托福独立写作篇章结构课件

托福作文IntegratedWriting综合写作(33%)IndependentWriting独立写作(67%)IBT写作考试形式时间：30min字数：至少300字，越多越好体裁：议论文独立写作1.支持或反对agreeordisagreeDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Allstudentsshouldberequiredtostudyartandmusicinsecondaryschool.Usespecificreasonstosupportyouranswer.独立写作题型分类2.观点对比someholdaviewthat.....,othersprefer......Somepeopleliketocooktheirownmealsathome.Othersprefertoeatinarestaurantoracafeteria.Whichdoyoupreferandwhy?Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.独立写作题型分类3.问题分析what....,why......,how......Whatisyourideaoftheperfectvacation?Describeitandexplainwhyitwouldbetheidealvacationforyou.Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.独立写作题型分类Score5:★Effectivelyaddressesthetopicandtask★Iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriateexplanations,exemplifications,and/ordetails★Displaysunity,progression,andcoherence★Displaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice,andidiomaticity,thoughitmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrorsIBT独立写作满分标准1.减少语法错误2.观点鲜明，结构清晰连贯，前后呼应3.句式结构多样，用词准确精当IBT独立写作满分标准1.Today,peoplearoundtheworldbecamemoreandmoreconcernedabouttheirhealth(today和werebecame时态不搭)IamhavingtoemphasizetheimportanceofdoingexerciseinthemorningWhenJackwasfiveyearsold,hehasmanagedtorecitemorethan300Chineseclassicpoems注意动词的时态减少语法错误3.Intelligentstudentsshouldnotbetreateddifferentbytheirteachers(differently,副词修饰动词)4.Theproblemsthatarecreatedbyenvironmentalpollutionisveryhardtoresolve(is改成are,主谓一致)减少语法错误5.Farmercangetmorebenefitsfromthenewfertilizer.(farmer改成farmers)英文当中任何一个可数名词，必须在前面加上限定词，比如the,a,my,your等，否则该可数名词就必须用复数减少语法错误1.多用书面词汇，少用口语词汇。

Ithink2.少用或者不用略缩语。

It’s=ItisI’ll=Iwill3.不用俗语、俚语passaway/kickthebucket减少语法错误1.观点鲜明a.开头段要有直接，明确的观点Personallyspeaking,Ibelieve.........Itotallyagreewiththeviewthat........Inmyopinion,Iprefertheidea.........It’sbetterforchildrentogrowupinthecountrysidethaninthecity.Doyouagreeordisagree?观点鲜明b.每个发展段的第一句都是分论点(理由/原因)，简单粗暴地提出分论点Citiescandefinitelyprovideabetterhealthcondition,whichisquiteimportanttothechildren’sgrowth.Childrenfromcitiesalsohaveahigherchanceofgettingintoexcellentuniversities观点鲜明2.句式结构多样：定语从句，名词性从句，非谓语动词，反问句，强调句，动名词/不定式做主语，状语从句，并列结构(排比)用词准确精当a.用词要多样b.用词要准确句式结构多样，用词准确精当独立写作的开头，有且只有一个目的：亮出你的观点。其它神马的都是浮云。开头可以有模版。独立写作的开头一般包括两个部分1.复述原题(告诉别人这篇文章说的是什么)2.发表你自己的观点(告诉别人你准备写什么)独立写作的开头段Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Patienceisusuallynotagoodstrategy.Weshouldtakeactionnowratherthanlater.独立写作的开头段Growingup,welearnthatpatienceisavirtue,believingthatgoodeventuallycomestothosewhowait.However,societyvaluesinstantandautomatic.

