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第一讲:对文章的处理:

一.句子

1.顺序:先主干,后分支

考研常见主干架构:主谓宾、主系表、主谓

主干中动词最难找:复合句中,多个谓语动词,有n个动词,至少有n+1个动词

寻找句子主干的方法:

(1)主+that/who+vlv2+宾语

V2是主句动词,引导词后第一个动词一定是从句动词

引导词也许被省略:n+n+vl+v2:n+vl是-一个句子,所以省略了that

(2)主语+who+vl+v2+v3+宾语

VI一定不是主句动词

总结:主句动词为引导词后第二个动词开始,前面不带连词的那个谓语动词

从句从引导词开始到主句动词结束

2.节奏:

(1)可以忽略的

专有名词:一ist/phy/iogy/ism

小定语:the……n,……的位置是形容词,不重要(语感就是对下文有所期待,看到the

就要期待一个名词,再期待一个动词)

副词:常规副词不重要,但是否定副词:hardly、seldom,rarely,scarcely都要看成not

(2)真题演练

Theway(peopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappinessactually)

reduceswherechancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.

1有hold、equals,reduces三个谓语动词,由于引导词后面第个动词不是主句动词,所

以hold和equal不是主句动词,reduces是主句动词。

2(fun-filled,pain-free)小定语可以省略

3从句从引导词开始到主句动词之前结束,()部分看成从句

Itisaninteractivefeaturethat①letsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,titleandsalary,

then②E-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.

1主句谓语动词是let和e-mail

2关注强调句型

3关注逻辑架构:交互式特点有两个功能①②,如果题目问interactivefeature的功能是什么,

选项中必须同时出现land2

(3)六大语法现象(用||劈开句子,重新划分结构)

①并列句:句子1……|land句子2……(先看连词,再找出动词,找动词的目的是为了确

定并列的成分是句子)

②定语从句……||that……

③宾语从句...v||that

④分词结构:前面划||

⑤Of:前面划11

©插入语……B,I……C,I……或者……一I……—I……或者……(……)

(C的部分是插入语,选B不选C)

补充:2006年第二篇第四题

,(RHC94%)

D选项是括号里面的内容,但是()是在一个句子结束后,用于解释说明,重要信息

正是因为重要,才需要加括号解释

()的作用类似于whichmeans/inotherword/putinotherway

用六大语法砍开句子后,用设问句,如

Hesaid11n||that

自己问自己:“他说什么呢”“这个n是什么样子的呢”

(4)句子的处理习惯

①看到并列则标号

②特殊符号要看成整体“”

③读懂句子的功能而非意思:化繁为简、方向判断

真题演练:

Hesays11ourcountry'seducationalsystemisinthegrips||ofpeople||who"joyfully”and

“militantly"proclaimtheir©hostilitytointellectand||②theireagernesstoidentifywith

children||whoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.

1用六大语法砍开句子,并变成设问句:“他说,说什么”“他说我们的教育被掌控,被什么

掌控”“被人掌控,被什么人掌控”

2并列成分标号

3副词可以省略不看

4方向判断:showtheleastintellectualpromise”显示出最少的智力承诺”,虽然不知道是什

么意思,但是知道这些孩子智力低下,是•个负向概念,①和②并列,①是一个负向概念,

②就是一个负向概念,而showtheleastintellectualpromise是一个负向概念,可以推出

identifywith是正向概念

Theseleadersarelivingproof11®thatpreventionworksand②thatwecanmanagethehealth

problems||thatcomenaturallywithage.

Leaders证明了两件事:①②

翻译为:这些领导是活生生的证据,这些证据证明了预防的奏效以及我们可以掌控随着年龄

的增长而出现的健康问题。

小结:读句子的重点是逻辑架构(功能)

注意:代词向前指代,而且符合就近原则

句子中的让步——转折结构,后面的转折部分是重点

Though/despite/inspire(but)(but后面是重点)

Althoughitruledthat||thereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,thecourtin

effectsupportedthemedicalprinciple||of"doubleeffect",acenturies-oldmoralprinciple

holding11thatanactionhaving2effects|—agoedone-tha-t-i&intendedand-a-harfnfalonethatis

foreseen—|ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingl|thatanactionhaving2effects—agoodonathatis

intendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—|ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegood

effect不仅在but后,而且是同位语,重点

二,全文处理(读文章结构)

