大学英语四级考试强化试题

大学英语四级考试强化试题Writing(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledRole-CallSystemOnCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.“点名制度“在大学中一直被老师们使用学生们对此褒贬不一在我看来Reading(skimmingandscanning)(15minutes)Directions：Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestion1—7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).Forquestions8—10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.TheModernOlympicGamesTheModernOlympicGamesmighthaveremainedjustapartofhistorywithoutthedreamofoneFrenchman,PierredeCoubertin.Coubertinbelievedthatsportandexercisewereveryimportantforthehealthandhappinessofeverymanandalsoforthenation.Hethereforetried,in1892,tointerestotherFrenchmeninhisdreamofstartingamodernformoftheearlyGreekGames.Hisideaswerestronglycriticizedbymanypeople,whodidnotreallyunderstandwhathewastryingtodo.ItisperhapssadthatthegreatworkPierredeCoubertindidtobringbacktheGameswasneverproperlyrecognizedduringhislifetime.Gradually,however,peopleallovertheworldbecameinterestedinhisideasandatameetinginParisin1894,withrepresentativesfromtwelvedifferentcountries;plansweremadetoholdthefirstmodernGamesinAthensin1899.OrganizingthefirstmodernGames,however,wasnotwithoutproblems.TheGreekgovernmentwasunhappywiththedecisiontoholdtheGamesinAthens,astheyhadseriouseconomicproblemsatthetimeanddidnotfeeltheywereinapositiontospendthenecessarymoney.ItseemedthereforethattheGameswouldbefinishedbeforetheyhadevenbegun.PrinceConstantineofGreece,however,gavehissupporttoCoubertinandthenewly-formedOlympicCommitteeandotherrichGreekssoonfollowedhisexample.EnoughmoneywascollectedinGreeceandabroadtobuildanewstadiumandpayalltheothercosts.On5thApril,1896,acrowdofover60000peoplewatchedtheKingofGreeceopenthefirstmodernOlympicGames.Therewere,however,veryfewcompetitors-onlytwohundredandeighty-five.Australia,Austria,Britain,Bulgaria,Chile,Denmark,France,Germany,Hungary,Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUSA,weretheonlycountriestosendathletestotheGamesandmostoftheathleteswhodidcomehadtopayfortheirowntravelandothercosts.Thereweretensportsinthefirstprogram-cycling,gymnastics,tennis,swimming,athletics,fencing,weight-lifting,rowing,wrestlingandshooting;therewerealsoothernon-sportingevents,suchasconcertsandballet,justastherehadbeenattheearlyGames.AtthefirstmodernOlympicsalmostallthegoldmedalswerewonbyAmericansportsmen,butthemostfamousofallthefirstmedalwinnerswasayoungGreeknamedSpyrosLouis,whocamefromasmallvillageinthemountainsnearAthens.Itwashewhowonthelonganddifficultrace,theMarathon,andgavetheGreeksthenationalwintheyhadhopedfor.TheGreekswouldhavebeenhappytokeeptheGamesinGreecebutCoubertinbelievedstronglythattheOlympicsshouldbetrulyinternationalandwouldnotallowthistohappen.ItwasthereforedecidedtoholdthenextGamesinParisin1900.Sadly,however,theParisGamesandthefollowingGames,heldinSt.Louis,America,in1904,werepoorexamplesofCoubertin'sdreamandCoubertinhimselfdidnoteventraveltotheSt.LouisGames.ForthesetwoGamesweremorelikecircusshowsthanseriousinternationalsportsmeetings.Onlyfifteennon-Americanswenttothe1904Games,mainlybecausethehightravelcostspreventedothersfromcompeting.Olympiceventsweremixedwithothersportsandevents,andtheGameswereorganizedtocontinueovermanymonths,sothatasmuchmoneyaspossiblecouldbemadebytheorganizersfromthesellingoftickets.Itwasnotuntil1908,whentheGameswereheldinLondon,thatinternationalrulesanddistanceswereintroduced;