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新东方阅读
第一讲:对文章的处理:
一.句子
1.顺序:先主干,后分支
考研常见主干架构:主谓宾、主系表、主谓
主干中动词最难找:复合句中,多个谓语动词,有n个动词,至少有n+1个动词
寻找句子主干的方法:
(1)主+that/who+vlv2+宾语
V2是主句动词,引导词后第一个动词一定是从句动词
引导词也许被省略:n+n+vl+v2:n+vl是-一个句子,所以省略了that
(2)主语+who+vl+v2+v3+宾语
VI一定不是主句动词
总结:主句动词为引导词后第二个动词开始,前面不带连词的那个谓语动词
从句从引导词开始到主句动词结束
2.节奏:
(1)可以忽略的
专有名词:一ist/phy/iogy/ism
小定语:the……n,……的位置是形容词,不重要(语感就是对下文有所期待,看到the
就要期待一个名词,再期待一个动词)
副词:常规副词不重要,但是否定副词:hardly、seldom,rarely,scarcely都要看成not
(2)真题演练
Theway(peopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappinessactually)
reduceswherechancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.
1有hold、equals,reduces三个谓语动词,由于引导词后面第个动词不是主句动词,所
以hold和equal不是主句动词,reduces是主句动词。
2(fun-filled,pain-free)小定语可以省略
3从句从引导词开始到主句动词之前结束,()部分看成从句
Itisaninteractivefeaturethat①letsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,titleandsalary,
then②E-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.
1主句谓语动词是let和e-mail
2关注强调句型
3关注逻辑架构:交互式特点有两个功能①②,如果题目问interactivefeature的功能是什么,
选项中必须同时出现land2
(3)六大语法现象(用||劈开句子,重新划分结构)
①并列句:句子1……|land句子2……(先看连词,再找出动词,找动词的目的是为了确
定并列的成分是句子)
②定语从句……||that……
③宾语从句...v||that
④分词结构:前面划||
⑤Of:前面划11
©插入语……B,I……C,I……或者……一I……—I……或者……(……)
(C的部分是插入语,选B不选C)
补充:2006年第二篇第四题
,(RHC94%)
D选项是括号里面的内容,但是()是在一个句子结束后,用于解释说明,重要信息
正是因为重要,才需要加括号解释
()的作用类似于whichmeans/inotherword/putinotherway
用六大语法砍开句子后,用设问句,如
Hesaid11n||that
自己问自己:“他说什么呢”“这个n是什么样子的呢”
(4)句子的处理习惯
①看到并列则标号
②特殊符号要看成整体“”
③读懂句子的功能而非意思:化繁为简、方向判断
真题演练:
Hesays11ourcountry'seducationalsystemisinthegrips||ofpeople||who"joyfully”and
“militantly"proclaimtheir©hostilitytointellectand||②theireagernesstoidentifywith
children||whoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.
1用六大语法砍开句子,并变成设问句:“他说,说什么”“他说我们的教育被掌控,被什么
掌控”“被人掌控,被什么人掌控”
2并列成分标号
3副词可以省略不看
4方向判断:showtheleastintellectualpromise”显示出最少的智力承诺”,虽然不知道是什
么意思,但是知道这些孩子智力低下,是•个负向概念,①和②并列,①是一个负向概念,
②就是一个负向概念,而showtheleastintellectualpromise是一个负向概念,可以推出
identifywith是正向概念
Theseleadersarelivingproof11®thatpreventionworksand②thatwecanmanagethehealth
problems||thatcomenaturallywithage.
Leaders证明了两件事:①②
翻译为:这些领导是活生生的证据,这些证据证明了预防的奏效以及我们可以掌控随着年龄
的增长而出现的健康问题。
小结:读句子的重点是逻辑架构(功能)
注意:代词向前指代,而且符合就近原则
句子中的让步——转折结构,后面的转折部分是重点
Though/despite/inspire(but)(but后面是重点)
Althoughitruledthat||thereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,thecourtin
effectsupportedthemedicalprinciple||of"doubleeffect",acenturies-oldmoralprinciple
holding11thatanactionhaving2effects|—agoedone-tha-t-i&intendedand-a-harfnfalonethatis
foreseen—|ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.
acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingl|thatanactionhaving2effects—agoodonathatis
intendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—|ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegood
effect不仅在but后,而且是同位语,重点
二,全文处理(读文章结构)
1.重点读各段主旨句(一般在首或者尾,也可能在转折词后面)
区别主旨和例子:例子有专有名词、数字、引号、suchas等
2.多数人少数人观点并存,少数人正确;新老观点并存,新观点正确
整篇阅读演练
Text2
Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedor
madeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyet
unawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbegin
withaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.
IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccars
whencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Lesswellknownistheadvantagethat
AdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthe
halvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginning
withlettersbetweenAandK.
ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandC
respectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirst
halfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheads
ofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,
Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergand
Hayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanese
characters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).
Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythe
alphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfant
school,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheir
names.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedthe
improvingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabetically
disadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,
becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.
Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheir
awardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlists
forjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendto
bedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.
第一段
Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormade
illegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,yetunaware-ef
suchadisadvantage,|referstodiscriminationagainstthose)|whosesurnamesbeginwitha
letterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.
首段首句必须仔细看,但是本文的第一句不是重点:Overthepastcentury是老观点,不重要。
unfairnessanddiscrimination是由and连接的两个并列成分,看懂一个即可,unfairness前面
有否定前缀,判断出其负向即可。But后面是重点,“:”后面是解释说明,所以alphabetism
是重点。This,……,refert。中间部分是插入语,可以省略。最后压缩信息:字母表主义的
内容。
第二段:Ithaslongbeenknown11thatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageover
Zodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Lesswellknownisthe
advantagethat11AdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenly
spreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehave
surnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.
第一句ithaslongbeenknown不重要,因为是老观点。第二句Lesswellknown重要,是少数
人观点。最后一句yet后面是重点,其中suspiciously不重要,副词中只有四个词重要。
压缩信息为:1名字的重要性鲜为人知2牛人的名字开头都在字母表前排。
第三段:ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandC
respectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirst
halfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheads
ofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair;Bush,
Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergand
Hayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanese
characters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).
第三段的内容是第二段最后一句的例子,所以要重组文章结构,在第二段yet前面划大的双
竖线,yet后面的句子是第三段的主旨句,因为第三段都是例子(大写字母)。
第四段:Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,|dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedby
thealphabeticallydisadvantaged,|isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearin
infantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremember
theirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedthe
improvingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabetically
disadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,
becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.
第一句this要关注,句首代词是重点,向前指代符合就近原则,指代上一段。第一句是问句,
有问必有答,答案通常是重点,而且回答不是肯定就是否定。。netheory,|dreamtupinallthe
sparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,|isthattherotsetsinearly.匚口间的插入
语不用看,化简为繁:这句话二no。yet后面是重点Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,
becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.如看不
懂qualifications是什么意思,可以通过because后面的解释来猜测。通过worse有,个负向
的判断。压缩信息为:为什么牛人的名字首字母靠前。
第五段:Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlyget
theirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.①
Shortlistsforjobinterviews,@electionballotpapers,③listsofconferencespeakersand
attendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyplough
throughthem.
Humiliation可以判断为负向:用逻辑联系来判断,上一段是负向,这句话是承继关系。后面
都是例子,看到大写字母花圈(用圆圈表示例子)。最后一句中“:”是重点(解释说明),
而且all用于总结三个编号的内容。
46.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?
[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.
[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.
[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.
[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.
关键词是AAAAcarsandZodiaccars,定位到第二段,后面少数人的观点是重点Lesswell
knownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.,选A
47.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?
[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.
[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.
[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'names.
[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.
通过infer转化为细节题,由firstthreeparagraphs,可以判断是前三段的主旨大意题,B涉
及细节所以排除,A只在第三段提到,C无中生有,选择D
48.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.
[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents
[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass
[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents
[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight
座位、逃课和排座都是细节内容,非文章重点,而C选项是与文章反向相关,文章说有歧视,
C选项说不应该有歧视。
50.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?
[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.
[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.
[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.
[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.