1.重点读各段主旨句(一般在首或者尾,也可能在转折词后面)

区别主旨和例子:例子有专有名词、数字、引号、suchas等

2.多数人少数人观点并存,少数人正确;新老观点并存,新观点正确

整篇阅读演练

Text2

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedor

madeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyet

unawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbegin

withaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccars

whencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Lesswellknownistheadvantagethat

AdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthe

halvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginning

withlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandC

respectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirst

halfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheads

ofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,

Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergand

Hayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanese

characters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythe

alphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfant

school,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheir

names.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedthe

improvingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabetically

disadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,

becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheir

awardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlists

forjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendto

bedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

第一段

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormade

illegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,yetunaware-ef

suchadisadvantage,|referstodiscriminationagainstthose)|whosesurnamesbeginwitha

letterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

首段首句必须仔细看,但是本文的第一句不是重点:Overthepastcentury是老观点,不重要。

unfairnessanddiscrimination是由and连接的两个并列成分,看懂一个即可,unfairness前面

有否定前缀,判断出其负向即可。But后面是重点,“:”后面是解释说明,所以alphabetism

是重点。This,……,refert。中间部分是插入语,可以省略。最后压缩信息:字母表主义的

内容。

第二段:Ithaslongbeenknown11thatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageover

Zodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Lesswellknownisthe

advantagethat11AdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenly

spreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.Yetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehave

surnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

第一句ithaslongbeenknown不重要,因为是老观点。第二句Lesswellknown重要,是少数

人观点。最后一句yet后面是重点,其中suspiciously不重要,副词中只有四个词重要。

压缩信息为:1名字的重要性鲜为人知2牛人的名字开头都在字母表前排。

第三段:ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandC

respectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirst

halfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheads

ofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair;Bush,

Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergand

Hayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanese

characters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

第三段的内容是第二段最后一句的例子,所以要重组文章结构,在第二段yet前面划大的双

竖线,yet后面的句子是第三段的主旨句,因为第三段都是例子(大写字母)。

第四段:Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,|dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedby

thealphabeticallydisadvantaged,|isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearin

infantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremember

theirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedthe

improvingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabetically

disadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,

becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

第一句this要关注,句首代词是重点,向前指代符合就近原则,指代上一段。第一句是问句,

有问必有答,答案通常是重点,而且回答不是肯定就是否定。。netheory,|dreamtupinallthe

sparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,|isthattherotsetsinearly.匚口间的插入

语不用看,化简为繁:这句话二no。yet后面是重点Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,

becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.如看不

懂qualifications是什么意思,可以通过because后面的解释来猜测。通过worse有,个负向

的判断。压缩信息为:为什么牛人的名字首字母靠前。

第五段:Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlyget

theirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.①

Shortlistsforjobinterviews,@electionballotpapers,③listsofconferencespeakersand

attendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyplough

throughthem.

Humiliation可以判断为负向:用逻辑联系来判断,上一段是负向,这句话是承继关系。后面

都是例子,看到大写字母花圈(用圆圈表示例子)。最后一句中“:”是重点(解释说明),

而且all用于总结三个编号的内容。

46.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.

[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.

[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.

[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.

关键词是AAAAcarsandZodiaccars,定位到第二段,后面少数人的观点是重点Lesswell

knownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.,选A

47.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'names.

[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

通过infer转化为细节题,由firstthreeparagraphs,可以判断是前三段的主旨大意题,B涉

及细节所以排除,A只在第三段提到,C无中生有,选择D

48.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.

[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

座位、逃课和排座都是细节内容,非文章重点,而C选项是与文章反向相关,文章说有歧视,

C选项说不应该有歧视。

50.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.

[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.