Fortunefavorsthebold,thedecisive,andtherisk-takers.Soispatiencestillavaluablequalitythatweshouldlearnandcherish?Absolutely.Patiencecanstillserveusinourpersonallives,thebusinesssector,andthesportsworld.Itisthereasoninthemidstofchaos.独立写作开头段1.观点要鲜明比如absolutely简单粗暴，赤裸裸的告诉人家，这就是你的观点2.第一段别写的太长了。(第一段写的再长也不是重点,浪费脑细胞)3.个人推荐：观点后面加个because独立写作开头段的三点注意becausepatiencecanbenefitusinmanyaspectsbecauseparentspossessmanyadvantagesoverteachersinchildren’seducationbecauseitwillbringusalotofhelp.独立写作开头段的三点注意3.先礼后兵型Someclaimthatuniversitiesshouldallocateasmuchmoneyasmuchmoneytosportsfacilitiesastothelibrariesbecausesportscanhelpstudentskeepfitandcopewithheavyworkload.Butinfact,asacademicinstitutions,universitiesdohavetheobligationtogivehigherprioritytothefundingoflibrariesthantothatofathleticfacilities.独立写作的开头义愤填膺型明星是否应该获得高收入Withoutthesweat,bloodandhardworkofartisans,laborers,farmers,builders,technicians,domesticworkersandallotherswhoworkwiththeirhands,ourcountrywouldcometoastandstill.It’stimeforustoreexaminethegapbetweentheirmeagerwagesandtheastronomicalincomesofsuperstars.Shouldtheybetreatedsodifferently?独立写作的开头1.一般疑问句开头：题目：关于科技Doesscienceenableustochangetheworldforthebetter?Definitelyyesorno.Lookattheworldaroundus,sciencehastremendouslychangedthewayofourlifeandbroughtusnumerousconvenience另类开头段---提问式2.特殊疑问句开头特殊疑问词：what,when,why,where,howWhatdoessciencebringtous?WhyaresomanypeoplefascinatedwithApple’sproducts?Thishasbecomeafrequentlyaskedquestioninthemodernsociety.Scienceindeed.......,butontheotherhand.........Asforme/Personallyspeaking....................另类开头段---提问式3.连续提问法Whatonearthdoessciencebringtous?Doesscienceenableustochangetheworldforthebetter?(注意两者之间的递进关系)另类开头段---提问式提问式的开头的回答EverycoinhastwosidesEveryswordhastwoedgesThereisnogardenwithoutweedsAttitudestowards........arevaried.........isknownwhenitislost另类开头段---提问式独立写作文章的基本结构Personalopinion/view/choiceReason1Reason2Reason3Conclusion主题框架1.1+1模式(或1+1+1)(传说中的一边倒)支持面的理由两点充分论述，写出来是四段，开头段、结尾段加中间两段，中间两段进行详细论述。作文题目：选择低工资没经验的员工还是高工资有经验的员工？托福作文Body部分没有经验的人的好处：1）工资低节省开支

2）可塑性比较强

3）管理起来比较容易

4）创造力比较旺盛

5）干起来有激情

6）对公司有很强的情感注意：1+1模式中，一定要给足够的细节作文框架Paragraph1:It’snotuncommontodaythatelitesportingstarsearntopsalarieswhileprofessionalsinmanyotherimportantfieldssuchasmedicalcareandlaboratoryresearchmakemuchless..Clearly,thesedistinguishedathletesandfirst-rateplayersarenotoverpaid1+1+1范文Paragraph2:Eventhoughit’slikelytheworldpopulationwilltopsevenbillionintwoyears,thosewhoaretrulyathleticallytalentedwillremainveryrare.PreeminentsportspeoplesuchasLeBronJamesandTigerWoodsaresouniquelygiftedthatweordinaryindividualscanneverbetrainedtoreachcomparablelevels.Thus,theyaresupposedtobehighlypaidduetotherarityoftheirtalent.1+1+1范文Paragraph3:Asidefromgenetics,ittakesextremelyhardworkforsportspeopletomakeittothetopoftheirprofessions,regardlessoftheirageorgender.Toimproveperformance,dedicatedathleteshavebeeninconstanttraining,mostlyfromtheirchildhoodonward,andcanonlyenjoyaminimalamountofleisuretime.1+1+1范文Besides,theyfrequentlyhavetoputtheirbodiesatriskand,evenmorefrequently,copewithrecurringpsychologicalstrainasaconsequenceofunusually

