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Definitivegloballawguidesoffering
comparativeanalysisfromtop-rankedlawyers
MedicalDevices&
ConsumerHealth
Products2022
China:Law&Practice
AlanZhou,CocoFan,KellyCaoandSylviaDong
GlobalLawOffice
CHINA
2
LawandPractice
Contributedby:
AlanZhou,CocoFan,KellyCaoandSylviaDong
GlobalLawOffice
seep.23
CONTENTS
1.ApplicableProductSafetyRegulatory
Regimesp.3
1.1MedicalDevicesp.3
1.2HealthcareProductsp.4
1.3NewProducts/TechnologiesandDigitalHealthp.5
1.4BorderlineProductsp.6
2.CommercialisationandProductLife
Cyclep.7
2.1DesignandManufacturep.7
2.2CorporateSocialResponsibility,the
EnvironmentandSustainabilityp.8
2.3AdvertisingandProductClaimsp.9
2.4MarketingandSalesp.11
2.5Internationalisationp.13
2.6Post-marketingObligations,Including
CorrectiveActionsandRecallsp.15
3.RegulatorEngagementand
Enforcementp.16
3.1RegulatoryAuthoritiesp.16
3.2RegulatoryEnforcementMechanismsp.17
4.Liabilityp.17
4.1ProductSafetyOffencesp.17
4.2ProductLiabilityp.17
4.3JudicialRequirementsp.18
4.4Costsp.18
4.5Product-RelatedContentiousMattersp.19
4.6ClassActions,RepresentativeActionsor
Co-ordinatedProceedingsp.19
4.7ADRMechanismsp.20
4.8InterrelationBetweenLiabilityMechanismsp.20
5.PolicyandLegislativeReformp.21
5.1PolicyDevelopmentp.21
5.2LegislativeReformp.21
5.3ImpactofCOVID-19p.22
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Contributedby:AlanZhou,CocoFan,KellyCaoandSylviaDong,GlobalLawOffice
1.APPLICABLEPRODUCTSAFETYREGULATORYREGIMES
1.1MedicalDevices
ProductSafetyRegulatoryRegimefor
MedicalDevices
Classificationofmedicaldevices
UnderthePRClegalregime,“medicaldevices”referstoinstruments,equipment,appliances,invitrodiagnosticreagentsandcalibrators,materi-alsandothersimilarorrelevantarticlesincludingnecessarycomputersoftwarethataredirectlyorindirectlyusedforthediagnosis,prevention,monitoring,treatmentorreliefofdiseasesorinjury,thefunctionalcompensationofinjuries,theinspection,substitution,adjustmentorsup-portofphysiologicalstructuresorphysiologicalprocesses,thecontrolofpregnancyorthesup-portormaintenanceoflife.Unlikeapharma-ceutical,theutilityofmedicaldevicesismainlyachievedbyphysicalorothermeansratherthanpharmacological,immunologicalormetabolicmeans,orwherethelattermeansonlyactasauxiliaryfunctions.“Medicalinstrument”isnotalegallydefinedtermunderthePRClaws.Gener-ally,medicalinstrumentswouldbeinterpretedasbeingthesameasmedicaldevices.
ActivitiesrelatingtomedicaldeviceshavebeenstrictlyregulatedinthePRC,andtheregulationsthatapplytoamedicaldeviceinthePRCdependonhowthatmedicaldeviceisclassified.Medicaldevicesarecategorisedintothreeclassesaccordingtotheirrisklevels.
TheNationalMedicalProductsAdministration
(NMPA)determinesamedicaldevice’srisklevelaccordingtoitsintendedpurposes,structuralfeatures,theformofuse,whetheritisincon-tactwithorhasaccesstothehumanbody,andotherfactors.Ingeneral,ClassImedicaldevicesrefertothosethathavealowdegreeofriskandwhosesafetyandeffectivenesscanbeensuredthroughroutineadministration,andtherefore
theyaremerelysubjecttoarecord-filingadmin-istrationunderthesupervisionoftheNMPAanditslocalcounterparts;ClassIImedicaldevicesrefertothosewithamediumdegreeofrisk;andClassIIImedicaldevicesrefertothosewiththehighestrisklevel,thesafetyandeffectivenessofwhichneedtobeensuredbystrictcontrolandregulation,andwhichthereforearesubjecttoregistrationadministrationunderthesupervisionoftheNMPA.TheNMPAhasissuedtheRulesforMedicalDeviceClassificationandtheCata-logueofMedicalDeviceClassificationtoguidethisclassificationofmedicaldevices.
