2023年考研外语强化练习7

考研外语强化练习7

一、UseofEnglish

1、Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight,(1)_____somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive,Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby(2)_____photosynthesizing,andover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground(3)_____offungi(真菌).Butin(4)_____ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow(5)_____are(6)_____,mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere(7)_____ofacommontypeoffungus,so(8)_____thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly(9)_____athowtheysurvive,saysBidartondo,butalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelooting,too.

Plantshave(10)_____relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal,(11)_____plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesis,buttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave(12)_____asymbioticrelationshipwitha(13)_____networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungi,whichliesbeneaththeforest(14)_____.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirroots,and(15)_____,theplantsnormally(16)_____thefungiwithsugars,orcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalweb,itwasperhaps(17)_____thatafewcheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.(18)_____,theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon,(19)_____itintotheirrootsfromthefungi(20)_____releasingitas"payment".

A.but

B.if

C.because

D.though

2、(2)

A.for

B.with

C.to

D.without

3、(3)

A.realm

B.net

C.relation

D.web

4、(4)

A.only

B.almost

C.virtually

D.actually

5、(5)

A.others

B.theothers

C.other

D.theother

6、(6)

A.gettingby

B.gettingon

C.gettingthrough

D.gettingover

7、(7)

A.evidences

B.pictures

C.traces

D.tracks

8、(8)

A.popular

B.common

C.ordinary

D.widespread

9、(9)

A.shows

B.denotes

C.indicates

D.hints

10、(10)

A.business

B.commercial

C.trading

D.exchanging

11、(11)

A.green

B.land

C.wild

D.grown

12、(12)

A.created

B.developed

C.designed

D.formulated

13、(13)

A.large

B.vast

C.great

D.big

14、(14)

A.floor

B.level

C.ground

D.layer

15、(15)

A.inturn

B.infact

C.inreturn

D.intheend

16、(16)

A.offer

B.equip

C.help

D.provide

17、(17)

A.essential

B.important

C.possible

D.inevitable

18、(18)

A.intime

B.overtime

C.attimes

D.behindtime

19、(19)

A.taking

B.grasping

C.sucking

D.catching

20、(20)

A.insteadof

B.inspiteof

C.inplaceof

D.bycontrastof

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Addictionissuchaharmfulbehavior,infact,thatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit'shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluence,imaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch,Andyet,saysDr.NoraVolkow,directorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction,"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood".

That'sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatis,specialrelevance.Threats,forexample,arehighlysalient,whichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugs,ourmemorysystems,rewardcircuits,decision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction",saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctions,everyonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol".

Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviors,fromgamblingtoshoppingtosex,maystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow'sresearchgroup,forexample,hasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouth,lipsandtongue.Forthem,activatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddiction,though.

Ofcourse,noteveryonebecomesanaddict.That'sbecausewehaveother,moreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.Paulus,forexample,lookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital'sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenough,brainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortex,whererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It'simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers—aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.Tohissurprise,Paulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetime,hecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans.

Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain'srewardsystem,poweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignal,youcanloosenthedrug'shold.

AccordingtoDr.NoraVolkow,theuse,ofdrugs

A.isaveryharmfulbehavior.thatevolutionfailedtogetridof.

B.makesithardforpeopletodrivesafelyunderitsinfluence.

C.hastodowithpeople'sdesiretoachievepleasantfeelings.

D.isunderstandablebehavior.becauseitdatesbacklongago.

2、

Accordingtothetext,anyonemaybeaddictedtodrugsifthey

A.arebornwithapredispositiontoaddiction.

B.usecertainchemicalslongandfrequentlyenough.

C.havesufficientdrugsoralcoholtouse.

D.createanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving.

3、

Compulsiveeatersaretypicalexampleof

A.pleasureturningintohabitsandfinallyaddiction.

B.obesepeoplewithbrainhyperactivity.

C.thosewhocan'tcontroltheirmouth,lipsandtongue.

D.thosewhomightalsobeaddictedtogambling.

4、

Pauluscouldaccuratelypredicttherelapsersbecause

A.thepartoftheirbraincontrollingcognitiveskillsislessactive.

B.afour-weekintensiverehabilitationprogramisnoteffectiveenough.

C.hehasthedevicessophisticatedenoughtoscananybraindamage.

D.somethinginnatetotheirbrainspromptthemtousedrugs.