stiffcompetition.Still,theseincrediblepeoplesimplydon’twaverfromtheirgoals.Inshort,Iwouldarguealltheircommitmentsandsacrificesdeserveabundantrewards,ofwhichsubstantialsumsofmoneymaybejustatoken.1+1+1范文Paragraph4Mostimportantly,sportscelebrities’salariesaresetbythemarket.SportshavealwaysbeenoneofAmerica’sfavoritepastimesandwehavetofacethefactthatnowprofessionalsportsareamajorsourceofentertainmentandinspirationsforAmericans.BignameslikePeytonManningmakefortunesbygettingtheirfairshareoftheprofitsthatcomefromticketmoney,merchandisesalesandendorsements1+1+1范文Paragraph4Ireallydon’tseeanythingwrongwiththetopsportsperformersgettingrecognizedandpaiddearlyastopentertainersand,oftenveryeffectivemotivationalspeakers.1+1+1范文Paragraph5Therefore,theuniquetalent,extraordinarywillpowerandimmensemarketingappealthatsportsstarsexhibitareallcompellingjustificationsforthesizeoffinancialcompensationtheyreceive.1+1+1范文2.2+1模式1)支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面的缺点一到两点进行简略论述。题目举例：自己选室友还是学校决定？作文框架假定支持自己选：1.可以选兴趣相同的，如喜欢打dota,有共同语言2.可以选习惯同的，比如爱睡觉的,容易成为朋友3.学校决定的不了解情况，会有冲突，需要时间沟通观点3是个反对的观点，而且也是个次要的观点注意：1)观点3的段首用however之类的词，表达观点的转折；

2)观点3的段落不需要很长，4，5句话就足够了作文框架比如观点3可以这样写However,theschoolmaynotbequitefamiliarwithallthestudents,includingtheircharactersandhabits.Ifroommateswerearrangedatrandom,therewouldbequiteanumberofmismatches,therebybringinginconvenienceandconflictsamongstudents.作文框架2)2+1模式支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述（两详一略）题目举例：快速决定永远是错的？作文框架假如选择观点：快速决定并不永远都是错的1.有些决定不用长时间考虑2.有些决定可以凭经验作出3.有些时候必须快速决定观点3明显是个别，少数情况的讨论注意：1)观点3的段首推荐用furthermore,besides,moreover之类表递进的词2)观点3不用写太多，4，5句即可作文框架Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Inordertosucceedindoinganewjob,theabilitytoadaptoneselftothenewenvironmentismoreimportantthantheexcellentknowledgeofthisjob.SampleParagraph1:Employeesmustbeabletomeettherapidlychangingprioritiesofthecompaniestheyworkfor.Employersarehiringfewerpeopletodothesameamountofwork.Workersrotateamongjobswithinthecompanyandtakeonadditionalprojects.Paragraph1:Multi-tasking,workingflexiblehoursandchanginglocationsarecommonworkplacedemands.Employeescannotaffordtoclingtotasksspecifictotheirareaofexpertise,nomatterhowessential.Itdiminishestheirvaluewhencomparedwithsimilarlyskilled,butmoreadaptableworkers.Paragraph2Today’sworkersmustbecapableofworkingindependentlytoaccomplishgoalsassignedtothem.Employersarefocusedonoutcomes.

Theydon’thavethetimeorthedesiretomicromanageemployees.Theyexpecttheiremployeestosolveproblems,toself-direct,andtoaccomplishtasksautonomously.

Havingspecializedknowledgemakesemployeesvaluableonlyiftheycaninnovativelyapplyitinoriginalwaysthatbenefitthecompany.Paragraph3Employershirepeoplewhoarelikableandcanworkwithinagroup.Collaborationisessentialtoincreasedproductivity.Thosewhoareopentonewideasworkwellonprojectteamsoroncommittees.Theiradaptabilityfosterscreativity.3.2-11)支持面优点两点充分论述+反对面优点一到两点简略论述题目举例：现场观看表演比看电视更好？作文框架假定我们选择支持看电视1.电视更清楚：有讲解，有不同角度摄影，有精彩回放2.看电视费用更低，更安全，更放松3.虽然现场气氛好，可能见到明星，可能有偶遇作文框架2)2-1模式讨论点的优点两点充分论述+讨论点的缺点一到两点简略论述题目举例：电视是否破坏了我们和朋友以及家人的交流？作文框架假定我们选择电视没有破坏我们和家人的交流1.看电视提供交流时间和场地2.看电视提供交流素材但是,花费大量时间，影响交流作文框架主题句通常位于段落的句首，对于整个段落起着总领的作用。主题句是证明论点的理由。主题句要简明扼要，直接明确，而且是陈述句TopicSentence(主题句)Althoughscienceandtechnologywillcontinuetoimprove,themostsignificantimprovementforthequalityofpeople’sliveshavealreadytakenplace.1.Newbreakthroughsinmedicalsciencewillallowhumanstofinallyeradicatediseasesthathaveclaimedhundredsofthousandsofliveseveryyearinthepastdecades.2.Newbreakthroughsinmedicalsciencewillbecomewonderfullyhelpfulinthenearfuture.