B中VIP利C中的campaign文章没提,AD中能判断出D肯定正确。

第二讲:对题目的处理

一.态度题

1.识别:题干有attitude,towards…tone,选项比较短

2.分类:

题干:主体和客体

主体:发出态度的人

客体:对……的态度

第一类全文态度题主体:author客体:文章主题

第二类局部态度题主体:author客体:非主题

第三类局部态度题主体:其他人客体:非主题

第四类局部态度题主体:其他人客体:文章主题

3.做法

全文态度题:

(1)可以排除选项的词汇

①冷漠类词汇出现必错:indifferent(漠不关心)如果作者对主题无所谓的态度,就没有写

文章的必要。除此之外还有careless,disinterestedin等

②万能类选项出现也错:concerned、interestedin等:关注•件事情对于任何文章都对,,

跟没考一样,所以是错的。

③迷惑类词汇:confused、puzzled、questionable、gloomy

④主观类词汇:subjective、scare,fear>partial、biased等:不了解就带有一个先天的情感

盲目的情感。

⑤妥协类词汇:compromise>tolerate:作者不会对主题妥协

⑥中立类词汇:neutral出现就错

(2)可能正确的词汇:正面负面或者中立的评价,中立是倾向于正面的中立。

中立:objectiveAimpartial、neutral

正面:approvespositive

(3)解题步骤

①排除选项:第一轮排除必错选项,第二轮排除相近选项(方向选项)

②寻找态度的指向对象(主题),并判断其性质

a.如果该性质和伦理道德一致,则优先选择正面评价

b.如果该性质和伦理道德相反,则优先选择负面评价

c.如果该性质和伦理道德无关或者关系尚未形成,则优先选择中立评价

“无关”指技术或者专业类话题

“尚未形成”指前沿话题,正在被讨论

③Opt:由于此题一般放于最后一题做,所以可以根据文章来选择

正确选项出现的概率:中性〉正面》负面

真题演练:

1997年passagel:Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof

A.appositionB.suspicionC.approvalD.indifference

排除B(迷惑类)D(冷漠类)选择C(正面评价)

1997年passage4:Thepassageshowsthattheauthoristhepresentsituation.

[A]criticalof

[B]puzzledby

[C]disappointedat

[D]amazedat

B为迷惑类词汇,排除;ACD都是主观类,所以无法判断,AC是相近选项可以排除。

1998年passage3:Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-sciencewis

[A]impartial

[B]subjective

[C]biased

[D]puzzling

排除B(主观类)C(主观类)D(迷惑类)

1999年passagel:Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.

[A]biased

[B]indifferent

[C]puzzling

[D]objective

排除A(主观类)B(冷漠类)C(迷惑类)

2001年passage4:Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanbesaidtobe

[A]optimistic

[B]objective

[C]pessimistic

[D]biased

D是主观类排除,第二步由newbusinesswave可以判断为专'1/类话题,选B

2002年passages:Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.

[A]optimistic

[B]sensitive

[C]gloomy

[D]scared

C(迷惑类)D(主观类)排除,A属于可能正确的类别而B不属于,所以选A,而且B属于

万能类选项

局部态度题(新趋势,高难度):

步骤:

(1)定位找到出题句,定位词不要用主题和作者本人

(2)细读出题句及其上下句,寻找带有感情色彩的词或者短语。感情色彩的词:主体的动

词和形容词

(3)选择最接近的选项

真题演练

2003年passage3:Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationinthe

railindustry?

[A]Indifferent.

[B]Supportive.

[C]Indignant.

[D]Apprehensive.

captiveshippers非作者,可以判断为局部态度题,而consolidationintherailindustry是主题,

所以用非作者定位,定位到第五段:Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbe

hitwitharoundofhugerateincreases,worry是captiveshippers发生的动作,选

择D

2003年passage4:Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof.

[A]strongdisapproval

[B]reservedconsent

[C]slightcontempt

[D]enthusiasticsupport

作者对非主题的态度,定位到第三段FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquoted

assayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,“sothatyounger,

healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential._h——句和这——句者B没有作者,下——句Iwouldnotgo

thatfar有作者,动词是go,形容词是notthatfar,即同意了但是程度小。选择B

2004年passages:Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?

[A]Optimistic.

[B]Confused.

[C]Carefree.

[D]Panicked.

非作者对主题:川非作者作为定位词。定位到第二段最后一句Consumersseemonlymildly

concerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-term

prospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.可以选择A

2004今三passage4:TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare.

