毕业论文-材料成型课程设计冷轧板带钢生产工艺流程

目录TOC\o"1-3"\u1冷轧综述 2 2 42工艺及规格 5 5 63轧制规程制定 7 7 8 134设备校核 14 14 16 17 19 20 215结束语 23参考文献 231冷轧综述冷轧是金属在再结晶温度以下的轧制过程。冷轧时金属不会发生再结晶，但会发生加工硬化现象。加工硬化是金属在轧制过程中强度、硬度增加，而韧性、塑性下降的现象。冷轧工艺特点：（1）加工温度低，钢在轧制过程中产生加工硬化：1）变形抗力增大，使轧制力加大。2）塑性降低，易发生脆裂。（2）冷轧中采用工艺冷却与润滑（工艺冷润）：1）工艺冷却：冷轧过程中的变形热和摩擦热使轧件和轧辊温度升高，须采用有效的人工冷却。2）工艺润滑：工艺润滑的作用：①减少金属的变形抗力（实现大压下和轧制更薄板材）；②冷却轧辊；③防止粘辊。天然油脂（动、植物油脂）润滑效果优于矿物油。常用冷润液-乳化液:通过乳化剂的作用把少量的油剂和大量的水混合起来，制成乳状的冷润液。乳化液的冷却能力介于水和油之间，一般为水的40~80%，随着乳化液浓度的增加，其冷却能力下降。（3）冷轧中采用张力轧制：张力轧制—轧件在轧辊中的辗轧变形是在有一定的前张力和后张力作用下实现的。张力的作用：①防止带钢在轧制过程中跑偏（保证正确对中轧制）；②使所轧带钢保持平直（包括在轧制过程中保持板形平直以及轧后板形良好）；③降低轧件的变形抗力，便于轧制更薄的产品；④起适当调整冷轧机主电机负荷的作用。冷轧带钢的优势:1）可生产厚度更小的薄板。2）带材沿宽度和长度方向能获得均匀的厚度，板形更好。3）冷轧时采用的轧辊表面光洁硬度大，可得到表面质量好，表面光洁的产品。冷轧是金属在再结晶温度以下的轧制过程。冷轧时金属不会发生再结晶，但会发生加工硬化现象。4）带材经冷轧后，进行不同的热处理，可以得到不同机械性能的产品。冷轧产品主要有超低碳、超深冲IF钢系列、链条用钢系列、低碳低硅冷板系列、搪瓷钢系列、自行车用钢系列、烘烤硬化钢系列、含磷钢系列、客车车厢用钢板系列、家用电器钢板系列、低合金钢系列等。产品主要用于建筑、桥梁、机车车辆、汽车、压力容器、锅炉、电器等。随着经济发展，冷轧钢板已被称为现代社会必须的材料。2工艺及规格原料（热轧板卷）酸洗冷轧原料（热轧板卷）酸洗冷轧电解清洗退火平整退火平整脱碳退火成品退火横剪纵剪检查重卷横剪镀锡板普通深冲板拉伸热平整电工硅钢板连续镀锌锌瓦垄机组横剪涂层机镀锌板涂层板酸洗热带钢淬火、碱、酸洗检查、清洗淬火、碱、酸洗平整剪切矫直抛光不锈钢板连续镀锡图2-1冷轧板带钢工艺流程根据鞍钢冷轧一号线1700连轧机组进行设计。1、采用四辊轧机五机架连轧（1）工作辊直径：（520～600）mm，选600mm；（2）支承辊直径：（1400～1526）mm,选1500mm。2、成品尺寸：1.6mm*1450mm3、原料规格：（1）选取钢种：B280/440DPCMnPSAtlTi屈服强度MPa抗拉强度MPa≦0.15%≦1.8%≦0.035%≦0.03%≧0.02%≦0.5%280～420≦440表1-1原料成分及性能（2）根据经验资料，选取原料尺寸为4.0mm*1450mm的热轧板卷。3轧制规程制定根据经验采用分配压下系数表3-1，令轧制中的总压下量为∑Δh，各道的压下量为：式中：bi－压下分配系数。表3-1各种冷连轧机压下分配系数机架数压下分配系数bi道次（机架）号123451————————2——————3————40.1——5根据表中的bi计算出各道次压下量为：△h1=0.72△h2=0.6△h3=0.6△h4=0.36△h5在确定各架压下分配系数，亦确定各架压下量或轧后厚度的同时，还需根据经验分析选定各机架之间的单位张力。），初步制定压下量及前、后张力如表3-2所示：表3-2产品压下量及前、后张力道次前张力后张力180352908039590410095550100各机架摩擦系数的选取：因第一道次要保证顺利咬入，不喷油，本设计采用M.D.Stone公式计算平均单位压力：上式中：；；——考虑轧辊弹性压扁的变形区长度；——平面变形抗力，；——前后张力平均值；()计算步骤如下：(1)确定变形抗力由于在变形区内各断面处变形程度不等，因此，通常根据加工硬化曲线取本道次平均总压下率所对应的变形抗力值。平均总压下率按下式计算：=式中：——本道次轧前的预变形量；——本道次轧后的总变形量；——冷轧前轧件的厚度；——本道次轧前轧件的厚度；——本道次轧后轧件的厚度。图3-1B280/440DP钢种加工硬化曲线1-纵向；2-横向根据B280/440DP典型产品的含碳量，由加工硬化曲线查出对应于的值，然后计算平面变形抗力：。由求出平均单位张力，则可得到的值。(2)求的值的值根据轧辊压扁时平均单位压力图解（斯通图解法）得到。先根据具体轧制条件计算出参数和的值：式中：——摩擦系数,用棕榈油乳化液润滑f=0.06～0.08；——接触弧长，，—工作辊半径。式中：——泊松比，取0.25；E——弹性模量，取E=210GPa，代入计算得：图3-2确定f/之图表然后在斯通图解中尺和尺上分别找出对应其值的两点，连成一条直线，此直线与S形曲线的交点即为的值。根据值查表便可得的值。(3)求平均单位压力及总压力将的值和的值代入即可算出平均单位压力。总压力为：式中：——由计算得到；——轧件宽度， B=1450mm对各道次依次按上述步骤进行计算，计算结果如表3-2所示。表3-3各道次计算结果道次/%/%/%/MPa/MPa/MPa/mm/mm1018360356218332748085467333484259559144857536656675576059690757196道次/mm/MPa/KN14068981255412720372817224483015455512504根据经验值，轧件由末架轧机轧制完成后的出口速度一般为19～25,选取末架轧机轧件的出口速度为20，根据秒流量体积条件：求出轧件在各架轧机的出口速度。利用前滑值计算轧辊的转速：计算步骤如下：（1）先计算出咬入角：（2）利用咬入角计算出中性角：（3）通过中性角求出前滑值：（4）计算轧辊线速度：（5）计算轧辊转速：*60对各道次依次按上述步骤进行计算，计算结果如表3-3所示：表3-4各机架计算结果机架号12345204设备校核轧辊直接承受轧制力和转动轧辊的传动力矩，属于消耗性零件，就轧机整体而言，轧辊安全系数最小，轧辊强度往往决定整个轧机负荷能力，因此，要对轧辊进行校核。