakingAdvantagesGeneratesmorecompleteinformationandknowledge.Generatesmorediversealternatives.Increasesacceptanceofasolution.Increaseslegitimacyofdecision.DisadvantagesTimeconsumingMinoritydominationPressurestoconformAmbiguousresponsibility

GroupversusIndividualDecisionMakingCriteriaofEffectiveness Groups Individuals

Accuracy Speed

Creativity

Degreeofacceptance

Efficiency

GroupProcessesGroupDecisionMakingConflictManagementConflictManagementConflictTheperceivedincompatibledifferencesinagroupresultinginsomeformofinterferencewithoroppositiontoitsassignedtasks.Traditionalview:Theviewthatallconflictisbadandmustbeavoided.Humanrelationsview:Theviewthatconflictisanaturalandinevitableoutcomeinanygroup.Interactionistview:Theviewthatsomeconflictisnecessaryforagrouptoperformeffectively.ConflictManagement(cont’d)CategoriesofConflictFunctionalconflictsConflictsthatsupportagroup’sgoalsandimproveitsperformance.DysfunctionalconflictsConflictsthatpreventagroupfromachievingitsgoals.TypesofConflictTaskconflict:Conflictsovercontentandgoalsofwork.Relationshipconflict:ConflictsbasedoninterpersonalrelationshipsProcessconflict:Conflictoverhowworkgetsdone.ConflictandGroupPerformanceConflictManagement(cont’d)TechniquestoReduceConflict:AvoidanceAccommodationForcingCompromiseCollaborationConflict-ManagementTechniquesContentsDefinegroupanddescribethestagesofgroupdevelopmentDescribethemajorcomponentsthatdeterminegroupperformanceandsatisfactionDefineteamanddescribebestpracticesinfluencingteamperformanceWhatIsaTeam?WorkTeamGroupswhosemembersworkintenselyonaspecific,commongoalusingtheirpositivesynergy,individualandmutualaccountability,andcomplementaryskills.TypesofTeamsProblem-solvingteamsSelf-managedworkteamsCross-functionalteamsVirtualteamsTypesofTeamsProblem-solvingTeamsAteamfromthesamedepartmentorfunctionalareathat’sinvolvedineffortstoimproveworkactivitiesortosolvespecificproblems.Self-managedWorkTeamsAtypeofworkteamthatoperatewithoutamanagerandisresponsibleforacompleteworkprocessorsegment.TypesofTeams(cont’d)Cross-functionalTeamsAworkteamcomposedofindividualsfromvariousspecialities.VirtualTeamsAtypeofworkteamthatusestechnologytolinkphysicallydispersedmembersinordertoachieveacommongoal.CharacteristicsofEffectiveTeamsTermstoKnowgroupformingstormingnormingperformingadjourningrolenormsgroupthinkstatussocialloafinggroupcohesivenessconflicttraditionalviewofconflicthumanrelationsviewofconflictinteractionistviewofconflictfunctionalconflictsdysfunctionalconflictstaskconflictrelationshipconflictprocessconflictworkteamsTermstoKnowproblem-solvingteamself-managedwork