5、

Wecaninferfromthepassagethatwemaycureaddictionby

A.scanningOfbrainasoftenaspossible.

B.consciouslypracticingcognitiveskills.

C.goingthroughintensiverehabilitationprograms.

D.makingtheneurotransmitterlesssensitive.

6、Goodlooks,thevideo-gamesindustryisdiscovering,willgetyouonlysofar.Thegraphicsonamoderngamemayfaroutstripthepixellatedblobsofthe1980s,butthereismoretoagoodgamethaneyecandy.Photo-realisticgraphicsmakethelackofauthenticityofotheraspectsofgameplaymoreapparent.Itisnotenoughforgamecharacterstolookbetter—theirbehavior.mustalsobemoresophisticated,sayresearchersworkingattheinterfacebetweengamingandartificialintelligence(AI).

Today'sgamesmaylookbetter,butthegameplayis"basicallythesame"asitwasafewyearsago,saysMichaelMateas,thefounderoftheExperimentalGameLabattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.AI,hesuggests,offersan"untappedfrontier"ofnewpossibilities."Wearetoppingoutonthegraphics,sowhat'sgoingtobethenextthingthatimprovesgameplay?"asksJohnLaird,directoroftheA1labattheUniversityofMichigan.ImprovedAlisabigpartoftheanswer,hesays.Thoseintheindustryagree.Thehigh-definitiongraphicspossibleonnext-generationgamesconsoles,suchasMicrosoft'sXbox360,areraisingexpectatiousacrosstheboard,saysNeffYoungofElectronicArts,theworld'sbiggestgamespublisher."Youhavetohavehigh-resolutionmodels,whichrequireshigh-resolutionanimation",hesays",sonowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehavior".

RepresentativesfromindustryandacademiawillconvergeinMarinadelRey,California,laterthismonthforthesecondannualArtificialIntelligenceandInteractiveDigitalEntertainment(AIIDE)conference.Theaim,saysDr.Laird,whowillchairtheevent,istoIncreasethetrafficofpeopleandideasbetweenthetwospheres."GameshavebeenveryimportanttoAIthroughtheyears",henotes.AlanTuring,oneofthepioneersofcomputinginthe1940s,wroteasimplechess-playingprogrambeforetherewereanycomputerstoruniton;healsoproposedtheTuringtest,aquestion-and-answergamethatisayardstickformachineintelligence.Evenso,AIresearchandvideogamesexistedinseparateworldsuntilrecently.TheAltechniquesusedingameswereverysimplisticfromanacademicperspective,saysDr.Mateas,whileAlresearcherswere,inturn,cluelessaboutmoderngames.But,hesays,"bothsidesarelearning,andarenowmuchcloser".

Consider,forexample,thesoftwarethatcontrolsanenemyinafirst-personshooter(FPS)—agameinwhichtheplayerviewstheworldalongthebarrelofagun.Thebehavior.ofenemiesusedtobepre-scripted:waituntiltheplayerisnearby,popupfrombehindabox,fireweapon,andthenrollandhidebehindanotherbox,forexample.Butsomegamesnowusefarmoreadvanced"planningsystems"importedfromacademia."Insteadofscriptsandhand-codedbehavior,theAImonstersinanFPScanreasonfromfirstprinciples",saysDr.Mateas.Theycan,forexample,workoutwhethertheplayercanseethemornot,seekoutcoverwheninjured,andsoon."Ratherthanjustmovingbetweenpredefinedspots,thecharactersinawargamecandynamicallyshift,dependingonwhat'shappening",saysFionaSperryofElectronicArts.

Iftheindustryisborrowingideasfromacademia,theoppositeisalsotrue.Commercialgamessuchas"UnrealTournament",whichcanbeeasilymodifiedorscripted,arebeingadoptedasresearchtoolsinuniversities,saysDr.Laird.Suchtoolsprovideflexibleenvironmentsforexperiments,andalsomeanthatstudentsendupwithtransferableskills.

Butthegreatestpotentialliesincombiningresearchwithgamedevelopment,arguesDr.Mateas."Onlybywrestlingwithrealcontentarethetechnicalproblemsrevealed,andonlybywrestlingwithtechnologydoesitgiveyouinsightintowhatnewkindsofcontentarepossible,"hesays.

Accordingtothepassage,goodvideo-gamesusedtobejudgedintermsof

A.howsophisticatedthebehaviorsofthecharactersare.

