考研精读笔记正式版

Russia ：Abrief①a.Russia ：Abriefb.Theceasefireholdsuneasily,buttensionineastern willstilltroublethe ernmentsinbothKievandMoscow.从标题的“Abriefintermission”和中的“Theceasefireholdsuneasily”可以看出俄乌之间的是短我们就可以推测这篇文章可能会讨论到俄乌关系的复杂性，比如俄罗内和国内的情况分别是怎样的，②THEwarineastern hasquietened,fornow.Itsdisparatefactionshaveasmuchreasontokeepfightingastoputawaytheirguns.第一句里的“fornow”和标题以及中的“brief”和“holdsuneasily”意思一样，都是表达作者透过表象“putawaytheirguns”其实就是的意思，简单，朴素，非常形象，而且避免重复前面用过多次的ceasefire。同样，这里也可以说“holdtheirfireholdtheirfire”比“putawaytheirguns”更能表达出的短暂性，能更好地暗示随时可能一触即发。③FromtheoutsettheKremlinhasbeenadvocatingapermanentceasefire,notfromhumanitarianimpulsesbutbecauseitlikestheideaoffrozen-zonesintheeastof.grounds准，因为人道主义是来自内心，是一种情感，而不是理性考虑。写作中要表达出于某种方面的考虑，就可以说“oneconomical/environmental/educationalgrounds④AnotherLevadapollfoundonly8%willingtojoinsiftheystarted,against21%into，①’s,PetroPoroshenko,doesnotwanttofightanunwinnablewaragainstRussia,whichisthesituationhewouldhavebeeninhadhepressedonwithKiev’s“anti-terroristoperation”intheeast.【解析】本句主分为’sdoesnotwanttofightanunwinnablewaragainstRussia，这是一个主谓宾结构，主语是’s,PetroPoroshenko，其中PetroPoroshenko是’s的同导的非限制性定语从句，修饰anunwinnablewaragainstRussiawhichisthesituation，其后的hewouldhavebeenin是省略that的定语thesituation，最后的hadhepressedonwithKiev’santi-terroristoperationintheeast是虚假条件从句，当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were、should、pressedonwithKiev’s“anti-terroristoperation”intheeast。【译文】如果佩特罗·申科在东部强行推进基辅的“怖主义运动”，那么就会与俄罗斯展开一场毫无胜算的，申科并不想如此。②FromtheoutsettheKremlinhasbeenadvocatingapermanentceasefire,notfromhumanitarianimpulsesbutbecauseitlikestheideaoffrozen-zonesintheeastof.【解析】本句主分为theKremlinhasbeenadvocatingapermanentceasefire，这是一个一个主谓宾结构，主theKremlin，谓语是hasbeenadvocatingapermanentceasefireFromtheoutset是时间状语。逗号之后的部分也作句子的状语，它分为notfromhumanitarianimpulses和becauseitlikestheideaoffrozentheidea的同位语。③TheEuropeanUnionwillapplynewsanctionsnextweek,butdescribesthemas“reversible”,perhapstoshowthatitisreluctanttoisolateRussia.but连接的并列句，前后两个分句的主语都是TheEuropeanUnion，后一分句中，describes为谓语，themnewsanctionsas“reversible”perhapstoshowthatitisreluctanttoisolateRussiaittoisolateRussia。④YuriyYakymenkooftheRazumkovCentre,aKiev-basedthink-,saysthat,thoughmostvoterspeaceinprinciple,thefateofMrPoroshenkoandhispoliticalblockwillcomedowntothequestion,“Peaceatwhatprice?”RazumkovCentre,aKiev-basedthink-，这里aKiev-basedthink-是theRazumkovCentre的同位语，谓saysthatthoughmostvoterssupportpeaceinprinciple为让步状语从句，其后部分是该从句的主分，其主语部分是thefateofMrPoroshenkoandhispoliticalblock，谓语是willcomedowntothequestion,“Peaceatwhatprice?”，这里“Peaceatwhatprice?”thequestion同①Kievisthecapitalandlargestcityof,locatedinthenorthcentralpartofthecountryontheDnieperRiver.ThepopulationinJuly2015was2,887,97(thoughhigherestimatednumbershavebeencitedinthepress),makingKievthe7thmostpopulouscity.FollowingthecollapseoftheSovietUnionandUkrainianindependencein1991,KievremainedthecapitalofandexperiencedasteadymigrationinfluxofethnicUkrainiansfromotherregionsofthecountry.Duringthecountry'stransformationtoamarketeconomyandelectoraldemocracy,Kievhastobe'slargestandrichestcity.Thegrowingpoliticalandeconomicroleofthecity,combinedwithitsinternationalrelations,aswellasextensiveinternetandsocialnetworkpenetration,havemadeKievthemostpro-Westernandpro-democracyregionof;(socalled)NationalDemocraticpartiesadvocatingtighterintegrationwiththeEuropeanUnionreceivemostvotesduringelectionsinKiev.InapollconductedbytheKievInternationalInstituteofSociologyinthefirsthalfofFebruary2014,5.3%ofthosepolledinKievbelieved"andRussiamustuniteintoasinglestate",nationwidethispercentagewas12.5.