TopicSentence(主题句)1.例证法用举例来说明问题，形象生动2.因果法通过因果关系和练习来表达观点，一环套一环，严丝合缝3.比较对比法通过正反两方面的观点的对比和类比，来阐述观点，解决问题段落的实现1.例证法提出论点---列举例证---分析例证（给出细节）

---得出结论

（重述论点）每个论点都要有理由thesis,topicsentences每个理由都要有例子topicsentence,examples每个例子都要有细节examples,what???段落的实现例子是什么？例子是奥巴马，金正恩，乔布斯，LadyGaga例子是哈利波特，杰克和露丝，金莲和西门大官人例子是楼上的赵大妈，隔壁的李小二，街上卖包子的七舅老爷但这都不是最关键的最关键是的，例子不一定是谁谁谁谁说了什么，但一定是做了什么例子Ihaveaveryconfidentfriend.confident不是自信confident是句废话Hehadgivenaspeechonastronomyinfrontof500people.Hiskneesdidn’ttremble.Hedidn’tfeelnausea.Therewasalwaysabigandbrilliantsmileonhisface.Attheendofthespeech,heboweddeeplytoembracethedeafeningapplausefromaudience.例子，是具体做了什么，而不是你的判断和评判例子Ihaveafriend.HisEnglishisverygood.HewenttoAmericaandbegantostudyinafamousuniversityIhaveafriendnamedJason.Lastautumn,hetooktheSATexaminHKandwonahighscoreof2350.Therefore,hewasmatriculatedbyMITthisspringandhasbeenintheUSAforalmostamonth.个人例子，有名有姓，有时间有地方，有事件例子Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologydoesbringmuchconveniencetoourdailylife.Oneofthebestexamplesisthemicrowaveoven,whichhasbeenwidelyusedinfamilies.Usingamicrowaveovenforcookingcannotonlyheatupthefoodfaster,butalsoprovideasmoke-freecookingenvironment.Sample1Peopleareabletomakeuseoftheextratimesavedfromcookingtodomanyotherthings.Smokecreatedwhencookingintraditionalwaysisalwaysathreattopeople’shealth,whileamicrowaveovenwillsolvetheproblemeasilybyusinganenvironmentallyfriendlypower,thatis,radiationpower.Sample1Whatismore,amicrowaveovenhasatimecontroller,whichwillhelppeopledecidethecookingtime,anditcanensuresafetyandprovideaneasycooking.Withoutanydoubt,themicrowaveoven,asatypicalexampleofmodernscienceandtechnology,hasindeedimprovedourlivesgreatly.Sample1举例法例子展开的模式(1)1.我认为.....因为我觉得.....(提出观点)2.比如说.....(列举例子)3.好处1.....4.分析好处15.好处2.....6.分析好处27.总结例子

Ihavetoemphasizetheimportanceofsavingmoney.Aplentyofmoneyinthebankaccountcanhelpusgetthroughsuddenemergenciesandoccasionalaccidents.IhaveafriendnamedVictor.Hisfamilyisnotrichbuttheykeepagoodhabitofdepositingacertainamountofmoneyintotheirbankaccounteachmonth.Hesometimescomplainedtomeaboutthissituationbecauseitdisableshimtospendmoneybuyingsomethinghedesires.WhethersavingmoneyisimportantButlastmonth,whilehewasridingtoschoolintherushhour,hewasinvolvedahorribleaccident.Hewasterriblyinjuredandalargeamountofmoneywasimmediatelyrequiredtogethimanoperation.Mostoftheirfamily’sdepositwasputintouseandfortunately,hegotthroughthisnightmare.Sample2Nowwhenwetalkaboutthis,hesayshefeelssoblessedandgratefulthattheirfamilykeepsthishabitandhewilldoeverythinghecantosupportit.Thisincidentstrikesmetremendouslyandmakesmerealizehowsignificantdepositsaretousordinarypeople.Sample2