B.howgood-lookingthecharactersseemtobe.

C.howsophisticatedtheartificialintelligenceis.

D.howmuchauthenticityisdisplayedinthecharacters.

7、

Thelastsentence"sonowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehavior"inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans

A.thegameplayshouldbeimprovedinthefuture.

B.thebehavior.ofgame-designersshouldberefined.

C.thedefinitionofcharactersingamesshouldbemoreaccurate.

D.theexpectationsofgameplayerswillberaisedacrosstheboard.

8、

ThemainpurposeoftheAIIDEconferenceisto

A.increasecommunicationbetweentheeasternandwesternspheres.

B.garanteethetrafficofthegameplayersandtheinnovationofideas.

C.cooperatetomakemoremoneyfromthecomputergameindustry.

D.tapthecommercialandacademicuseofA1throughfurthercommunication.

9、

TheexampleofFPSisusedinthepassageto

A.showhowsoftwarecontrolsanenemybehavior.inashootergame.

B.showbowadvancedtechnologycanhelpimprovethequalityofgames.

C.stresstheimportanceoffirstprinciplesindesigningexcellentgames.

D.pointoutthatthecharactersinawargameshouldshiftdynamically.

10、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Commercialgamescanbeeasilyadoptedasresearchtoolsincolleges.

B.Collegestudentscanalsobenefitbyplayinghigh-resolutiongames.

C.Furthercommunicationbetweenthetwocirclesmayresultinmutualbenefit.

D.Wrestingwithrealcontentandtechnologywillprovidemoresolutions.

11、Halfwaythrough"TheRebelSell",theauthorspausetomakefunof"free-range"chicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslife,confinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.But"afree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearthworm":givenachoice,chickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcomerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%of"free-range"chickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem.

ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeath,whoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofToronto,andAndrewPotter,ajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontreal,findfaultwithwell-meaningbut,intheirview,ultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.Mr.HeathandMr.Potterarguethat"thecounterculture",inallitsattemptstobesubversive,hasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarket,andthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.Intheprocess,theycoverMarx,Freud,theexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgram,thefilms"Pleasantville","TheMatrix"and"AmericanBeauty",15th-centurytablemanners,NormanMailer,theUnabomber,real-estatepricesincentralToronto(morethanonce),thevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld'sfunniestjoke.

Whyrangesowidely?Theauthors'beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmaller,potentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersof"sellingout".Insteadofencouragingusefulactivities,suchaspushingfornewlegislation,would-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructured,pointlessdemonstrationsagainst"globalization",orbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechicken,whichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.Twoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrands,NaomiKlein("NoLogo")andAlissaQuart("Branded"),comeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions.

Anticipatingcriticism,perhaps,MessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutions,suchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniforms(tokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes).Increasingconsumption,theyarguethroughout,isnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompanies,butarisesasaresultofacultural"armsrace":eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors',Imposingsomerestrictions,suchasashorterworkingweek,mightnotstopthearmsrace,butitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.(Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure).

Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestions,theauthorswanttocriticizeeveryaspectofthecounterculture,fromitsdisdainforhomogenization,franchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresult,thebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchfor"cool"couldhavebeencut.Moreover,theauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathizewith—theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchases,whereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswhole,asitwere.

Still,itwouldbeashameifthebook'sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarIIcritiquesofmodernsociety,"TheRebelSell"isalivelyread,withenoughhumortokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleast,itputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken.

Thejokeabout"f

A.introducethetopicofanti-consumerism.

B.drawacomparisonbetweenchickenandearthworm.

C.stressthefactthatchickensdon'tactuallywantmuchspace.

D.pointoutthatchickens,likehuman,shouldhaveachoice.

12、

Mr.HeathandMr.Potterseemtobelievethatcounterculture

A.hasverystrongsubversivepowersinmodernsociety.

B.isoriginatedbyamagazinecalled"MotherJones".

C.willpossiblyleadtofurtherexpansionofconsumerism.

D.caneventuallyendupfeedingmonstroussocialproblems.

13、

Theword"eschew"(paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto

A.organize.

B.favor.

C.shun.

D.encourage.

14、

AccordingtoMr.HeathandMr.Potter,consumerismcanbetracedbackto

A.theimpositionofoverbearingcompanies.

B.theverynatureofarmsrace.

C.theignoranceofsomestupidworkers.

D.thedesiretokeepupwiththeJones.