【FromWikipedia】②dutraitédel'Atlantiquenord，简称：OTAN，简称北约组织或北约或音译为那图，是与西欧、主要量。这是二战后西方阵营军事上实现的标志，是马歇尔计划在军事领域的延伸和发展，使③PublicJointStockGazpromisalargeRussianfoundedin1989,whichcarriesonthebusinessofextraction,production,transport,andsaleofnaturalgas.ThenameisaportmanteauoftheRussianwordsGazovayaPromyshlennost.TheheadquartersofGazpromareinMoscow.【FromWikipedia】 relationsRussia–relationsweretransitionedintointernationalrelationsduringthe1990simmediayuponthedissolutionoftheSovietUnion,ofwhichbothhadbeenfoundingconstituentrepublics.Establishedsometimeinthe18thcentury,therelationsweredisuponliquidationofCossackHetmanate'sautonomybyCatherinetheGreatinthe18thcentury.ForashortperiodoftimetherelationswerereinstatedduringWorldWarI,soonaftertheCommunistOctoberRevolution.In1920wasoverrunbySovietRussiaandrelationsbetweenthetwostatestransitionedfrominternationaltointernaloneswithintheSovietUnion.On10February2015,inresponsetoRussianmilitaryintervention,theparliamentofhasregisteredadraftdecreeonsuspendingdiplomaticrelationswithRussianFederation.Althoughthissuspensiondidnotmaterialize,UkrainianofficialDmytroKuleba(permanentrepresentativeofinCouncilofEurope)admittedearlyApril2016thatdiplomaticrelationshadbeenreduced"almosttozero".On5October2016,theMinistryofForeignAffairsofofficially mendeditscitizenstoavoidanyarrestsofUkrainiancitizenswhoareoften"rudelytreatedusingillegalmethodsofphysicalandpsychologicalpressure,tortureandotheractsviolatinghumanrightsanddignity".RussiahasanembassyinKyivandconsulatesinKharkiv,Lviv,andOdesa.hasanembassyinMoscowandconsulatesinRostov-on-Don,SaintPetersburg,Yekaterinburg,TyumenandVladivostok.TheUkrainianambassadortoRussiahasbeenrecalledsinceMarch2014.Sincethen,’shighestdiplomaticrepresentationinRussiaisitstemporarycharged'affaires.Similarly,sinceJuly2016,aftertheRussianambassadortowasrelieved,Russia'shighestdiplomaticrepresentationinisalsoitstemporarychargéd'affaires.Interernmentalrelationsbetweentwocountriesarecomplicatedandsince1991underwentperiodsoftensions,andoutrighthostility.PriortoEuromaidan,underUkrainianViktorYanukovych(February2010–February2014),relationswerecooperative,withvarioustradeagreementsince.Afterthe2014UkrainianRevolution,whichsawthepro-RussianYanukovychoustedon21February2014,relationsbetweenRussiaand deterioratedrapidly:significantcorruptionofpro-Russianernmentmembers,done-decaderussificationandpressureonUkrainianlanguageineasternpartsof andCrimeahavebeenundercovered;Russia,inordernottoloseinfluenceon ,militaryinvadedAutonomousRepublicofCrimeaandtransportedtroopsandheavyweaponstoeasternpartof