Regulationsofmedicaldevices
TheRegulationsfortheSupervisionandAdmin-istrationofMedicalDevices(RSAMD)setuptheregulatoryframeworkfortheadministrationofmedicaldevices.Thedevelopment,registration,manufacturinganddistributionofmedicaldevic-esareregulatedbymoredetailedGxPrulesandadministrativemeasures,suchasGoodManu-facturingPractice,GoodClinicalPracticeandGoodSupplyPracticeforMedicalDevices.
Subjecttotheclassificationofthemedicaldevic-es,theregistrantsortherecord-filingholdersofthemedicaldevices(ie,themarketingauthori-sationholders(MAHs)ofthemedicaldevices)areresponsibleforthequalitymanagementofthewholelifecycleofmedicaldevicesandareresponsibleforthesafetyandeffectivenessofmedicaldevicesinthewholeprocessofthedevelopment,manufacturing,distributionanduseofsuchmedicaldevicesaccordingtoappli-cablelawsandregulations.Thosewhowishtoengageinclinicaltrialsorthemanufacturingordistributionofmedicaldevicesmustalsoobtainapermitorapproval,whichisdiscussedin2.CommercialisationandProductLifeCycle.
Software-BasedMedicalDevices
Pleasesee1.3NewProducts/Technologies
andDigitalHealth.
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ProductSafetyRegulatoryRegimefor
Pharmaceuticals(IncludingBloodProducts)
“Pharmaceuticals”,“medicines”and“drugs”refertosubstancesthatareusedtoprevent,treatordiagnosehumandiseasesandareintendedtoregulatehumanphysiologicalfunctions,forwhichtheusageanddosagearespecifiedforindicationorprimarytreatment.Thefundamen-tallawregulatingpharmaceuticalsinChinaistheDrugAdministrationLaw,whichgovernsvariousdrug-relatedactivities,includingtheirdevelop-ment,registration,manufacturinganddistribu-tion.UnderthePRClegalregime,pharmaceuti-calsandmedicaldevicesarecategorisedastwodifferenttypesofproductssubjecttodifferentregulations.Detailsontheregulationofpharma-ceuticalscanbeviewedintheChambersGlobalPracticeGuideforLifeSciences.
UnderthePRClegalregime,bloodproductsreferto,inparticular,varioushumanplasmaproteinproducts,whicharegovernedasphar-maceuticals.
ProductSafetyRegulatoryRegimefor
PersonalProtectiveEquipment
“Personalprotectiveequipment”isnotadefinedlegaltermunderPRClaws.
Therearespecificrequirementsfor“speciallabourprotectionarticles”,whichincludesafe-tynets,safetyhelmets,buildingfastenersandotherproductsthatensurelaboursafety.Thecurrentregulationsonspeciallabourprotectionarticlesarelessstringentthantheregulationsformedicaldevices.Unlikemedicaldevices,busi-nessoperatorsdonotneedtoobtainspecialpermitsorlicencesfortheregistration,manufac-turingordistributionofspeciallabourprotectionarticles.Thegovernmentimplementsathird-partyvoluntarycertificationsystemforattachingsafetysignsonspeciallabourprotectionarticles,andtheproduction,circulationanduseofsuchspeciallabourprotectionarticlesaresubject
toenhancedsupervisionbyAdministrationforMarketRegulationanditslocalcounterparts(collectively,AMR)beyondordinaryproducts,bymeansofspotchecksofproductqualityandon-sitesupervisionfortheuseofsuchspeciallabourprotectionarticles.
Iftheprotectivearticlesusedbymedicalstafffallwithinthescopeofmedicaldevices,theyareregulatedasmedicaldevices.
Generallabourprotectionarticlesandotherpersonalprotectiveequipmentaredeemedtobeordinaryproductswithnospecialregulatoryrequirementsfortheirmarketing,manufacturinganddistribution.