[A]identical

[B]similar

[C]complementary

[D]opposite

定位到第二段:"Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthan

intellectual/sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch."'Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance/'Ravitch's

latestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualism

inourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistastefor

intellectualpursuits.

以及第五段RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschooling

andrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:"\Neareshutupinschoolsand

collegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddo

notknowathing/MarkTwain'sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Its

heroavoidsbeingcivilized-goingtoschoolandlearningtoread-sohecanpreservehisinnate

goodness.

R认为学校不应该anti-intellectualism,而E认为schoolingandrigorousbooklearningput

unnaturalrestraintsonchildren,即anti-intellectualism,所以选择D

二.主旨题

1.识别:

(1)"中心思想"what'sthepassagemainlyabout?

(2)标题:title/topic/subject

(3)目的:purpose

其中(1)(2)为主旨题第•类,(3)为主旨题第二类

2.做法

第一类做法:

(1)简单方法:如果文章开头以•个问题开头(第一段的首位),则问题的回答就是主旨,

这种回答指的是逻辑上的对应

(2)常规方法

a.处理文章:①读全文②各段主旨句

b.处理选项:①“中心词”必须出现②细节内容不出现③无关内容不出现

中心词:在各段首位频繁重复的部分,可能有多个,用三角形来画出来。

做题符号总结

用双竖线来跟踪六大语法

用大双竖线来重组文章结构

用五角星来划出重点词语

用圆圈划出来非重点(例子)

用三角形划出中心词

无关内容:例子:文章三大段,第一段说空气污染,第二段说空气污染的来源,第三段说空

气污染的整治。如果一个主旨题的某一选项是:一氧化碳在空气污染中的作用。

只要在主旨句中不曾提到,要么是细节,要么是无关内容。(②细节内容不出现③无关内容

不出现,这两个原则往往同时应用)

(3)终极方案:去同存异,比较强调重点

迷惑选项:两个选项同时出现了让你接受的内容

B选项:口△O

C选项:▽。口

去同:把口。去掉

如果△在文中提过,而▽没提过或者

△在文中提过五次,而▽提过两次,则选择B

真题演练:

1998年passages

70.Thepassageismainlyabout.

[A]thefeaturesofvolcanicactivities

[B]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates

[C]thesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudies

[D]theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoes

方法一:hotspots是中心词,只能选择C

方法二:读各段首尾句

第一段首句:为hotspots卜,定义。尾句:milestones=important

第二段:例子

第三段:首句:尾句:能解释一个东西

significanceofhotspotsohotspot

综上推出两个中心词:hotspot和significant,选择C

1998年passagel

54.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas.

[A]"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk"

[B]"Morehaste,lessspeed”

[C]"Lookbeforeyouleap”

[D]"Hewholaughslastlaughsbest"

第一段首句:dam是中心词。尾句:dam和harm是中心词

最后一段首句:dam和theseconflicts是中心词,其中these指代前文内容

选择C(三四而后行)

1996年passage4

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.

[A]InventiveMind

[B]EffectiveSchooling

[C]WaysofThinking

[D]OutpouringofInventions

D第一句是问句,则回答就是主旨,选项D是问题而不是回答,所以排除。BC选项都是细

节,所以排除

1997年passage4

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe.

[A]ACompanyunderFire

[B]ADebateonMoralDecline

[C]ALawfulOutletofStreetCulture

[D]AFormofCreativeFreedom

第一段最后involvedissuesof©responsibility,©creativefreedomandthe③corporate

bottomline.是三个并列细节,所以排除D。B选项中的MoralDecline是细节内容,所以排除。

C选择要么是细节,要么是无关内容,排除。Company在文中反复出现,所以选择A

2000年passage2

58.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution

[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution

[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature

[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere

第一段最后Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,one

moreagentofevolutionhasgone.中心词是evolution和gone

最后一段第——句Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.中/心

词是evolution和over,选择D

主旨题第二类:目的题

(1)分类:

全文写作目的题:第一类主旨题的做法

局部写作目的题比细节题

(2)局部写作目的题的做法

第一步:定位找到出题句,定位见细节题

第二步:细读出题句及其辅助句

若出题句为段落首句,则辅助句是该段其他句子

若出题句为中间句,则辅助句为上下各一句

若出题句为段尾句,则辅助句为上一句

第三步:选择最接近选项

(3)真题演练

1999年passages

67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.