forfurtherescalation.InMarch2014,theRussianFederationhasagainstinternationallawannexedCrimeafollowinganillegalreferendumwidelycondemnedbytheinternationalcommunity.ThroughoutMarchandApril2014,pro-Russianunresthasbeenspreadwithpro-Russian"People'sRepublics"beingself-proclaimedinDonetskandLuhansk,whicharetemporarilyuncontrolledbyUkrainianernment.Inresponse, initiatedmultipleinternationalcourtlitigationsagainstRussiaaswellassuspendedalltypesofmilitarycooperationandexport.hasalsoon20April2016establishedaseparateernmentdepartment-MinistryofTemporarilyOccupiedTerritoriesandInternallydisced s.ManycountriesandinternationalorganizationsappliedsanctionsagainstRussianFederationandUkrainiancitizensinvolvedandresponsiblefortheescalation.Militaryclashesbetweenpro-RussianrebelsbackedbyRussianmilitaryandtheArmedsbeganintheEastofthecountryinApril2014.On5September2014,atentativetruce(ceasefire)agreementbetweentheUkrainianernmentandrepresentativesofself-proclaimedDonetskPeople'sRepublicandLuhanskPeople'sRepublicwassigned;theceasefiredefinitivelyimplodedamidstintensenewfightinginJanuary2015.Anewceasefireagreementhasbeenincesincemid-February2015.Butthisagreementalsofailedtostopthefighting.SomeystsbelievethatthecurrentRussianleadershipisdeterminedtopreventanequivalentoftheUkrainianOrangeRevolutioninRussia.ThisissupposedtoexinnotonlyRussiandomesticbutitssensitivitytoeventsabroad.ManyinandbeyondbelievethatRussiahasperiodicallyuseditsvastenergyresourcestobullyitssmallerneighbours,buttheRussianernmentarguesitwastheinternalsquabblingamongst'spoliticalelitethatistoblameforthedeadlock.TheinandtheallegedroleofRussiainitgreatlyescalatedtensionsintherelationshipbetweenRussiaandmajorWesternpowers,especiallyrelationsbetweenRussiaandtheUS,whichcausedobserverstocharacterizethosein2014asassuminganadversarialnature,ortheadventofColdWarIIandWorldWarIII.【FromWikipedia】Russia ：AbriefTheceasefire²holdsuneasily,buttensionineastern willstilltroubletheernmentsinbothKievandaperiodoftimeduringwhichsthstopsbeforecontinuingagaine.g.Thisstateofaffairslastedwithoutintermissionforahundredyears.atimewhenenemiesagreetostopfighting,usuallywhileawayisfoundtoendthefightingpermanently(通常指【SYNe.g.acallforanimmediateceasefire要求立即的呼→ceasetostophappeningorexistingtostopsthfromhappeningorexisting(使)停止,终止,结束e.g.Welfarepaymentsceaseassoonasanindividualstartsajob.一旦就业,即停发福利救济。e.g.Youneverceasetoamazeme!你总能让我感到惊奇！THEwarTHEwarin hasquietened³,fornow.Itsdisparate⁴factions⁵haveasmuchreasontokeepastoputawaytheirguns.ButaceasefiresignedonSeptember5thinMinskissofarmostly,PetroPoroshenko,doesnotwanttofightanunwinnablewaragainstRussia,whichisthesituationwouldhavebeeninhadhepressedon⁶withKiev’s“anti-terroristoperation”intheeast.HisRussiancounterpart,VladimirPutin,ishappytoseeDonetskandLuhanskturnintobreakaway⁷territoriesthatcanserveasinstrumentsagainstKiev.~(sb/sth)(down)(BrE)to ecalmerorlessnoisy;tomakesbsthcalmerorlessnoisy(使)安静下来,平静e.g.Thechatterofvoicesgraduallyquietened.