ThefirstreasonIwanttoputforwardisthatplayinggames,asoneofthemostwonderfulwaystorelax,candefinitelyhelpadultsreleasetheirpressure.MyuncleVictorworksinahighlycompetitivecomputercompany,sohehastoworkreallyhardtogetallhisworkdoneandtomeetthedemandofthecompany.Thehighpressureresultingfromtheheavyworkloadhasalmostbrokenhimdownsincehehasfoundnowaytoreleaseit.WhetherplayingvideogamesisgoodHowever,monthsago,hissonintroducedavideogametohim,whichattractedhimimmediately.Andhestartedtoplayitafterworkasrelaxation.Heplayeditlikeachild,shouting,laughingandcheeringwithhisson.Nowhealwaysplaysgamesasentertainmentandconsidersittobethebestwayofrelieffromstress.

Thisincidentgivesmeafullunderstandingofthefactthathowimportantgamesaretoadultsasalet-outoftheirstress.举例法例子展开的模式(2)1.提出观点，给出原因2.开始举例3.交代例子的背景4.介绍例子的原因或问题(联系观点)5.描述解决问题的方法，给出具体的细节描述6.问题解决后的结果7.总结例子的展开在一段当中，使用多个类似的例子来证明主题句的观点，每个例子两三句子，在内容上保持平行例子叠用的好处：霸气侧漏Doessciencehelpchangeourworldforthebetter?Peopleallovertheworldbenefitenormouslyfromtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinvariousfields.Lifeaboundswithsuchexamples.例子的叠用Byusingmicrowaveovens,theprocessofcookingiscleanerandfasterthanthetraditionalwayandconsequentlythismakesthedishesmorefavorableforpeople’shealthandsavesalotoftimeforpeopletodomoreimportantthings;therefrigeratorprovidesanaccesstothestoringoffoodmoreconveniently,