1.2HealthcareProducts
ProductSafetyRegulatoryRegimefor
HealthcareProducts
Cosmeticsaregovernedbyadministrativeregu-lations,rangingfrommanufacturingtomarket-ing,businessoperationandpost-marketmoni-toring.TheRegulationsontheSupervisionandRegulationofCosmeticsarethemostsignificantregulationsinthehierarchy,whichapplyaClas-sificationSupervisionSystemtocosmetics:
•specialcosmetics,referringtocosmeticsthatclaimnewefficacy,mustberegisteredwiththecompetentauthoritiesbeforemanufactur-ingandimport;while
•ordinarycosmetics(cosmeticsotherthanspecialcosmetics)needonlyberecord-filed.
Biocidesfallunderthelegislativeregimeofpes-ticidesandthusmustcomplywiththestrictlyregulatedsystemforpesticides.AccordingtotheRegulationsonPesticideAdministration,forthemanufacturing,marketingandbusinessoperationofpesticides,correspondinglicencesmustbeobtainedfromthecompetentauthori-ties.Post-marketmonitoringofpesticidesisalsoahighlyregulatedarea.
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FoodandnutritionsupplementsareregulatedundertheFoodSafetyLaw.Tobespecific,foodisclassifiedaseitherconventionalfoodorspecialfood,andthelattercovershealthfood.Healthfoodreferstofoodwithspecifichealth-carefunctions,whichmeansfoodthatissuit-ableforspecificgroupsofpersonsduetoitsfunctionsforbodyregulationbutnotforthepur-poseofdiseasetreatment,andincludesnutritionsupplements.Thus,nutritionsupplementsmustfollowtheFoodSafetyLawand,meanwhile,aresubjecttospecialregulationsforhealthfood,whicharenamedtheCatalogueManagementSystemunderAdministrativeMeasuresfortheCatalogueofIngredientsandtheCatalogueofHealthcareFunctionsofHealthFood.
1.3NewProducts/TechnologiesandDigitalHealth
Certainmedicalapps,telemedicineinforma-tionsystemsandwearablesmaybeclassifiedasmedicaldevicesiftheymeetthedefinitionofamedicaldeviceasdiscussedin1.1Medical
Devices.
MedicalApps
Amedicalappisakindofmedicaldevicesoft-wareifitmeetsthedefinitionofamedicaldeviceasdiscussedin1.1MedicalDevices.Medicaldevicesoftwarecanbedividedintotwomaincategories:standalonesoftwareandsoftwarecomponents.
StandaloneSoftware
Standalonesoftwarereferstosoftwareintendedtobeusedforoneormoremedicalpurposesthatperformsthesepurposeswithoutbeingpartofahardwaremedicaldevice.Therearetwotypesofstandalonesoftware:genericstandalonesoft-wareanddedicatedstandalonesoftware.
Genericstandalonesoftware
Genericstandalonesoftwareisusuallyusedinconjunctionwithmultiplemedicaldevicesbased
onagenericdatainterface,suchasmedicalimageprocessingsoftwareandpatientmoni-toringsoftware.Genericstandalonesoftwareisgenerallyregisteredasamedicaldevice.
Dedicatedstandalonesoftware
Dedicatedstandalonesoftwareislinkedtoaspecificmedicaldevicebasedonagenericordedicateddatainterface,whichcouldberegis-teredeitherasanindependentmedicaldeviceorasapartofahardwaremedicaldevice.Ifreg-isteredasapartofahardwaremedicaldevice,itwillberegardedandregulatedasasoftwarecomponent,ratherthanasamedicaldevice.
SoftwareComponents
“Softwarecomponent”referstosoftwarethatisintendedtobeusedforoneormoremedicalpurposesandthatcontrolsordrivesahardwaremedicaldeviceorrunsonadedicated/medicalcomputingplatform.Asoftwarecomponentisacomponentofamedicaldevicethatdoesnotneedtobeindependentlyregisteredasamedi-caldevicebutshouldberegisteredalongwiththemedicaldeviceitworkswith.
Wearables
Wearablesthatmeetthedefinitionofmedicaldevicesasdiscussedin1.1MedicalDevicesareclassifiedandregulatedasmedicaldevices.Otherwise,theyareregulatedaselectricalorelectronicproducts,suchasmassagers,exer-cisemachinesandheartratemonitorsforexer-cise.