[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments

[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted

[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch

[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch

IsaacNewton在第——段第二句出现Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsit

preparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaac

Newtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.读其上下句,上句就是答案,

选择A

1998年passage2

57.Theauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?”because.

[A]hequestionsthetruthof〃nogainwithoutpain”

[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks

[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading

[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses

定位至I」第——段Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?

EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishis

whethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.

出题句在第二句,读第一段,通过tales,hardertoisforreal等来选择B。

三.细节题比例为70%—90%对重要事实和细节进行考察

步骤

1.定位(从题目到选项,而不单单是提目)

(1)题干有专有名词(有大写)

(2)题干有数字,但有时不直接给出(1989=attheendofthisdecade)

(3)引号,直接引语,是对文章的直接引用

(4)模糊定位,利用题干的意思而非字面的意思完成定位

Accordingtotheauthor;whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanese

society?

定位词:moraldecline

(5)利用选项的暗示,看选项有没有字面上的重复

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?

[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.

[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.

[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.

[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.

AB选项Japaneseeducation重复

(6)题干选项都找不到定位词的时候,利用顺序原则

上述六个步骤归纳为审题123原则,1审题干(1、2、3、4步),2扫选项,3

看顺序

2.阅读出题句及其辅助句

出题句如果是段落首句,则辅助句为全段

出题句如果是段落中间句,则辅助句为上下句

出题句如果是段落尾句,则辅助句为往上一句

3.处理选项

正确选项的特征:同义替换:内容一致而形式不一致

如果两个选项无法排除,前者不但意思与原文一致,而且形式也一-致;后者形

式不一样,而意思似乎与原文差不多,则选择后者,前者是迷惑选项

InLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheir

incomes“means.

[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes

[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes

[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased

[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes

A选项中有never,属于绝对选项,排除;B选项overstate与maximize不一

致,排除;C和D选项不好排除,但因为D选项与原文是同义词替换,所以选D

同义替换的三种表现:

(1)同义词替换:xisakeyof...=xiscritical(批判的,关键的)

(2)语言简化

Text5

Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivity

knowntogeologistsashotspots.UnlikemostoftheworldJsvolcanoes,theyarenotalways

foundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth?ssurface;onthe

contrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,

andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.The

hotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.

Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,are

movingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.The

complementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanare

remindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplates

carryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewith

respecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.It

isnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsor

whetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredin

thedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethe

question.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateis

stationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.

Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnow

appearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropelthe

platesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrising

fromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);

inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthe

hotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthe

mobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).

68.ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat

[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections

[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures

[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears

[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe

定位词是AfricaandSouthAmerica和joined,定位到文章第二段第二句,其辅助句为第一三

第三句complementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeature出现and,把and连接的两个

并歹!J成分标号complementarycoastlines®andcertaingeologicalfeature®

B选项certaingeologicalfeatures既包括①也包括②,为语言的简化

(3)正话反说

如:

广告控制了人们的购买动机

人们的购买动机被广告控制了

Theyneverdoubtthat

Theybelieved

甲乙丙智商差不多

甲不比乙丙更好

错误选项的特征

(1)混(偷换概念)a形容b,c形容d,则a形容d就为错

(2)反:和文章相反:

多数人认为死刑应该被废除,少数人认为死刑应该被保留,作者如何看待死刑问题A

应该被废除B应该被保留

应该选B

(3)无(无中生有):

一直以来我们认为长得漂亮是优势……然而在管理层却不是这样……

作者的目的是什么:A论述长的漂亮的负面影响B呼吁公众公平看待女士外表

B选项虽然是合理推断,但是不能把推断选项作为正确选项

(4)偏

①以偏概全

②细节错位

ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat.

[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections

[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures

[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears

[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe

A选项为细节错位

③避重就轻

篇章实例

Text2

AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,and

helpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair;thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeof

CanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,

exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardly

unknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.

Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreak

inanotherwise

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