唧唧喳喳渐渐地平静了【SYNsilencemadeupofpartsorpeoplethatareverydifferentfromeachother由不同的人(或事物)e.g.adisparategroupofindividuals①asmallgroupofpeoplewithinalargersixwhosemembershavesomedifferentaimsandbeliefstothoseofthelargergroup(大团体中的),派别,小e.g.rivalfactionswithintheadministration中的对立派②opposition,disagreement,etc.thatexistsbetweensmallgroupsofpeoplewithinanorganizationorpoliticalparty；内讧e.g.apartydividedbyfactionandintrigue因和诡计搞得四分五裂的政pressIfyoupressonorpressahead,youcontinuewithataskoractivityinadeterminedway,anddonotallowanyproblemsordifficultiestodelayyou.坚定地继续e.g.Polandpressedonwitheconomicreform.波兰坚定地继续进行经济(ofapoliticalgroupanorganizationorapartofacountry政治团体、组织、国家的一部份havingseparatedfromalargergrouporcountry已分离的；已脱离的；已独立的e.g.abreakawayfaction/group/section脱离原组织的/集体/部e.g.abreakawayrepublicParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofThewarinhasquietened,exnationsofMainIdeasofP1:Thewarinhasquietened,forFromtheoutset⁸theKremlinhasbeenadvocatingapermanentceasefire,notfromhumanitarianimpulses⁹becausebecauseitlikestheideaof-zonesintheeast.Thepoliticalmood¹⁰inKievspurredPoroshenkotopressonaslongas shadmomentum¹¹.Buttheincursion¹²byRussiantroopsheavyweaponsinlateAugustshowedthatMrPutinwouldnotallowKievamilitaryvictory.Withoutdirectaid,aid,MrPoroshenko dtomakeaat/fromtheoutset(ofatfromthebeginningofsthe.g.ImadeitclearrightfromtheoutsetthatIdisapproved.somethingthatcausessbsthtodosthortodevelopandmakeprogress推动力；刺激e.g.togiveanimpulsetothestrugglingcarindustry给予挣扎中的汽车工业一点刺激①thewayagroupofpeoplefeelaboutsth;theatmosphereinaceoramongagroupofpeople气氛；氛围e.g.Themoviecapturesthemoodoftheinterwaryearsperfectly.这部恰如其分地捕捉到了两次中间②thewayyouarefeelingataparticulartime情绪；心情e.g.She'sinagoodmoodtodayhappyandfriendly).e.g.He'salwaysinabadmoodunhappyorangryandimpatient).他总是情绪不好。theabilitytokeepincreasingordevelo推进力；动力；势e.g.Thefightforhisreleasegathersmomentumeachday.争取使他获释声势日益加强;Ifthereisanincursionintoacountry,enemysoldierssuddenlyenterit.e.g.armedincursionsintoborderareasbyrebels.叛军边境地区;

ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofthereasonwhytheKremlinhasadvocatingapermanent区thereasonwhyMrPoroshenkofeltdmakeaMainIdeasofP2:thereasonwhyMrPutinandMrPoroshenkochoosetoholdtheIntheshorttermthiswillseemlikeavictoryforMoscow.IthasamechanismtoinfluenceUkrainianpolitics,asasithasinMoldovaandGeorgia.ForaslongasthestatusofDonetskandLuhanskare possiblyjoinNATO.MrPutinwillhavenotedthathisinsertion¹³ofregularRussiansoldiersmetcriticismbutlittleactionfromabroad.BarackObamadeclinedtocallitaninvasion¹⁴,butrather“acontinuationofwhat’sbeen ceformonthsnow”.TheEuropeanUnionwillapplynewsanctions¹⁵nextweek,butdescribesthem“reversible¹⁶“reversible¹⁶”,perhapstoshowthatitisreluctanttoisolateRussia.ThisweekRussia’sGazpromcut toPolandinanefforttostopresupplyback.theactofputtingsthinsidesthelseathingthatisputinsidesthelsee.g.Anexaminationiscarriedoutbeforetheinsertionofthetube.theactofanarmyenteringanothercountrybyinordertotakecontrolofit；e.g.thethreatofinvasion①anofficialorderthatlimitstrade,contact,etc.withaparticularcountry,inordertomakeitdosth,suchasobeyinginternationallawe.g.Tradesanctionswereimposedagainstanycountrythatrefusedtosigntheagreement.凡拒签该协议的国家②officialpermissionorapprovalforanactionorachange(正式),批【SYNe.g.Thesechangeswillrequirethesanctionofthecourt.