andthusitisnowpossibleforpeopletobuymanyfoodsatonetimeinsteadofpurchasingtheminsmallquantitiesandgotothesupermarketeveryday.例子的叠用Theadventofmobilephones,whichwearenowusingineverydaylife,turnsouttobeabrandnewwayofcommunicatingandtransmittinginformation.Largenumbersofbusinessaredoneviamobilephonesinthisdayandage.Noonecandenythatpeoplereallybenefitalotfromtheinventionofcomputers.Wearenowdoingavarietyofthingsthroughcomputersincludingsearchingforthelatestinformation,communicatingandchattingonlinewithourfamiliesandfriends.例子的叠用1.topicsentence2.例子1（一句话）3.例子1的好处4.例子2（一句话）5.例子2的好处6.例子3（一句话）7.例子3的好处8.总结例子的叠用优点：语言本身很有气势，说服力也强；每个句子两三句话，语言描述的难度不大；缺点：找出三个同样类似例子的难度不小，对于例子的理解和角度的选取不易。注意：1.叠用的例子最好不是个人例子2.叠用的例子要短小精悍例子的叠用中国的例子不是不可以用，只是不要用太生僻的，说服力不强，中国的例子如果用好了还可以加分的1.使用中国例子，可以与国外的故事进行类比许三多-------theChineseGumpForest麦家，茅盾文学奖获得者------MaiJia,thewinnerofMaoDunLiteraturePrize,theChinesePulitzerPrizeforliterature新浪微博----SinaWeibo,theChineseTwitter,whichhasausergroupmorethanhalfabillion使用中国人物事件作为例子的窍门2.用一些具有中国特色的事件或外国人想了解中国的东西官二代，富二代(社会公平与平等)我爸是李刚(thesonofaseniorgovernmentofficial)年轻人买不起房子(对比在北京的一套公寓可以在亚特兰大买一个独栋别墅)ThepriceofanagedapartmentinBeijingequalsthatofamansioninAtlanta社会公德的缺失(老奶奶被车撞了，没人敢去扶)使用中国人物事件作为例子的窍门2.因果法1)提出论点---2)提出原因---3)分析条件（如果这样会有什么好\坏处，而这正是我们所需要\担心的）---4)得出结果段落的实现是否同意在你们家周围建一座工厂？为什么？(1)同意建工厂why?(2)有利人们生活便利和生活水平的提高how?(3)如果建工厂(4)好处1:人多了,吸引投资,建商店和饭馆(5)结果：使当地人的生活更便利(6)好处2：招收当地职工，提高当地人就业率(7)提高了该地区的生活水平(8)哎呀呀，建个工厂就是好啊！！！因果法(1)反对建工厂why?(2)噪音大和污染环境how?(3)如果建工厂----(4)坏处1：人员多，机器响，车辆鸣----噪音大(5)结果：学生不能学习，科研人员不能思考，老人不能休息，病人不能康复(精神方面的)(6)坏处2：污染水，污染土地，排放废气，危害人民群众的身体健康和生命财产安全(7)感叹啊，建个工厂就是要了亲命啊！！！因果法1.原因leadtoresultin/Resultfrombecauseof/thanksto/byreasonof/onaccountofBecause/for/since/as因果法2.结果asaresult\outcome\consequenceofinconsequence\intheend\consequentlytheeffect\influence\impact…affect\influencetherefore\thereby\hence\thus因果法3.对比法对比啥呀？？？Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Onecanlearnalotaboutthepersonfromthetypeoffriendsthepersonhas段落展开方法(1)例证可以对比