Telemedicine
Atelemedicineinformationsystemisusedfortelemedicineservices.AccordingtoGoodPrac-ticesforTelemedicineServices(forTrialImple-mentation),thetelemedicineinformationsystemshallensurethatimages,sounds,textsandothermedicalinformationrequiredinthetelemedicineservicecanbetransmittedsafelyandintime,andensurethattheimagesareclearandthat
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thedataisaccurate.Thetelemedicineinforma-tionsystemmustalsoconformtotheTechnicalGuidelinesforConstructionoftheTelemedicineInformationSystemandmeettherequirementsofclinicaldiagnosis.
Equipmentinthetelemedicineinformationsys-temthatmeetsthedefinitionofamedicaldeviceisregulatedasamedicaldevice.
Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol(CBD)isanactiveingredientofcan-nabiswhichcannotbeusedasarawmaterialforcosmeticsinaccordancewiththeListofProhib-itedRawMaterialsforCosmeticsissuedbytheNMPA.Furthermore,cannabidiolisnotlistedintheCatalogueofNarcoticDrugs,theCatalogueofPsychotropicSubstancesortheSupplemen-taryCatalogueofControlledNarcoticDrugsandPsychotropicSubstancesforNon-pharmaceuti-calUse.
1.4BorderlineProducts
MedicinesandMedicalDevices
Generally,medicinesandmedicaldevicesaretwotypesofproductswithsimilarstringentreg-ulationmethods.TheMAHofmedicinesorthemedicaldeviceregistrants/record-filingholdersareresponsibleforthewholelifecycleoftheproduct.
Inpractice,certaintypesofproductsmayhavefeaturesofbothmedicinesandmedicaldevicesandwillbecategorisedaseithermedicinesormedicaldevicesdependingonthecharacteris-ticsofsuchproducts.
•Acombinationproduct.Astoamedicalproductcontainingbothadrugandadevice(ie,acombinationproduct),applicantsshouldapplyforitsregistrationasadrugifitmainlyactsasadrugandshouldapplyforitsregis-trationasamedicaldeviceifitmainlyactsasamedicaldevice.Ifitsmajorutilitycannotbe
easilyidentified,theapplicantshouldapplytotheCentreforMedicalDeviceStandardisationAdministrationoftheNMPAinordertodefinethecharacteristicsofsuchcombinationprod-uctbeforeapplyingforitsregistration.
•Invitrodiagnosis(IVD)reagents.UnderthePRClegalregime,mostIVDreagents,includ-ingreagents,kits,calibratorsandqualitycontrolproductsusedforinvitrotestingofhumansamplesintheprocessofdiseaseprediction,prevention,diagnosis,treatmentmonitoring,prognosisobservationandhealthstatusevaluation,aredefinedasmedicaldevices,exceptforIVDreagentsforbloodsourcescreeningandIVDreagentslabelledwithradionuclides,whicharecharacterisedasdrugs.
PersonalProtectiveEquipmentand
Medicines
Personalprotectiveequipmentandmedicinesaredifferentcategoriesofproductsunderdif-ferenttypesofregulations.Asmentionedin1.1MedicalDevices,theprotectivearticlesusedbymedicalstaffthatfallwithinthescopeofmedicaldevicesareregulatedaccordingtotherulesformedicaldevices.
MedicinesandFood
Consumersmayconfusehealthfoodswithmedicinesbecausehealthfoodmayclaimcer-tainfunctionsofhealthprotection.However,theFoodSafetyLawstipulatesthatfood,includinghealthfood,excludessubstancesthatareusedforthepurposeoftreatmentandfurtherstress-esthatlabelsanddescriptionsofhealthfoodshallnotrefertoanypreventiveortherapeuticfunctionbutshallinsteadstatethattheycannotreplacemedicine.