这些变更须经认可③~(againststh) acourseofactionthatcanbeused,ifnecessary,tomakepeopleobeyalaworbehaveinaparticularway；约束；处罚【SYNe.g.Theultimatesanctionwillbetheclosureoftherestaurant.(ofaprocess,anactionoradisease步骤、行动或疾病)thatcanbechangedsothatsthreturnstoitsoriginalstateorsituation可逆的；可恢复原状的；可医治的e.g.Isthetrendtowardsprivatizationreversible?趋势可能逆转吗e.g.reversiblekidneyfailure→reverse:tochangesthcompleysothatitistheoppositeofwhatitwasbefore颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相e.g.toreverseaprocedureprocesstrend彻底改变程序/过程/ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofIntheshorttermthiswillseemlikeavictory利exnationsofMainIdeasofP3:IntheshorttermthiswillseemlikeavictoryforTheThewarhasfeltdistanttomostRussians. evisionhasmanipulated¹⁷itsnarrative¹⁸of toviewers’feelingsofinadequacyandimperial¹⁹nostalgia²⁰,whiletalkingup²¹Westernplots²² tions²³.pollbytheLevadaCentrefoundthat77%ofthosesurveyedsaidAmericawasthemaininitiatorofoperationsintheoperationsintheeast.ThesecretburialsofRussianparatroopers²⁴killed ,onlytobedisavowed²⁵theRussianstate,have fortable.Butcomparedwiththeshort-livedseasonthreeago,Russiansocietyseemsdocile²⁶andunthreatening.AnotherLevadapollfoundonly8%willingto iftheystarted,against21%in①tocontrolorinfluencesb/sth,ofteninadishonestwaysothattheydonotrealizeit(暗中)控制,,影响e.g.Asapolitician,heknowshowtomanipulatepublicopinion.身为一位政客,他知道如何左右公众。②tocontrolorusesthinaskilfulway(熟练地)操作,putersareveryefficientatmanipulatinginformation.adescriptionofevents,especiallyinanovel(尤指小说中的)描述,【SYNe.g.agripnarrativeoftheirjourneyuptheAmazon他们沿亚马孙河而上的扣人心弦的描connectedwithanempire的；e.g.theimperialfamily/palace/army皇室；皇宫afeelingofsadnessmixedwithpleasureandaffectionwhenyouthinkofhappytimesinthepaste.g.asense/wave/pangofnostalgia怀旧感；一阵怀旧之talk①Ifsomeonetalksupaparticularthing,theymakeitsoundmoreinteresting,valuable,orlikelythanitoriginally②Totalksomeoneorsomethingupinnegotiationsmeanstopersuadesomeonetopaymoremoneythantheyoriginallyofferedorwantedto.说服…提高出价;抬高…的价格e.g.ClarkekepttalkingthepriceupwhileWilkinsonkeptknockingitdown.克拉克不断把价格向上抬，而威尔金森①~(todo asecretnmadebyagroupofpeopletodosthwrongorillegal；密【SYN②theseriesofeventswhichformthestoryofanovel,y,film/movie,etc.故事情节；布局e.g.aconventionalplotaboutloveandmarriage③asmallpieceoflandthatisusedorintendedforaspecialpurpose(的)小块土e.g.avegetableplotasecretandcomplicatedn；诡【SYNplotintrigueamemberoftheparatroops→parasimilartobutnotofficialornotfullyqualifiede.g.paramilitarytostatepubliclythatyouhavenoknowledgeofsthorthatyouarenotresponsibleforsth/sb不承认；否认；拒e.g.Theydisavowedclaimsofasplitintheparty.他们否认了出现的说法quietandeasytocontrole.g.adocilechildhorseParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofThewarhasfeltdistanttomostexnationsofexnationsofS1fromanotherMainIdeasofP4:ThewarhasfeltdistanttomostYetMrPutin’sadventurism²⁷andrevanchism²⁸willcreatenewdangersforhisregime.Afallingrouble²⁹andKremlinKremlin-imposedbanonfoodimportsfromAmericaandEuropemeansthatinflationcouldhit³⁰8%nextThatmayspuraThatmayspuralevelofsocialdiscontentwhichthewaritselfhasnot.Existingsanctions,andtheprospect³¹moretocome,aredraggingdown³²Russia’salreadyfaltering³³economy.MorganStanleyforecastsain2015.Rosneft,Russia’sbiggestoilproducer,hasaskedernmentfor$40billiontorefinanceitsGlobaloilpriceshavedipped³⁴below$100abarrel,whereastheRussianbudgetiscalibrated³⁵tobalanceatpricebetween$110and$117abarrel.Plugging³⁶thoseholeswillbecostly:MrPutinmustmakeawkwardoverwhatintereststooffend.HislikelyresponsetoeconomichardshipwillbetoblameRussia’senemiesforstartinganewcoldawillingnesstotakerisksinbusinessorpoliticsinordertogainsthforyourself(企业、政治等方面)主aofattackingsbwhohasattackedyou,especiallybyacountryinordertogetbackland(尤指国家为收复失theunitofmoneyinRussia卢布(俄罗斯货币单位)toreachaparticularlevel达到(某水平)e.g.Temperatureshit40°yesterday.昨天气温高达40度。e.g.Theeurohitarecordlowintradingtoday.①~(ofsth/ofng anideaofwhatmightorwillhappeninthefuture前景；展望；设e.g.anexcitingprospect②~(ofsth/ofngsth)|~ thepossibilitythatsthwillhappen可能性；希e.g.Thereisnoimmediateprospectofpeace.dragTodragsomeonedownmeanstoreducethemtoaninferiorsocialstatusortolowerstandardsofbehaviour.降；e.g.Shedraggedhimdownwithher.她把他拉下了水。 eweakerorlesseffective衰弱；【SYNe.g.Theeconomyshowsnosignsoffaltering.经济没有的迹象经常在文中出现，togodownwardsortoalowerlevel;tomakesthdothis(使)下降,【SYNe.g.Salesforthisquarterhavedippedfrom38.7millionto33million.38703300tomarkunitsofmeasurementonaninstrumentsuchasathermometersothatitcanbeusedformeasuringsthaccuray标定,校准(刻度,以使测量准确)①tofillaholewithasubstanceorpieceofmaterialthatfitstightlyintoite.g.Hepluggedtheholeinthepipewithanoldrag.②toprovidesththathasbeenmissingfromaparticularsituationandisneededinordertoimproveit补足；补充；e.g.Acheaperrangeofproductswasintroducedtoplugthegapatthelowerendofthemarket.推出相对廉价的一③BOOK/MOVIE书籍；togivepraiseorattentiontoanewbook,film/movie,etc.inordertoencouragepeopletobuyitorseeit推广；宣传【SYNe.g.Shecameontheshowtoplugherlatestalbum.她出现在电视上,推广新唱片专辑ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofMrPutin’sadventurismandrevanchismcreatenewdangersforhis转折P4，给俄带来exnationsofPluggingthoseholeswillbeMainIdeasofP5:MrPutin’sadventurismandrevanchismwillcreatenewdangersforhisInKievMrPoroshenkofaceshisowndifficulties—whichmaymaterialise³⁷wellbeforeMrPutin’s.Hesayshewillintroducealawnextweektocreatea“specialstatus”forDonetskandLuhansk.Manyquestionsremain,notnotleast³⁸, willmanagetoregaincontroloveritseasternborderwithRussia,adecisive³⁹factorinassessingifthepro-Russianinsurgencycaneverbepacified.Allsidesdisagreeoverhowmuchterritoryshouldfall⁴⁰underMrPoroshenko’sself-ruleprovision.Kievseesonlyareasunderrebelcontrol—aroundathirdofthetworegions—withthisstatus,buttherebels’leaderslayclaimto⁴¹thewholeofDonetskandLuhansk.Suchissueswillwillweigh⁴² ’sparliamentaryelectionnextmonth.YuriyYakymenkooftheRazumkovCentre,abasedbased ,saysthat,thoughmostvoterssupportpeaceinprinciple,thefateofMrPoroshenkoandpoliticalblockwillcomedownto⁴³thequestion,“Peaceatwhat(=materialize)totakeceorstarttoexistasexpectedornned实现；发生；成为现e.g.Thepromotionhehadbeenpromisedfailedtomaterialize.note.g.Thearycausedalotofbadfeeling,notleastamongtheworkerswhoselivesitdescribed.