untilthentheeventshadbeenthedecisionoftheorganizingnationalone.TheLondonGameswerefarbetterorganizedthananyoftheothermodernGamesbutittookmanymoreyearsbeforeCoubertin'sdreamofatrulyinternationalmeetingofsportsmenbecameareality.ItwasnecessarytomakemanychangesbeforetheOlympicGamesbecameaswell-organizedandaspopularastheyaretoday.Since1896theGameshavebeenheldeveryfouryears,exceptforabreakduringtheyearsofthetwoWorldWars.GraduallythenumberofcompetitorswhotakepartineachGameshasgrownandsohasthenumberofcountries.In1896,onlythirteencountrieswererepresentedandonlytwohundredandeighty-fivecompetitorstookpart.Today,however,asmanyasonehundredandtwenty-twocountriessendathletestotheGamesandmorethanseventhousandmenandwomencometotheGamestotakepart.Inrecentyears,thenumberofeventshasgrowntotwenty-one,elevenofwhicharealsoopentowomen.ItisinterestingthatCoubertin,whoseideaswereborninthelatenineteenthcentury,probablyneverimaginedthatwomenwouldeverplayapartinthenewOlympics.WomenhadnevercompetedintheearlyGreekGames;indeed,formanyyearstheywerenotevenallowedtowatch.Inmoderntimes,theLondonGamesin1908werethefirstinwhichwomentookaseriouspart-36womencametotheGamestocompete.ThefirstwomantowinOlympiceventswastheBritishTennisPlayer,CharlotteCooper,whowonatenniseventin1900.From1908,however,thenumberofeventsbegantogrowwiththeintroductionofladies’gymnastics.Athleticseventsforwomenwereintroducedin1928attheGamesheldinAmsterdam.Today,womenareashighly-trainedandasfitasmen.Althoughinalmosteverysportwomenandmencompeteseparately,inhorse-ridingeventstheycompeteagainsteachotherandwomenhaveshownovertheyearsthattheyarejustasgood.TheInternationalOlympicCommittee,whosehomeisinLausanneinSwitzerland,isresponsibleforallimportantdecisionsoftheOlympicMovement.Themembersofthiscommitteearechosennotbytheirgovernmentsbutbymembersalreadyonthecommitteeandtheyarethereforeabovepoliticsorgroupinterests.MostofthemembersaresimplyrichmenwhowishtokeepCoubertin’sideasalive.Noteverycountryisrepresented,therefore,becausethiswouldmeanmorethan120membersandnodecisionswouldeverbemade.However,eachcountrymustformaNationalOlympicCommitteebeforeitisallowedtosendcompetitorstothegamesandthiscommitteemustberecognizedbytheInternationalOlympicCommittee.Atpresent,morethan136countrieshaveformedsuchacommittee.TheNationalCommitteesareresponsiblefororganizingthenationalteamsandfordecidingwhichcompetitorstosend.CompetitorscannotchoosetogototheGames-theymustbechosenandthismeanscompetingagainsttheirowncountrymen.Itisnotevenenoughtobethebestinthecountry,foreachcompetitormustbeabletoreachthestandardexpectedforentrytotheGames.Thesestandardschangeeachyearassportsmenandsportswomenimprove.Somecountriesarenotabletosendallthecompetitorstheywouldliketo,eveniftheyhavereachedtheexpectedstandard,becauseofthecost.TheNationalCommitteemustthendecidewhethertosendthecompetitorswhohavethemostchanceofwinningorwhether,instead,tosendcompetitorstorepresenteachsporteventhoughsomeofthemhavelittlehopeofdoingwell.Notonlythecompetitorsbutalsotheteammanagermustbepaidfor.Themanagerisanextremelyimportantmemberoftheteam;heisresponsibleforthecompetitorswhiletheyareattheGamesandhisjobincludes,forexample,gettingthecompetitorstoeacheventontimeandhelpingwithmedicalorpersonalproblems.Mostcountriesaskthepeopleformoneytohelppayforthecostsoftravelandtraining.Alotofmoneyisgivenbybusinessesandcompanieswhoalsogive,forexample,clothes,shoesanduniforms.ThecitywheretheGamesaretobeheldischosenbytheInternationalOlympicCommittee;thisisusuallydecidedfiveyearsbeforetheGamesaretotakeplace.SeveralcitiesmaywishtoholdtheGamesinanyoneyearandtheCommitteedecidesonlyafterithaslistenedtoandseentheargumentsandplansofeachcity.Oncechosen,thecitythenhasfiveyearstoprepare.CoubertinplannedtoholdthefirstmodernOlympicGamesininAthens.A).1894B).1896C).1899D).1900ThecompetitorsofthefirstOlympicGamescamefromallofthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT.A).UKB).HungaryC).SwitzerlandD).NorwayWhichofthefollowingwasNOTpartofthefirstOlympicGames?A).concertsB).circusC).fencingD).boxingAccordingtothepassage,themostsuccessfulmodernOlympicGameswastheoneheldinA).Athens,GreeceB).St.Louis,AmericaC).Paris,FranceD).London,UKWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?.WomenwerenotallowedtoparticipateintheancientOlympics..WomenwerenotallowedtowatchtheOlympicGamesinthepast..WomenappearedintheAmsterdamOlympicGames..Before1908therewerenowomenintheOlympicGames.WomenandmenalwayscompeteseparatelyexceptinA).tennisB).racingC).swimmingD).horse-ridingWhatdowelearnabouttheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)?.EverycountryhasitsrepresentativesinIOC..TherepresentativesinIOCspeakfortheirowncountries..MostrepresentativesinIOCarewealthy..TherepresentativesinIOCareelectedbytheirowncountry.Itwasthatareresponsiblefororganizingthenationalteamsandfordecidingwhichcompetitorstosend.Boththecompetitorsandmustbepaidfor.EverycitychosentoholdtheOlympicGamesusuallyhave___toprepare.PartIIISectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinbankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thesong“Happybirthdaytoyou”issungallovertheworldjustbeforethebirthdayboyorgirlblowsoutthecandlesonthecake.Itissosimplethatchildrenasyoungasthreecansingitwithout___47___.Thesong,withits___48___title“GoodMorningtoYou”,waswrittenin1893bythetwosisters,MildredandPattySmithHill.Theywerethedaughtersofa___49___Kentuckycouple,whobelievedinfemaleeducationatatime---themid-nineteenthcentury---whenitwasstilla___50___ideaandwhotrainedtheirtwodaughterstobeschoolteachers.Theywerelonginvolvedinelementaryeducation.Abirthdaycakewith___51___candlesisalsoindispensableatone'sbirthdayparty.Itmayderive,___52___,fromtheancientGreekpracticeofofferingtoArtemis,goddessofthemoon,aroundhoneycakeintowhichacandlewasstuck.AfterGermanbakers___53___themodernbirthdaycakeintheMiddleAges,asimilar___54___wasadoptedforhappinessatbirthdays.Thecandle-blowing-outcustommaybeassociatedwithdoublemeaningatbirthdays.Somepeoplebelievethateachbirthdayisanothersteptowardtheend,andwhatwe___55___atbirthdaygatheringsisnotonlyourgrowth,butourtransience.Thus,candlesatbirthdaysare___56___oflifeanddeath,hopesandfears,increaseandloss,andsoon.inventedI)originalaccelerateJ)noveloldK)apparentlysymbolsL)burninghesitationM)preventedprogressiveN)customcelebrateO)substitutedistantlySectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Electriccarsaredirty.Infact,notonlyaretheydirty,theymightevenbemoredirtythantheirgasoline-poweredcousins.PeopleinCalifornialovetotalkabout“zero-emissionsvehicles,”butpeopleinCaliforniaseemtobecluelessaboutwhereelectricitycomesfrom.Powerplantsmostallusefiretomakeit.Asidefromthefewfolkswhohavetheirroofscoveredwithsolarcells,wegetourelectricityfromgenerators.Generatorsarefueledbysomething—usuallycoal,oil,butalsobyheatgeneratedinnuclearpowerplants.Thereareafewwindfarmsandgeothermalplantsaswell,butbyfarwegetelectricitymainlybyburningsomething.Inotherwords,those“zero-emissions”carsarelikelycoal-burningcars.It'sjustthecoalisburnedsomewhereelsesoitlooksclean.Itisnot.It’sasiftheCaliforniaGreensarecoveringtheireyes—“IfIcan’tseeit,it’snothappening.”Gasolineisanincrediblyefficientwaytopoweravehicle;agallonofgashasalotofenergyinit.Butwhenyoutakethatgas(oranotherfuel)andfirstuseittomakeelectricity,youwasteanicepartofthatenergy,mostlyintheformofwastedheat—atthegenerator,throughthetransmissionlines,etc.Agallonofgasmaypropelyourcar25miles.Buttheelectricityyougetfromthatgallonofgaswon'tgetyounearlyasfar—soelectriccarsburnmorefuelthangas-poweredones.Ifourelectricitycamemostlyfromnukes,orgeothermal,orhydro,orsolar,orwind,thenanelectriccartrulywouldbeclean.Butforpolitical,technical,andeconomicreasons,wedon’tusemuchofthoseenergysources.Inaddition,electriccars’batterieswhicharepoisonousforalongtimewilleventuallyendupinalandfill.Andfinally,whencarsarethepolluters,thepollutionisspreadacrossalltheroads.Whenit’sapowerplant,though,allthejunkisinoneplace.Natureisverygoodatcleaningupwhenthingsarenottooconcentrated,butittakesalotlongerwhenallthegarbageisinonespot.Whatdoes“clueless”meaninparagraph2?TheCaliforniaGreensarecoveringtheireyes.PeopleinCalifornialovetotalkaboutzero-emissionsvehiclesPeopleinCalifornialovetohavetheirroofscoveredwithsolarcellsPeopletherehavenoideathatsofarelectricitymainlycomesfromburningcoal,oil,etc.Accordingtothepassage,whytheCaliforniaGreensholdtheidea“IfIcan’tseeit,it’snothappening.”?Theydonotknowthosecleancarsarelikelycoal-burningcars.Theydobelievethatthecoalisburnedsomewhereelsesoitlooksclean.Theytendtoholdthatelectricityisanicepartofenergy.Theytendtomaintainthatgasolineisagoodwaytorunavehicle.Theelectricitywegetfromagallonofgasmaymakeourcarrun.notlessthan25miles.morethan25miles.nolessthan25miles.notmorethan25miles.Comparedwithcarsusinggas,electriccarsdonotburnfuelandmoreenvironmental.aretoxicanditisdifficultfornaturetocleanitupwhentheirbatteriesareburiedinonespot.areverygoodatcleaningupwhenthingsarenottooconcentratedarepoisonousforalongtimeandwilleventuallyendupinalandfill.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.BeinggreenisgoodandshouldbeencouragedincommunicationsElectriccarsarenotcleaninthatwegetelectricitymainlybyburningsomething.Zero-emissionsvehiclesshouldbechosentoprotectourenvironment.Electriccarsarenowthedominantvehiclecomparedwithgasoline-poweredcousins.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Risingglobalcarbondioxidelevelstiedtoglobalwarmingmaynotbeascrucialindeterminingthecompositionofplantcommunitiesasother,localizedclimatechanges."Nobodyreallyknowswhattheincreasesincarbondioxidearegoingtoentailintermsoffuturechangesinvegetationtypes,"saidMarkBrenner,aUniversityofFloridaassistantprofessorofpaleolimnology,thestudyofancientlakes."Itlookslikeclimatechangesindifferentareasmaybemoreimportantthancarbondioxide,atleastcarbondioxidebyitself,"hesaid.Brenner’sresearchteambasedtheirconclusionsonananalysisofsedimentfromtwolakebottoms,oneinnorthernMexicoandoneinnorthernGuatemala.Theresearchersusednewtechniquesthatallowedthemtoanalyzeonlytheremainsoflandplants,specificallytheirleafwaxes.Bymeasuringthecompositionoftheleafwaxes,theresearcherswereabletodistinguishtwobroadcategoriesofplantslivingintheseareas--so-calledC3andC4plants,whichhavedifferentphotosynthetic（光合作用）