2023学年完整公开课版前沿技术Theuseofstableisotopesinfoodverification

TheuseofstableisotopesinfoodverificationBThornton,C-ACraig,HStephenson,RWendler,CShand&AMidwoodAberdeenDundeeTheJamesHuttonInstitute.

TheuseofstableisotopesinfoodverificationFoodprovenanceWheredoesitcomefrom?Hasitbeenadulterated?Howwasitproduced?FoodqualityFoodproductionProvenance:Whydopeoplewanttoknowwheretheirfood/drinkhascomefrom?Reputation/trust: a)Globalbrands:i.e.Champagne

c)Non-localfood:peopletrustnon-localfoodfromaspecifiedareab)Localfood:peopletrustfoodfromtheirownareaProvenance:Whydopeoplewanttoknowwheretheirfood/drinkhascomefrom?Suspicion: a)Foodscandals:Itmaybeallpeoplewantistoknowitisnotfrom acertainplaceExamples:TheUSAallowstheuseofsyntheticversionsofgrowthhormonesinbeefandpork.BannedintheEU30yearsafterChernobylsomeberriesandmushroomsstillfaceEUbansfromcertaincountriesHepatitisAoutbreakin2008inEuropelinkedtoshellfishfromPeruWhich,July2016Provenance:Whydopeoplewanttoknowwheretheirfood/drinkhascomefrom?Ethics: a)Desiretosupportparticular(local)economy

b)Desiretoprotecttheenvironment(minimisefoodmiles)FoodProvenanceIrrespectiveoftheirreason:Peoplearepreparedtopayapremiumforthereputationandtrust(whereandhowproduced)oftheirfoodSomemanufacturersarepreparedtocheattoobtainthepremiumpaymentforfoodwhichshouldnothaveitManufacturersofgenuinefoodandorgovernmentbodiesarepreparedtopayto“police”thesystemProvenance:isthereaproblem?TheSundayTimes25/8/131,700tons(NZ)10,000tons(global)ManukahoneyProductionConsumptionProvenanceoffoodusingstableisotopesTwomainassumptions:1)Stableisotopesignaturesintheenvironment(soil/water)differspatiallyatregionalorglobalscales

2)Thosesignaturesaretransferredfromtheenvironmentintothefoodδ18Oinwaterandwhiskycorrelateδ15NintopsoilofScotlandMeier-Augenstein,W.,Kemp,H.F.&Hardie,S.M.L.2012,FoodChemistry

133,1070-1074IsotopescommonlyusedinfoodprovenanceIsotoperatioFractionationInformation2H/1HEvaporation,condensation,precipitationGeographical(latitudedependant)18O/16OEvaporation,condensation,precipitationGeographical(latitudedependant)13C/12CC3andC4plantsDiet(geographicalproxy)15N/14NTrophiclevel,agriculturalpracticeDiet(geographicalproxy)34S/32SBacterialGeographical(marine)87Sr/86SrAgeofrockandRb/SrratioUnderlyinggeology(geographical)207Pb/206PbAgeofrockUnderlyinggeology(geographical)Kellyetal.2005TrendsinFoodScience&Technology16:555-567Evansetal.2015ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment537:447-452FactorsaffectingtheabilitytoprovenancefoodNumberofisotopesmeasuredAbilitytodiscriminatefoodsourceareasTheabilitytodiscriminatefoodsourceareasfromeachotherincreasesasthenumberofisotopesmeasuredincreasesBut,severalfactorsaffectthisrelationshipIngeneraltheprinciplesapplytodifferentfoodtypesi.e.Beef,honeyandteaGlobalannualpatternofwaterisotopes(hydrogenandoxygen)inprecipitationCopyright2003-2015byGabrielBowenδ2Hδ18OSimilarglobalpatternsduetosimilarfractionationprocessesaffectingbothScottishriverwater87Sr/86Sr87Sr/86SrofriverwaterInScotlandAgeofunderlyingbedrock245Ma1000MaDifferentfractionationprocessesaffect87Sr/86Srthaneitherδ18Oorδ2HFactorsaffectingtheabilitytoprovenancefoodNumberofisotopesmeasuredAbilitytodiscriminatefoodsourceareasIsotopessharingsimilarfractionationprocessesi.e.oxygenandhydrogenIsotopeswithdifferentfractionationprocessesi.e.oxygenandstrontiumSometimesthismaybeenoughJustδ18Oandδ2HmaybeenoughMeier-Augenstein,W.,Kemp,H.F.&Hardie,S.M.L.2012,FoodChemistry

133,1070-1074FactorsaffectingtheabilitytoprovenancefoodNumberofisotopesmeasuredAbilitytodiscriminatefoodsourceareasIsotopessharingsimilarfractionationprocessesi.e.oxygenandhydrogenIsotopeswithdifferentfractionationprocessesi.e.oxygenandstrontiumAdditionofnon-isotopemulti-elementtechniquessuchasICPorTXRFDeterminingtheprovenanceofScotchwhiskybyTXRFTotalreflectionx-rayfluorescenceDetectsasuiteofelementsResults