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2.COMMERCIALISATIONANDPRODUCTLIFECYCLE
2.1DesignandManufacture
RequirementsonManufacturingMedical
Devices
Themanufactureofmedicaldeviceseitherforclinicaluseorforcommercialisationmustcom-plywiththerequirementsoftheRSAMD,the
MeasuresfortheSupervisionandAdministrationofMedicalDeviceManufacture,andGoodMan-ufacturingPracticeforMedicalDevices(“GMPforMedicalDevices”)inthePRC.GMPforMedicalDevicescontainsgeneralrequirementsregardingorganisationandpersonnel,premisesandfacilities,equipment,documentmanage-ment,designanddevelopment,purchasing,manufacturingmanagement,qualitycontrol,distributionandafter-salesservices,controlofnonconformingproducts,monitoring,analysisandremediationofadverseevents,andotherspecificrequirementsforspecificproducts,as
appendices.
Amongothers:
•formanufacturingsites,thepremisesmustmeetthemanufacturingrequirements,eg,theproductionareamustbeofsufficientcapacitytosuitthescaleofproductionandthevarie-tiesoftheproducts,andtheoveralllayoutoftheproduction,administrativeandancillaryareasmustbereasonableandtheymustnotinterferewitheachother;
•fordesignanddevelopmentplanning,amanufacturermustsetoutthedesignanddevelopmentstagesaswellasthereview,verification,validationanddesigntransferactivitiestobeperformedateachstage.Thedesignanddevelopmentinputsmustincludethefunctional,performanceandsafetyrequirementsaccordingtotheintendedpur-pose,regulatoryrequirements,riskmanage-
mentandcontrolmeasuresandotherrequire-ments.Designanddevelopmentoutputsmustmeettheinputrequirements,includingtherelevantinformationneededforpurchase,manufactureandservices,producttechnicalrequirements,etc;
•themanufacturermustkeeplegibleandcom-pleterecordsthatensurethetraceabilityofactivitiessuchasthemanufactureandqualitycontroloftheproducts;and
•unlessotherwisespecifiedbytheapplicablelawsorregulations,alltherecordsmustberetainedforaperiodatleastequivalenttothelifespanofthemedicaldeviceandfornotlessthantwoyearsfromthedateofreleaseoftheproduct.
Inadditiontotheabove-mentionedGMPrequire-ments,themanufacturerofmedicaldevicesmustobtainalicenceorrecord-filingbeforeitmanufacturesmedicaldevicesforcommerciali-sation.Therequisitepermitsformanufacturingmedicaldevicesvarybasedupontheclassifica-tionofthemedicaldevicestobemanufactured.FormanufacturingClassImedicaldevices,amanufacturingrecord-filingreceiptisrequired.FormanufacturingClassIIand/orClassIIImedi-caldevices,alicencemustbeobtained.
ContractManufacturingofMedicalDevices
Exceptforthemedicaldeviceslistedinthe
CatalogueofMedicalDevicesProhibitedfromEntrustedManufacturing,theMAHofmedicaldevicescanentrustaqualifiedthird-partyman-ufacturertomanufacturethemedicaldevices.Insuchacase,thepartiesmustenterintoanagreementtoprescribetheresponsibilitiesofeachpartyandespeciallytheresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesforproductqualityassurance.Themanufactureofamedicaldevicecanonlybeentrustedtoonemanufacturer(exceptfortheholdingcompany)duringoneperiod,andsuchentrustmentmustbefiledorregisteredtobevalidandenforceable.
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HealthcareProducts
Contributedby:AlanZhou,CocoFan,KellyCaoandSylviaDong,GlobalLawOffice
Alicenceformanufacturingisaprerequisiteforproductionofcosmeticsandfood.Manufac-turersofcosmeticsandfoodmustfollowtherespectivemanufacturingrequirements.
GoodManufacturingPracticeforCosmetics(“GMPforCosmetics”)isageneralguidelineforcosmeticsmanufacturerstodevelopaninternalqualitycontrolsystem,which,inturn,isthestandardforcompetentauthoritiestoinspectwhetherthemanufacturingqualifies.KeyaspectsofGMPforCosmeticsincludeorganisationandpersonnel,qualityassuranceandcontrol,managementoffactoryfacilitiesandequipment,managementofmaterialandproduct,manufacturingprocessmanagement,managementofentrustedmanufacturingandmanagementofproductsales.