processes.ManyC4plantsaretropicalgrasses,whilemosttropicaltreesareC3plants.Theresearchersanalyzedsediments（沉积物）depositedoverthelast27,000years,fromthelasticeagetothecurrentgeologicalperiod.Overthisperiod,therewasaworldwide,relativelyuniformincreaseinatmosphericcarbondioxideconcentrations.Brennersaidthatifcarbondioxideplayedthemajorroleindeterminingplantcomposition,onewouldassumethatanalysisofthesedimentswouldrevealverysimilarchangesinrelativeabundanceofC3andC4plantsinthetwoplacesoverthestudyperiod.But,infact,theresearchersfoundthattrendsinthetwotypesofplantsweredifferentatthetwolocations.Thechangeswererelatednotwithcarbondioxidelevels,butwithshiftsinrainfall."Theresultappearstobethatclimatefactors,especiallymoistureavailability,determinewhetherC4orC3plantsdominateinanarea,notcarbondioxide,"Brennersaid.Manyscientistsbelieveglobalwarmingwillcausemajorvariationinlocalclimatesworldwide,withsomewetareasbecomingdryanddryareasbecomingwet.Ifthathappens,itcouldhavemoreimpactonrelativeC3versusC4plantdistributionthantherisingcarbondioxidelevels.Whatcanbeinferredinthefirstparagraph?Climatechangesaremoreimportanttothecompositionofplantcommunitiesthanrisingglobalcarbondioxide.Localizedclimateshiftsmaynotbeascrucialascarbondioxide.Nobodyknowswhichoneisimportant.Carbondioxidelevelsiscrucialtotheglobalwarming.WhatisMarkBrenner?Hestudiesco-author’sopinion.HeisassistingtheUniversityofFlorida.Heisanexpertinthefieldofancientlakes.Hisresearchteamcomposedofsixgeologistsandgeographers.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,whichoneisNOTtrue?TropicalgrassesareusuallyC4plants.C3andC4plantsusedtoliveinnorthernMexicoandGuatemala.C3andC4plantsdon’thavethesameprocesses.TropicaltreesareallC3plants.Why,inthe4thparagraph,theresearchersfoundthattrendsinC3andC4plantsweredifferentatthetwolocations?Theassumptionthatcarbondioxideplayedthemajorroleiswrong.Thecarbondioxideplayedanimportantrole.Themoistureavailabilitywasdifferent.Thecarbondioxidelevelwasdifferent.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?Climatesfactorsdeterminetheplantdistributionandcompositionofplantcommunities.Globalwarmingwillcausemajorvariation.HowhasBrenner’sresearchteamprovedatruth.C3andC4plantsareimportantplantsindeterminingthecompositionofplantcommunities.PartVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.EversincetheMayflowerdroppedanchorin1620,Americansettlershavemigratedwest,clearingthelandoftreestomakewayforfarms,homesandfactories.Sincethen,nearlyalltheforestsoftheEasternUnitedStateshavebeenchopped67atonetimeoranother.Why,then,oftheapproximately160kindsofbirdsthat68theareafromtheAtlanticcoasttothecentralplainsandfromMaine69Florida,haveonlyfour70?Thatconstitutesarateofextinctionfar71whatecologistsmightexpectfromsucha72lossofhabitat.Criticshaveusedthe73lownumbertochallengeconservationists'74thatwidespreaddeforestationinsomepartsoftheworldwill75leadtoaseverelossinbiodiversity.Inanarticlebeing76todayinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,Dr.StuartL.PimmandDr.RobertA.Askinsexaminethehistoryof77intheEastandsubsequentextinctionsofbirdspecies.Dr.Pimm,anecologistattheUniversityofTennesseeinKnoxville,arguesthat78endemicspecies--thosewhichliveintheEasternUnitedStatesforestsand79else--arecounted,thecalculationsofexpectedspecieslosshold80.Onereason,hesays,isthattheEasternforestwasnevercutallatonce;81thewoodlandsofOhiowerebeingfelledbyfarmersmoving82,forexa