Largerscale(global)Smallerscale(national/regional)NumberofisotopesmeasuredAbilitytodiscriminatefoodsourceareasFactorsaffectingtheabilitytoprovenancefoodLiterallyacoupleoffootstepscanchangethegeographicalregionyouareinandthedesignationofthesourceoffoodFactorsaffectingtheabilitytoprovenancefoodNumberofisotopesmeasuredAbilitytodiscriminatefoodsourceareasBulkisotopeanalysisonwholematerial(i.e.Meat)Bulkisotopeanalysisonextractedfractions(i.e.water,lipid,protein)Compoundspecificanalysisonextractedfractions(i.e.asuiteofindividuallipidsoraminoacids)TechniquesCompoundspecificIsotopeanalysisBulkisotopeanalysisEA-IRMS(δ13C,δ15N,δ34S)HT-EA-IRMS(δ18O,δ2H)(orequivalentCavityRing-DownSpectroscopyinstruments)TIMSorMulti-collectorICP-MS(δ87Sr,δ207Pb)GC-C-IRMS(δ13C,δ15N)LC-IRMS(δ13C)SNIF-NMR®

(δ2H)SitespecificNaturalIsotopeFractionationmeasuredbyNuclearMagneticresonanceThingstoconsiderCopyright2003-2015byGabrielBowenJanuaryJulyTheregionofinterestmayshowbothtemporalandspatialdifferencesinisotopevaluesThesedifferencesmaytransfertofood/drinkfromtheregionOxygenisotopesinprecipitation:AsiaTheneedforlibraries/databaseNeedtobuildupadatabaseoftheisotopevaluesofthefoodofinterestfromgenuinesourcesMustcoveralloftheregionMustcoveranyseasonalvariation(severalyears)Mustcoverproductionmethods(organicvconventional)ThingstoconsiderAlotofstudiesare“preliminarytrials”Asthequestionsbecomehardermorecomplexstatisticsandmodellingarerequired

e.g.Whatistheoriginofthisbeefsample?

Oneapproachistodeterminewherethebeefcannotbefromthenalltheareasleftarewhereitmaybefrom.

ThingstoconsiderHeatonetal.(2008)FoodChemistry107:506-515TypeofQuestion:CanIdifferentiatebetweenBrazilianandBritishbeef?IsthisbeeffromananimalrearedinEngland?Whatistheoriginofthisbeefsample?EasierHarderTheisotopesandmulti-elementalsrequiredtoanswerthedifferentquestionsmaydiffer!Schmidtetal.(2005)FoodChemistry91:545-549Heatonetal.(2008)FoodChemistry107:506-515Casestudies:beefδ13Cδ15Nδ13Cδ15NInbothcasesδ13CalonediscriminatesEuropeanbeefwiththatfromNorthandSouthAmericaDuetofoodbeingprimarilybasedonC3(-27‰)plantsinEuropeandC4(-12‰)plantsintheAmericasCasestudies:beefCountryoforigin87Sr/86SrUSA0.709±0.000Canada0.709±0.001Australia0.710±0.001Switzerland0.710±0.001Switzerland0.710±0.001Brazil0.712±0.002Frankeetal.(2008)EurFoodResTechnol226:761-769“The87Sr/86Srratiodidnotrevealanysignificantdifferencesamongoriginsofthebeef.”RegioninBrazil87Sr/86SrBuenosAires0.712±0.002Córdoba0.718±0.020EntreRios0.712±0.004Baronietal.(2011)JAgric.Food.Chem59:11117-11128The87Sr/86SrratiodiscriminatesCórdobafromtheothertworegionsTheadditionofδ13C,δ15NplusRbandCa/SrallowedfulldiscriminationThemeatcompositionwasmorecloselyrelatedtothesoilcompositionandtoalesserextentwatercomposition87Sr/86SrCasestudies:TeaIsotopesusedCommentAuthorsReferenceMulti-elementonlyDifferentiatedAsianandAfricanteasatcountrylevelMoreda-Pineiroetal(2003)JofFoodCompositionandAnalysis16:195-211δ2H,δ13C,δ15Nandmulti-elementDifferentiatedatcountrylevel,δ15NnodiscriminationPilgrim

etal(2010)FoodChemistry118:921-926δ13Candδ15NDifferentiatedsomebutnotallregionswithinChinaZhangetal(2012)ZhejiangUniversityScienceB13:824-830δ13Cand87Sr/86SrDifferentiatedamongdifferentregionswithinIndiaLagadetal(2013)AnalyticalMethods87Sr/86Sr,δ11Bandmulti-elementDifferent