B中VIP利C中的campaign文章没提,AD中能判断出D肯定正确。
第二讲:对题目的处理
一.态度题
1.识别:题干有attitude,towards…tone,选项比较短
2.分类:
题干:主体和客体
主体:发出态度的人
客体:对……的态度
第一类全文态度题主体:author客体:文章主题
第二类局部态度题主体:author客体:非主题
第三类局部态度题主体:其他人客体:非主题
第四类局部态度题主体:其他人客体:文章主题
3.做法
全文态度题:
(1)可以排除选项的词汇
①冷漠类词汇出现必错:indifferent(漠不关心)如果作者对主题无所谓的态度,就没有写
文章的必要。除此之外还有careless,disinterestedin等
②万能类选项出现也错:concerned、interestedin等:关注•件事情对于任何文章都对,,
跟没考一样,所以是错的。
③迷惑类词汇:confused、puzzled、questionable、gloomy
④主观类词汇:subjective、scare,fear>partial、biased等:不了解就带有一个先天的情感
盲目的情感。
⑤妥协类词汇:compromise>tolerate:作者不会对主题妥协
⑥中立类词汇:neutral出现就错
(2)可能正确的词汇:正面负面或者中立的评价,中立是倾向于正面的中立。
中立:objectiveAimpartial、neutral
正面:approvespositive
(3)解题步骤
①排除选项:第一轮排除必错选项,第二轮排除相近选项(方向选项)
②寻找态度的指向对象(主题),并判断其性质
a.如果该性质和伦理道德一致,则优先选择正面评价
b.如果该性质和伦理道德相反,则优先选择负面评价
c.如果该性质和伦理道德无关或者关系尚未形成,则优先选择中立评价
“无关”指技术或者专业类话题
“尚未形成”指前沿话题,正在被讨论
③Opt:由于此题一般放于最后一题做,所以可以根据文章来选择
正确选项出现的概率:中性〉正面》负面
真题演练:
1997年passagel:Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof
A.appositionB.suspicionC.approvalD.indifference
排除B(迷惑类)D(冷漠类)选择C(正面评价)
1997年passage4:Thepassageshowsthattheauthoristhepresentsituation.
[A]criticalof
[B]puzzledby
[C]disappointedat
[D]amazedat
B为迷惑类词汇,排除;ACD都是主观类,所以无法判断,AC是相近选项可以排除。
1998年passage3:Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-sciencewis
[A]impartial
[B]subjective
[C]biased
[D]puzzling
排除B(主观类)C(主观类)D(迷惑类)
1999年passagel:Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.
[A]biased
[B]indifferent
[C]puzzling
[D]objective
排除A(主观类)B(冷漠类)C(迷惑类)
2001年passage4:Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanbesaidtobe
[A]optimistic
[B]objective
[C]pessimistic
[D]biased
D是主观类排除,第二步由newbusinesswave可以判断为专'1/类话题,选B
2002年passages:Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.
[A]optimistic
[B]sensitive
[C]gloomy
[D]scared
C(迷惑类)D(主观类)排除,A属于可能正确的类别而B不属于,所以选A,而且B属于
万能类选项
局部态度题(新趋势,高难度):
步骤:
(1)定位找到出题句,定位词不要用主题和作者本人
(2)细读出题句及其上下句,寻找带有感情色彩的词或者短语。感情色彩的词:主体的动
词和形容词
(3)选择最接近的选项
真题演练
2003年passage3:Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationinthe
railindustry?
[A]Indifferent.
[B]Supportive.
[C]Indignant.
[D]Apprehensive.
captiveshippers非作者,可以判断为局部态度题,而consolidationintherailindustry是主题,
所以用非作者定位,定位到第五段:Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbe
hitwitharoundofhugerateincreases,worry是captiveshippers发生的动作,选
择D
2003年passage4:Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof.
[A]strongdisapproval
[B]reservedconsent
[C]slightcontempt
[D]enthusiasticsupport
作者对非主题的态度,定位到第三段FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquoted
assayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,“sothatyounger,
healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential._h——句和这——句者B没有作者,下——句Iwouldnotgo
thatfar有作者,动词是go,形容词是notthatfar,即同意了但是程度小。选择B
2004年passages:Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?
[A]Optimistic.
[B]Confused.
[C]Carefree.
[D]Panicked.
非作者对主题:川非作者作为定位词。定位到第二段最后一句Consumersseemonlymildly
concerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-term
prospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.可以选择A
2004今三passage4:TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare.