那部veryimportantforthefinalresultofaparticularsituatione.g.adecisivefactorvictorybattle决定性的因素/胜利/tobelongtoaparticularclass,grouporareaofresponsibility属于(某e.g.Thisfallsundertheheadingofscientificresearch.layclaimtotostatethatyouhavearighttoownsth声称对…的拥；提出对…的→claim:SAYINGSTHISTRUE表示真实~(that...) astatementthatsthistruealthoughithasnotbeenprovedandotherpeoplemaynotagreewithorbelieveit；宣称；断言:e.g.Thesingerhasdeniedthemagazine'sclaimthatsheisleavingtheband.这名歌手已否认那家有关她要有“重...,称重”之义，这里为~(withsb)(againstsb/sth) tohaveaninfluenceonsb'sopinionortheresultofe.g.Hispastrecordweighsheavilyagainsthim.他过去的记录对他很不利。edowntoIfaproblemdecisionorquestioncomesdowntoaparticularthingthatthingisthemostimportantfactorinvolved.e.g.Ithinkthatitcomesdowntothefactthatpeopledofeelverydependentontheirauto.我认为归根结底ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofInKievMrPoroshenkofaceshisownexnationsof罗申科哪些难MainIdeasofP6:InKievMrPoroshenkofaceshisownMore More pulledback70%ofthetroopsithad .Yetfightinghasflared⁴⁵upandthendieddowninaroundDonetskairportandinseveral ces.Atthesametimeprisonersarebeingexchanged.Aupsurge⁴⁶couldeasilyreignite⁴⁷the.hingeonuponsthofanactionaresultetc.行动、结果等)todependonsthcompley有赖于；取决于e.g.Everythinghingeson eofthesetalks.e.g.Hissuccesshingesonhowwellhedoesattheinterview.~(up)(especiallyofangerand尤指和)tosuddenlystart emuchstronger突发；加【SYNe.g.flaredwhenthemovedin. e.g.Tempersflaredtowardstheendofthemeeting.会议快结束时群情激愤。asuddenlargeincreaseinsth急剧上升；飙升；猛增e.g.anupsurgeinviolentcrime的猛增tostartburningagaintomakesthstartburningagain(使)e.g.TheirpassionwasreignitedbyaromantictriptoVenice.去的浪漫之旅重新燃起了他们的ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofMuchhingesonwhethertheceasefirewillexnationsofMainIdeasofP7:MuchhingesonwhethertheceasefirewillkeepOntheUkrainiansideofthelinesmostsoldiersappearrelaxed,butfewbelievetheceasefireisanythingbutrespite.respite.VisitingMariupolonSeptember8th,MrPoroshenkosaidthewarwasoverandhadtothepeace.Thatmaybewishfulthinking.Rebelleadersstillaimtoseparate.SergeiBaryshnikov,memberoftherebel“parliament”,saysalongmilitaryandpoliticalfightliesahead.TherebelstateofNovorossiya,hesays,shouldeventuallycomprisealloftheBlackSeacoasttothebordersofRomaniaandMoldova.Andthenitwill epartofRussia,headds.anythingdefiniynot决不；根本e.g.Thehowasanythingbutcheap.这家旅馆根本不便宜ashortbreakorescapefromsthdifficultorunpleasant暂停；暂缓e.g.Shetoworkwithoutrespite.她连续工作,没有休息。thegroupofpeoplewhoareelectedtomakeandchangethelawsofacountry议会；国会:e.g.TheGermanparliamentiscalledthe'Bundestag'.德国的议会称为Bundestag。ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofTheUkrainiansidebelievethewarwasRebelleadersstillaimtoseparate MainIdeasofP8:EventhoughtheUkrainiansidebelievethewarwasover,rebelleadersstillaim RussiaRussia :UnblinkingTheWestshouldimposefreshsanctionstodetermoreRussianmeddlingineasternAlmostthreemonthshavepassedsinceRussiaannexedCrimeaandbeganstirringuprebellionineastern.FormostofthatperiodthehopeofWesternleadershasbeenthattensionstherewillgraduallydissipateandthatthecrisiswilljustgoaway.Thathopenowlooksdeluded.TheargumentwasthatVladimirPutin,Russia's,hadgotmostofwhathewantedinCrimeaand,notleastabigboostinpopularityathome.Partlythankstotworoundsofsanctionsagainstindividualsclosetohim,hehadblinked:hencehisdecisiontopulltroopsbackfromtheborderandmoreorlesstoaccep