表4-1轧辊材质及许用应力值材质许用应力/MPa许用接触应力/MPa许用剪切应力/MPa许用接触剪应力/MPa合金锻钢240240073730轧辊各部分尺寸分别为：工作辊：辊身直径=600mm，辊身长度=1700mm；工作辊辊颈直径：；工作辊辊颈长度：；工作辊压下螺丝间的中心距：mm；支撑辊：辊身直径=1500mm，辊身长度=1700mm；支撑辊辊颈直径:；支撑辊辊颈长度：；支撑辊压下螺丝间的中心距：=2443mm。辊头均采用扁头万向接轴辊头,电机功率N=5500KW表4-2五机架连轧机各机架数据机架号轧制压力P/KN转速n/电机功率/KW张力差/MPa189811550045212720155001031722415500541545515500551250415500-50由上表可看出，第三架轧机的总压力最大，所以以第三架轧机为例进行校核：四辊轧机支撑辊与工作辊承受的弯矩之比等于直径比的四次方，其弯曲力的分配也和弯矩一样，即·m图4-1支撑辊弯矩图(1)辊身中央处承受最大弯矩：辊身中央处产生的最大弯曲应力＜=240MPa因此，支承辊的辊身强度满足要求。(2)支撑辊辊颈强度校核辊颈的危险断面在辊颈与辊身接触处，该处弯矩为:所以支承辊辊颈强度满足要求。（1）工作辊辊身强度校核图4-2工作辊弯矩图工作辊辊身中心处承受的垂直弯矩为（2）工作辊辊头强度校核利用前滑值计算轧辊的转速DA图4-3工作辊辊头图因此，工作辊辊头强度满足要求。(3)工作辊辊颈强度校核因此，工作辊辊颈强度满足要求。工作辊与支撑辊表面接触产生接触应力，它将影响轧辊的轧制寿命，应加以校核。计算接触应力使用赫兹公式：式中：——接触表面单位长度上的负荷；——相互接触两个轧辊的半径；——与轧辊材料有关的系数，已知mm，mm，E=200GPa轧辊材料相同，=0.3，得到：所以，轧辊满足强度要求。根据以上结果，轧辊各部分均满足强度要求。轧机要能够顺利进行轧制，必须保证咬入符合轧制规律，所以要对咬入条件进行校核。式中：——工作辊直径；——轧件的压下量；——咬入角；——摩擦角。原料在第一架轧机咬入比较困难，所以对第一架进行咬入能力的校核。校核如下：已知，，，所以：而，得到：由于，因此，第一架轧机可以实现带钢顺利咬入。以第三架为例进行校核：传动力矩计算：（1）轧制力矩式中：——轧辊与金属轧件的接触弧长；——力臂系数，冷轧时取：0.2～0.4；——工作辊轧制力；（2）摩擦力矩轧辊轴承中的附加摩擦力矩：式中：——轧辊辊颈直径；——轧辊轴承摩擦系数，，取0.05；传动机构中的摩擦力矩：式中：——轧辊与电机间的传动比，取1.7856；——传动机构粘性系数0.97；换算到主电机轴上的附加摩擦力矩为：（3）空转力矩式中：——电机额定转矩，因此传动力矩为：所以第三架电机功率满足要求。因此其它各机架电机功率也均满足要求。5结束语首先，感谢王斌斌老师在三周的专业课程设计中对我们的细心指导和教育，使我学习到了很多关于冷轧板带钢实际生产的知识，解决了许多平时积累没有及时解决的问题。在课程设计过程中，我通过查阅很多书本和网上资料，并经常与同学探讨所遇到的问题，把课堂上所学到的理论知识与实际的设计工作相结合，使得这些知识得到了巩固加深，而且提高了我的自学能力和团队协作能力。通过此次课程设计，我也发现了自身的许多不足，不仅在本专业还有很多知识要学习，还要努力学习其他相关专业的知识。要善于发现问题，并善于查阅资料，勤于思考，团结合作，最终解决问题。参考文献[3]王平主编金属塑性成形力学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2006.8.

请删除以下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！Thereisalsoevidenceofahigherproportionofperinatalcomplications(complicationsarisingaroundthetimeofgivingbirth)amongchildrenwithautisticsymptoms.Thesecomplicationsincludematernalbleedingafterthefirsttrimesterandmeconiumintheamnioticfluid.(Meconiumisasubstancethataccumulatesinthebowelofthedevelopingfetusandisdischargedshortlyafterbirth.)Someevidencesuggeststhattheuseofmedicationsduringpregnancymayberelatedtothedevelopmentofautisticsymptoms.Asnewborns,childrenwithautisticbehaviorsshowahigherrateofrespiratoryillnessandanemiathanhealthychildren.ALLERGIES,INFECTIONS,ANDIMMUNIZATIONS.Someprofessionalsbelievethatautisticdisordersmaybecausedbyallergiestoparticularfungi,viralinfections,andvariousfoods.Nocontrolledstudieshavesupportedthesebeliefs,butsomeparentsandprofessionalsreportimprovementwhenallergensand/orcertainfoodsareeliminatedfromthediet.Viralinfectionsofthemother,suchasrubella,oroftheyoungchild,suchasencephalitis,mumps,andmeasles,occasionallyappeartocauseautisticdisorders.Theissueisnothowhazardousboxingisbutwhetherthehazardsareacceptable.Theterm"autism"referstoaclusterofconditionsappearingearlyinchildhood.Allinvolvesevereimpairmentsinsocialinteraction,communication,imaginativeabilities,andrigid,repetitivebehaviors.Tobeconsideredanautisticdisorder,someoftheseimpairmentsmustbemanifestbeforetheageofthree.ThereferencebookusedbymentalhealthprofessionalstodiagnosementaldisordersistheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders,alsoknownastheDSM.The2000editionofthisreferencebook(theFourthEditionTextRevisionknownasDSM-IV-TR)placesautisminacategorycalledpervasivedevelopmentaldisorders.Allofthesedisordersarecharacterizedbyongoingproblemswithmutualsocialinteractionandcommunication,orthepresenceofstrange,repetitivebehaviors,interests,andactivities.Peoplediagnosedwiththesedisordersareaffectedinmanywaysfortheirentirelives.DescriptionEachchilddiagnosedwithanautisticdisorderdiffersfromeveryother,andsogeneraldescriptionsofautisticbehaviorandcharacteristicsdonotapplyequallytoeverychild.Still,thecommonimpairmentsinsocialinteraction,communicationandimagination,andrigid,repetitivebehaviorsmakeitpossibletorecognizechildrenwiththesedisorders,astheydiffermarkedlyfromhealthychildreninmanyways.Manyparentsofautisticchildrensensethatsomethingisnotquiterightevenwhentheirchildrenareinfants.Theinfantsmayhavefeedingproblems,dislikebeingchangedorbathed,orfussoveranychangeinroutine.Theymayholdtheirbodiesrigid,makingitdifficultforparentstocuddlethem.Or,theymayfailtoanticipatebeinglifted,lyingpassivelywhiletheparentreachesforthem,ratherthanholdingtheirarmsupinreturn.Mostparentsofautisticchildrenbecomeawareofthestrangenessoftheseandotherbehaviorsonlygradually.Imaginetoothestateofeventhewinner'shands,protectedonlybyhavingbeensoakedinbrine.Withtheircombinationofboxingandwrestlingmoves,earlycontestswereliterally‘noholdsbarred’;grappling,punching,tripping,andthrowingallbeingusedtoflooranopponent.Thewidely-adoptedBroughton'sRulesof1743eradicatedsomeofthebarbarismbyoutlawingthehittingofamanwhenhewasdown,andtheseizingofhairorthebodybelowthewaist,buttheystillpermittedbutting.Yetitwasnotthebrutalityoftheprize-ringwhichbroughtitsdemise,butthecorruptionwithwhichitbecameassociated.TherevivalofthesportasboxinginlateVictorianBritainsawseveralchangesdesignedtorenderitmorecivilized.Althoughsomeoftheoldpracticescontinuedforawhile—eventhefamousQueensburyRulesinitiallyallowedendurancecontests—bytheturnofthecenturythegeneralpicturewasoneofboxingingloves,limited-timerounds,pointsdecisionsafterafixednumberofroundshadelapsed,andweightdivisions,thoughthelatterhaveaccentuatedproblemsofdehydrationasfightersstruggleto‘maketheweight’.Formuchofthetwentiethcenturythehistoryofboxinghasbeenoneofcrumblingresistancetochangesintendedtoprotectfurtherthebrainsandbodiesofparticipants.Between1984and1993eightboxershaddiedsoonafterfightsintheUK;bantamweightBradleyStonewasaddedtothelistin1994.Followingareportfromamedicalworkingparty,whichincludedneurosurgeons,theBritishBoxingBoardofControlsubsequentlyintroducedmandatoryannualmagneticresonanceimagingscansforallboxerstoreplacethelesssophisticatedcomputerizedtomographywhichhadbeencompulsoryonlyforthosefightingeightroundsormore.Additionally,anyboxerknockedoutmustwait45days(previously28)beforeheagainenterstheringcompetitively,andhemustalsohaveahospitalcheck.Ringsidedoctorsmayadviserefereesonafighter'sconditionbetweenroundsandmayrecommendthatthecontestbestopped.Doctorsalsoexamineeachboxerattheconclusionoffightsandparamedicteamsmustbeonhandatallboxingbills.Themedicalprofessioninseveralcountrieshasincreasinglyadoptedananti-boxingstance,citingirreversiblebraindamageasitsmajorobjectiontothesport.Thisisakeypointfor,inabsolutetermsofdeathsandseriousinjuries,othersportssuchashorseracing,mountaineering,rugby,andevencricketappearmoredangerous,butinnoneofthemisdeliberateandrepeatedstrikingofanopponentpartoftherulesofthegame.Incontrastaboxerhasalicenceforphysicalassault.Theevidenceisclearthatrepeatedpummellingtotheheadcancausecumulativedamagetothebrain:heretimeisnogreathealer.Occasionally,acutebraininjurycanoccurduringafight.Thegreatestdangercomestowardstheendwhenatiredmanwithalooseneckhashisheadflippedbackrapidlybyapunch.Thiscantearaveinoutsideorinsidethebrain,whichthenleaksblood,causingpressureonthebrainandeventuallyleadingtoacoma.Onlyiftheclotisremovedrapidlycanthefightersurvive.Fightersnowtrainharder;theirbod-iesarefitter—buttheirbrainsarenomoreresilientthaninthepast.Somenations,notablySweden,havealreadybannedboxingonmedicalgrounds.SofartheBritishgovernmenthasbeenreluctanttofollowtheSwedishleadandsince1981fiveprivatemembers'anti-boxingBillsproposedinparliamenthavefailedtoreachthestatutebooks.Mostschools,bothstateandpublic,however,havedroppedboxingfromtheirphysicaleducationcurriculum.Yetitshouldbenotedthatamateurboxingisexceptionallywellregulated:notmorethanfourroundsarefought,headguardsareworn,andtherefereeisallowedtostopafighttopreventseriousinjury.However,headguards,whilstabsorbingenergyfrompunches,presentanevenlargertargettobehitandthusthenumberofblowsstrikinghomemaywellincrease.Indeed,studieshaveshownthatnon-boxingsportsmenoutperformevenamateurfightersinneurologicaltestsand,notwithstandingthesafetyprecautions,threeamateurfightershavesufferedseriousbraininjuryinBritishringssince1988.Forcenturiesboxinghasbeentheepitomeofovertmasculinity,ademonstrationofmanlinessanditsembodyingcharacteristicsofcourage,tolerationofpain,andself-discipline.Womenweremerelyornamentsdisplayingtheroundcards.Thiscontinues,butwomenhavesuccessfullydemandedequalrightsinthering.InBritain,girlsfromtheageof10arenowallowedtosparinamateurboxinggyms,andrecentlyprofessionalism,too,hasbeenrecognizedforwomen—significantlylaterthanitsacceptanceintheUSwherefightsforwomenhaveappearedontheundercardofworldchampionshipevents.Themoraldilemmaofboxingisthatitprovidesanhonestopportunitytoescapepoverty,butitalsomeansforsomealegalbeatingandforallthethreatofpermanentdamage.Hittingbelowthebeltisoutlawedtoprotectthegenitals,butsurelythebraindeservesevenmoreprotection,byreducingtheconcussivepoweroftheboxingglove,developingsaferheadgear,excludingtheheadasatarget—orbybanningthesportaltogether.Impairmentsinsocialinteractionareusuallyamongtheearliestsymptomstodevelop.Themostcommonsocialimpairmentisakindofindifferencetootherpeople,oraloofness,eventowardsparentsandclosecare-givers.Thebabymayfailtorespondtohisorhernamebeingcalledandmayshowverylittlefacialexpressionunlessextremelyangry,upset,orhappy.Babieswithautismmayresistbeingtouched,andappeartobelostintheirownworld,farfromhumaninteraction.Betweensevenand10monthsofage,mostinfantsoftenresistbeingseparatedfromaparentorwell-knowncaregiver,buttheseinfantsmayshownodisturbancewhenpickedupbyastranger.Otherchildrenwithautismmaybeverypassive,althoughlessresistanttoeffortsbyotherstointeract.However,theydonotinitiatesocialinteractionthemselves.Stillothersmayattempttoengagewithadultsandpeers,butinwaysthatstrikeothersasinappropriate,orodd.Inadolescenceandadulthood,someofthehigher-functioningindividualswithautisticdisordersmayappearoverlyformalandpolite.Theymayreactwithlittlespontaneity,asifsocialinteractiondoesn'tcomenaturallyoreasilytothem,andsotheyaretryingtofollowapre-determinedsetofrules.Someindividualswithautismhavenormalintelligence,andmanyhavespecialtalentsinareassuchasmusicormemory.However,individualswithautismmayhaveothermentaloremotionalproblemsthatco-existwiththeirautism.Someoftheseotherdisordersmayincludeimpulsecontroldisorders,obsessive-compulsivedisorder,moodandanxietydisorders,andmentalretardation.PSYCHOLOGICALANDFAMILYFACTORS.AlthoughHenryMaudsley,inthelate1800s,wasthefirstpsychiatristtofocusonveryyoungchildrenwithmentaldisorders,itwasthepsychiatristLeoKannerwhocoinedthephrase"earlyinfantileautism"in1943.Kannerbelievedthattheparentsofchildrenwithautisticbehaviorswereemotionallycoldandintellectuallydistant.Hecoinedtheterm"refrigeratorparents"todescribethem.Hisbeliefthatparentalpersonalityandbehaviorplayedapowerfulroleinthedevelopmentofautisticbehaviorsleftadevastatinglegacyofguiltandself-blameamongparentsofautisticchildrenthatcontinuestothisday.Recentstudiesareunequivocal,however,indemonstratingthatparentsofautisticchildrenarenodifferentfromparentsofhealthychildrenintheirpersonalitiesorparentingbehaviors.Infact,manyfamilieswithanautisticchildalsohaveoneormoreperfectlyhealthychildren.Becauseautisticchildrencanbeextremelysensitivetochange,anychangewithinthefamilysituationcanbepotentiallytraumatictotheautisticchild.Amove,divorce,birthofasiblingorotherstressorsthatoccurinthelivesofmostfamiliesmayevokeamoreextremereactionfromanautisticchild.Whilethereisnosingleneurologicalabnormalityfoundinchildrenwithautisticdisorders,someresearchusingnon-invasivebrainimagingtechniquessuchasmagne