Foodproductionmustconformtotherequire-mentsstipulatedbytheFoodSafetyLawandawholesetofnationalstandardsregardingfoodsafety.Keyrequirementsincludetheestablish-mentoftheinternalfoodsafetymanagementsystem,theself-inspectionsystemforfoodsafetyandimplementationofcontrolsoverrawmaterials,self-controlconcerningtheproductionprocess,safetyofequipment,storageandpack-aging,aswellasinspectionandcontroloverfin-ishedproducts,transportationanddelivery.
SpecialRegulationsforMedicalApps
Withrespecttomedicalapps,theNMPAhasissuedspecialregulationsforthemanufactureofstandalonesoftware,suchastheAppendixforStandaloneSoftwaretoGMPforMedicalDevices(the“Appendix”),andGMPforMedicalDevices–GuidelinesforOn-SiteInspectionof
StandaloneSoftware.
TheAppendixappliestostandalonesoftwareandappliesmutatismutandistosoftwarecom-ponents.AccordingtotheAppendix,thespecial
requirementscoveraspectsincludingpersonnel,equipment,designdevelopment,procurement,manufacturingmanagement,qualitycontrol,salesandafter-salesservice,andmonitoring,analysisandremediationofadverseevents.
Tobemorespecific,(i)concerningqualitycon-trol,theAppendixrequiresthatthereleaseofsoftwareproductsisdocumented,andsoftwareversionidentification,installationanduninstal-lationtesting,productintegrityinspectionandotheractivitiesrelatedtothequalitycontrolofsoftwareproductsmustalsoberecorded;and(ii)withrespecttodesignspecifications,theAppen-dixrequiresthatthesoftwaredesignspecifica-tionsandrelevantreviewrecordsareformulatedandapprovedandupdatedinduetime.
SpecialRulesandStandardsforWearables
Forwearablesthatmeetthedefinitionofmedi-caldevicesandareregulatedasmedicaldevic-es,theCentreforMedicalDeviceEvaluation(CMDE)oftheNMPAhasissuedseveraltechni-calguidelinesandproductregistrationguidanceforcertainmedicaldevicewearables,suchaspulseoximeters.
Asforwearablesthatareelectricalorelectronicproductsratherthanmedicaldevices,severalnationalstandardsonelectricalorelectronicproductsmayapply,suchasGB/T37344,GB/T37035,GB/T37037,GB/T41265,etc.
Furthermore,wearablesusingGSM/GPRS,
CDMA,CDMA1X,CDMA2000,TD-SCDMA,
WCDMAandTDLTEstandardsmustobtainCCCcertification.
2.2CorporateSocialResponsibility,the
EnvironmentandSustainability
Thereisanationaltrendtowardsstrengtheningthelegislationoncorporatesocialresponsibil-ity.Entitiesinvolvedinthelifecycleofmedicaldevicesandhealthcareproductsmustundertake
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generalstatutoryobligationsforenvironmentalprotectionundertheframeworkofEnvironmen-talProtectionLawofthePRC,suchasreduc-ingthedischargeofpollutants,andmustensuretheestablishment,operationandimprovementoftheirenvironmentalmanagementsystems;besides,themanufacturermustapplyforapol-lutantdischargepermitorfillinapollutantdis-chargeregistrationform.
Forwearablesthatareelectricalorelectronicproducts,theStateCouncilofthePRChasissuedtheRegulationontheAdministrationoftheRecoveryandDisposalofWasteElectricalandElectronicProducts,whichrequiresthattheproducersofelectricalandelectronicproducts,theconsigneesofimportedelectricalandelec-tronicproductsortheiragentsproduceorimportelectricalandelectronicproductslegallybasedonthepollutioncontrolappliedtoelectricalandelectronicproducts,adoptdesignplansfavour-abletocomprehensiveresourceutilisationandinnocuousdisposal,andusenon-toxic,non-hazardous,low-toxicityorlow-hazardmaterialsthatcanbeconvenientlyrecycled.
Inaddition,Chinaiscurrentlyestablishingstand-ardswithmorespecificrequirementsforhealth-careproductsinrespectofenvironmentalpro-tection,includingtheWaterPollutantDischargeStandardforPesticideIndustry(SecondDraftforComment)(2022),theWaterPollutantDischargeStandardforCosmeticsIndustry(DraftforCom-ment)(2010),andtheCleanerProductionStand-ardforDailyUse
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