[A]identical
[B]similar
[C]complementary
[D]opposite
定位到第二段:"Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthan
intellectual/sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch."'Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance/'Ravitch's
latestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualism
inourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistastefor
intellectualpursuits.
以及第五段RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschooling
andrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:"\Neareshutupinschoolsand
collegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddo
notknowathing/MarkTwain'sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Its
heroavoidsbeingcivilized-goingtoschoolandlearningtoread-sohecanpreservehisinnate
goodness.
R认为学校不应该anti-intellectualism,而E认为schoolingandrigorousbooklearningput
unnaturalrestraintsonchildren,即anti-intellectualism,所以选择D
二.主旨题
1.识别:
(1)"中心思想"what'sthepassagemainlyabout?
(2)标题:title/topic/subject
(3)目的:purpose
其中(1)(2)为主旨题第•类,(3)为主旨题第二类
2.做法
第一类做法:
(1)简单方法:如果文章开头以•个问题开头(第一段的首位),则问题的回答就是主旨,
这种回答指的是逻辑上的对应
(2)常规方法
a.处理文章:①读全文②各段主旨句
b.处理选项:①“中心词”必须出现②细节内容不出现③无关内容不出现
中心词:在各段首位频繁重复的部分,可能有多个,用三角形来画出来。
做题符号总结
用双竖线来跟踪六大语法
用大双竖线来重组文章结构
用五角星来划出重点词语
用圆圈划出来非重点(例子)
用三角形划出中心词
无关内容:例子:文章三大段,第一段说空气污染,第二段说空气污染的来源,第三段说空
气污染的整治。如果一个主旨题的某一选项是:一氧化碳在空气污染中的作用。
只要在主旨句中不曾提到,要么是细节,要么是无关内容。(②细节内容不出现③无关内容
不出现,这两个原则往往同时应用)
(3)终极方案:去同存异,比较强调重点
迷惑选项:两个选项同时出现了让你接受的内容
B选项:口△O
C选项:▽。口
去同:把口。去掉
如果△在文中提过,而▽没提过或者
△在文中提过五次,而▽提过两次,则选择B
真题演练:
1998年passages
70.Thepassageismainlyabout.
[A]thefeaturesofvolcanicactivities
[B]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates
[C]thesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudies
[D]theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoes
方法一:hotspots是中心词,只能选择C
方法二:读各段首尾句
第一段首句:为hotspots卜,定义。尾句:milestones=important
第二段:例子
第三段:首句:尾句:能解释一个东西
significanceofhotspotsohotspot
综上推出两个中心词:hotspot和significant,选择C
1998年passagel
54.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas.
[A]"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk"
[B]"Morehaste,lessspeed”
[C]"Lookbeforeyouleap”
[D]"Hewholaughslastlaughsbest"
第一段首句:dam是中心词。尾句:dam和harm是中心词
最后一段首句:dam和theseconflicts是中心词,其中these指代前文内容
选择C(三四而后行)
1996年passage4
66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.
[A]InventiveMind
[B]EffectiveSchooling
[C]WaysofThinking
[D]OutpouringofInventions
D第一句是问句,则回答就是主旨,选项D是问题而不是回答,所以排除。BC选项都是细
节,所以排除
1997年passage4
66.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe.
[A]ACompanyunderFire
[B]ADebateonMoralDecline
[C]ALawfulOutletofStreetCulture
[D]AFormofCreativeFreedom
第一段最后involvedissuesof©responsibility,©creativefreedomandthe③corporate
bottomline.是三个并列细节,所以排除D。B选项中的MoralDecline是细节内容,所以排除。
C选择要么是细节,要么是无关内容,排除。Company在文中反复出现,所以选择A
2000年passage2
58.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution
[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution
[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature
[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere
第一段最后Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,one
moreagentofevolutionhasgone.中心词是evolution和gone
最后一段第——句Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.中/心
词是evolution和over,选择D
主旨题第二类:目的题
(1)分类:
全文写作目的题:第一类主旨题的做法
局部写作目的题比细节题
(2)局部写作目的题的做法
第一步:定位找到出题句,定位见细节题
第二步:细读出题句及其辅助句
若出题句为段落首句,则辅助句是该段其他句子
若出题句为中间句,则辅助句为上下各一句
若出题句为段尾句,则辅助句为上一句
第三步:选择最接近选项
(3)真题演练
1999年passages
67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.