15、

Thepassageisobviouslytakenfroma

A.reader'sdigest,

B.bookreview.

C.criticalmagazine.

D.textbook.

16、Withaseriesofwell-timeddeals,private-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmediamanagerscausetobeenvious,TheWarnerMusictransaction,inwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthreeprivate-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2022,isalreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelytodrawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikelytogetbigger:individualprivateequityfundsaregrowing—a$10billionfundislikelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrange,especiallyffprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogether,

Someprivate-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassets,butmostlyreliable,relativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Now,someofthemareplacingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebits,suchasmusicandmovies.Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthattheadvertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards.

Onereasonwhyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotofmoneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.Butprivate-equity'sbuyingspree(狂购乱买)revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessinparticular.Mediaconglomerates(联合公司)lacktheconfidencetomakebigacquisitions,afterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTimeWarner,forinstance,whichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000,wantedtobuyMGM,amoviestudio,buttheboard(itissaid)weretoonervous.Instead,private-equityfirmscombinedwithSony,aconsumer-electronicsgiant,tobuyMGMlatelastyear.

Private-equity'sinterestalsoreflectsthefactthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradioisnowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesofestablishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998—2022,excludingtheinternet,wasjust3.4%,saysVeronisSuhlerStevenson,aninvestmentbank.Private-equityputsahighervalueonlow-growth,highcash-flowassetsthanthepublicstockmarket,saysJonathanNelson,founderofProvidenceEquityPartners,amedia-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennowbringtothemediabusiness,theyliketothink,isfinancialdisciplineplusanenthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-style.mediamanagers,claimthenewcomers,arestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheirindustry.

Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethat,sofar,private-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheirentertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostoftheir$2.6billionfromthefarmbycuttingcosts,issuingdebtandmakingspecialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyear,itsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunchaninitialpublicoffering,whichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillionsmore.

Thebesttitleforthetextmightbe

A.Private-EquityandtheMediaIndustry.

B.Private-EquityandTraditionalMediaManagers.

C.Private-Equity'sRoleinEconomicDevelopment.

D.Private-EquityHasMuchProfittoMake.

17、

Traditionalmediamanagersmightbeenviousbecause

A.WarnerMusicwasacquiredbyprivate-equityfirmsataverylowprice.

B.private-equityfirmsseemtobebenefitingalotfromrecentacquisitions.

C.moreandmoreprivate-equityfirmsareenteringthemediaindustry.

D.eventhebiggestmediafirmscouldbeacquiredbyprivate-equityfirms.

18、

Theword"volatile"(paragraph2)mostprobablymeans

A.changeable.

B.stable.

C.versatile.

D.expensive.

19、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

A.private-equitypaysmoreattentiontofastgrowingindustries.

B.newcomersdenythefactthattechnologyisvitaltomediaindustry.

C.traditionalmediamanagersoftendenytheimportanceoftechnology.

D.thepublicstockmarketaccentuatesbusinesswithmorecashflow.

20、

ThecaseoftheexecutivesatTimeWarnerwascitedtoshowthat

A.itwasabigdisasterforthemtohavemergedwithAOLin2000.

B.theboardofTimeWarnerwasnotqualifiedtoleadthecompany.

C.MGMwouldgiveitsbuyerasharpercompetitiveedge.

D.leadingmediacompanieswere"oncebitten,twiceshy".

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutthedevelopmentofmaritimelaws.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistforeachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.

A.FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational

B.Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes

C.Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary?

D.Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates.

E.Incompatibletimescale

F.Thesalvageconvention

AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternational(CMI)isanon-governmentalinternationalorganization,theobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897.

(41)______.

InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860,theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswinds,itsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime".Inotherwords,thoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwill,byandlarge,bethesame.Traditionally,uniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments.

(42)______.

Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.Ifthatisthepropercriterionofsuccess,onecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember23,1910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslater,onMarch1,1913.

(43)______.

Almostassuccessful,innumericalterms,isaconventionofsimilarvintage,namelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch1,1913.weare,quiteproperly,startingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconvention,ascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989,designedtoreplacethe1910Convention,didnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996,morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention.

(44)______.

ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924,butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupported,andeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957Convention,thetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestates,thoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConvention,thatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirty-sevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitation,namelythe1996Protocol,hasnotyetcomeintoforce,despitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatWhichthetextofthewasagreed.

(45)______.

Byalmostanystandardofmeasurement,themostsuccess