A.有它与没它结果不同Victor,handsome,wealthyhisfriendJack,gambling,indulgein,bankrupt,leftIfnot,family,happyandwholenotintheprison对比法B.事例可以对比：同一人的不同做法结果不同；不同人的不同做法结果不同Victor,wealthyandhandsomehisfriendJack,indifferenttendtobelieveonthecontrarypassionatelearnalotfromthecoolnessandcalmnessenjoytheserenitywithJack对比法(2)因果推论可以对比:不同条件可以导出不同结果李天一Ifhewerenotthesonofafamoussinger?IfhecommittedthesamecrimeintheUSA?intheIran?Ifhewereabovetheageof18?对比法对比的结构：1.整体对比Body部分两个段落，都要详细叙述1)表示支持的分论点(1)支持观点1;(2)支持观点2;(3)支持观点32)表示反对的分论点(1)反对观点1;(2)反对观点2;(3)反对观点3对比法2.分项对比Body部分两到三个段落，分别对比1)开头段2)支持观点1，反对观点13)支持观点2，反对观点24)支持观点3，反对观点35)总结段对比法Itisofmorebenefitstoliveoncampusthanoffthecampussinceitcandomoregoodtostudents’health.比较1ThefirstreasonIwanttoputforwardisthatoncampusthemealsbyprofessionalcooks,whichcontainadiversityofdishes,arehealthierandmorebalanced,whilethefoodoutsideschoolisalwayslimitedinasmallvariety.TheComparisonbetweenLivingonCampusandofftheCampus比较1的补充What’smore,oppositetothelackofthoroughcontroloverthefoodsecurityoffthecampus,whichgivesrisetoapossibilityofmakingpeoplesick,mealsinuniversitiesareusuallyunderthedirectcontrolofrelevantgovernmentdepartmentsandtherefore,thefoodsafetyisstrictlyguaranteed.比较2Whenitcomestothelifestyle,livingoncampusundoubtedlyprovidesuswithanexcellentopportunitytokeepahealthfulhabitofdailylife,whichisinnowaytobeexperiencedwhenlivingaloneintheapartmentoffthecampus.What’sworse,whenlivingoutofschool,theirregularlifestylemayleadtosomepsychologicalandphysicaldiseasessuchasinsomnia.比较3Meanwhile,contrarytothelackofphysicalexercisesoffthecampus,thereisacompletesetofpublicfitnessfacilitiesintheuniversity,byusingwhichwecandoexerciseregularlyandkeepfit.Studentsareabletofindenoughfriendstoplaysomecollectiveballgamesaswell,suchasplayingfootball,whichisbarelypossibleoutsideofthecampussinceitisatoughjobtoassemblesomanypeople.1.topicsentence2.观点13.比较14.观点25.比较26.观点37.比较38.结尾对比法Tobeginwith,comparedwithartfacilities,recreationalfacilitiessuchasswimmingpoolsandplaygroundsaremuchmoreessentialtopeople’sdailylife.Noteveryonehasatalentorinterestinart.Tomostpeople,artissomethingloftyandevenelusive,whichtakesagreatamountofculturalknowledgeandfinetastetotrulyunderstandandappreciate.Sample1Butdoingsportsorexercisesismucheasierandthereforemuchmorepopularamongthegeneralpublic.Anyonecaneasilyfindaparticulartypeofexercisethatfitshis/herphysicalconditionandage.Sample11.topicsentence2.观点13.观点1的缺陷4.转折，与观点1对比的观点25.观点2优于观点1的地方6.总结对比法注意对比Allofushavehad—andwillcontinuetohave—difficultexperiencesandfailures.It’suptoustolearnfromthem.Onepersonwholosesajobmaybecomedepressed,thenwithdraw,andfinallystarttoblameothersforhisorherproblems.Sample2Insharpcontrast,anotherpersonwhodoesnotmakeexcusesforfailuresmaytrytoidentifyhisorherownweaknesses,choosetogobacktoschoolorgotoarefreshercourse,switchtoanothercareerpaththatisbettersuitedtohisorherpotential,orrelocatetoamoreprosperousarea.Eventhoughthesetwopeoplehavehadthesamefailure,theywillendupgettingvastlydifferentresults.Sample21.topicsentence2.观点1的问题和细节3.和观点1相反的观点24.观点2针对观点1的解决办法5.总结对比法2WhenBillGatesfirststartedMicrosofthehadavisionthatthepersonalcomputerwouldchangethefaceoftechnology.Itwasauniqueideawhichnootherpersonhadeverimaginedbefore.Manybelievedhewascrazy,laughingatthethoughtofhumansspendingsomuchtimeandenergyinfrontofanelectronicdevice.Otherscouldnotunderstandexactlywhatthepurposeofacomputerwas.ThiswaspreciselywhyGatesfoundtheideasocompelling.Sample3Ifhehadtriedtobelikeothers,Gateswouldneverhavedroppedoutofschooltostarthiscompany.HewouldhavefollowedthemorecommonpathandtheresultswouldhavebeenmuchmoremediocreSample3事例的对比1.topicsentence2.举例3.给例子的细节4.例子遇到的困难5.如何克服的困难(取得的成就)6.假设例子没有发生7.假设的结果8.总结对比法Nokia和Apple练习几年前，Nokia风头正劲,却忽视了创新的重要性风头正劲:dominate;consumers忽视(思考为什么会忽视)对比：在Jobs的带领下，Apple做了什么？(design,software,convenienceforconsumers)现在，iphone已经成为大众新宠，彻底的改变了手机市场的格局大众新宠:60%ofthestudentsinmyclasshaveaiphone例子展开的方法Closefriendshavenumerousbenefits.Foronething,loyalfriendsarealwaystheretosupporteachother,nomatterwhathappens.Somefriendshipslastmanyyearsandbecomedeeperandmoremeaningfulwithtime.并列法Also,peoplecanbethemselveswithfriends.Noonehastoworryaboutnotbeingperfectwhenheorsheisamongfriends.Finally,nothingcanbemoresatisfyingthantheintimateconversationsthattruefriendscanhave.Theycanconfideinandtrusteachother并列法并列法可以是段落之间的并列，也可以是段落内部的并列1段.总论点2段.分论点1：1)A方面2)B方面3)C方面3段.分轮点2：4段.分论点3：并列法要不要留学？1.在知识学习方面(1)学习外国的先进文化知识；(2)更容易掌握外语；2.能力提高方面(1)结识不同国家的朋友