[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments
[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted
[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch
[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch
IsaacNewton在第——段第二句出现Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsit
preparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaac
Newtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.读其上下句,上句就是答案,
选择A
1998年passage2
57.Theauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?”because.
[A]hequestionsthetruthof〃nogainwithoutpain”
[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks
[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading
[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses
定位至I」第——段Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?
EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishis
whethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.
出题句在第二句,读第一段,通过tales,hardertoisforreal等来选择B。
三.细节题比例为70%—90%对重要事实和细节进行考察
步骤
1.定位(从题目到选项,而不单单是提目)
(1)题干有专有名词(有大写)
(2)题干有数字,但有时不直接给出(1989=attheendofthisdecade)
(3)引号,直接引语,是对文章的直接引用
(4)模糊定位,利用题干的意思而非字面的意思完成定位
Accordingtotheauthor;whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanese
society?
定位词:moraldecline
(5)利用选项的暗示,看选项有没有字面上的重复
Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?
[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.
[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.
[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.
[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.
AB选项Japaneseeducation重复
(6)题干选项都找不到定位词的时候,利用顺序原则
上述六个步骤归纳为审题123原则,1审题干(1、2、3、4步),2扫选项,3
看顺序
2.阅读出题句及其辅助句
出题句如果是段落首句,则辅助句为全段
出题句如果是段落中间句,则辅助句为上下句
出题句如果是段落尾句,则辅助句为往上一句
3.处理选项
正确选项的特征:同义替换:内容一致而形式不一致
如果两个选项无法排除,前者不但意思与原文一致,而且形式也一-致;后者形
式不一样,而意思似乎与原文差不多,则选择后者,前者是迷惑选项
InLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheir
incomes“means.
[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes
[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes
[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased
[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes
A选项中有never,属于绝对选项,排除;B选项overstate与maximize不一
致,排除;C和D选项不好排除,但因为D选项与原文是同义词替换,所以选D
同义替换的三种表现:
(1)同义词替换:xisakeyof...=xiscritical(批判的,关键的)
(2)语言简化
Text5
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivity
knowntogeologistsashotspots.UnlikemostoftheworldJsvolcanoes,theyarenotalways
foundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth?ssurface;onthe
contrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,
andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.The
hotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.
Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,are
movingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.The
complementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanare
remindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplates
carryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewith
respecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.It
isnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsor
whetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredin
thedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethe
question.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateis
stationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.
Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnow
appearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropelthe
platesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrising
fromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);
inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthe
hotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthe
mobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).
68.ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat
[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections
[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures
[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears
[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe
定位词是AfricaandSouthAmerica和joined,定位到文章第二段第二句,其辅助句为第一三
句
第三句complementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeature出现and,把and连接的两个
并歹!J成分标号complementarycoastlines®andcertaingeologicalfeature®
B选项certaingeologicalfeatures既包括①也包括②,为语言的简化
(3)正话反说
如:
广告控制了人们的购买动机
人们的购买动机被广告控制了
Theyneverdoubtthat
Theybelieved
甲乙丙智商差不多
甲不比乙丙更好
错误选项的特征
(1)混(偷换概念)a形容b,c形容d,则a形容d就为错
(2)反:和文章相反:
多数人认为死刑应该被废除,少数人认为死刑应该被保留,作者如何看待死刑问题A
应该被废除B应该被保留
应该选B
(3)无(无中生有):
一直以来我们认为长得漂亮是优势……然而在管理层却不是这样……
作者的目的是什么:A论述长的漂亮的负面影响B呼吁公众公平看待女士外表
B选项虽然是合理推断,但是不能把推断选项作为正确选项
(4)偏
①以偏概全
②细节错位
ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat.
[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections
[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures
[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears
[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe
A选项为细节错位
③避重就轻
篇章实例
Text2
AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,and
helpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair;thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeof
CanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,
exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardly
unknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.
Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreak
inanotherwise
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