写作与翻译中的常用短语

写作CommonlyUsedPhrasesandPatterns.安居工程housingprojectforlow-incomeurbanresidents信息化information-based;informationization智力密集型concentrationofbrainpower;knowledge-intensive西部大开发DevelopmentoftheWestRegions可持续性发展sustainabledevelopment风险投资riskinvestment扩大内需toexpanddomesticdemand计算机辅助教学computer-assistedinstruction(CAI)学生减负toreducestudyload拉关系trytocurryfavorwith劳动合同制laborcontractsystem

老生常谈，陈词滥调cutanddried老字号anoldandfamousshoporenterprise

礼尚往来Courtesycallsforreciprocity.猎头公司head-huntingcompany

廉政建设constructionofacleanandhonestadministration

廉政、勤政、务实、高效政anhonest,diligent,pragmaticandefficientgovernment联合兼并conglomerationandmergerofenterprises

两个文明一起抓placeequalemphasisonmaterialandethicalprogress

两院院士academiciansoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesandChineseAcademyofEngineering

老少边穷地区formerrevolutionarybaseareas,areasinhabitedbyminoritynationalities,remoteandborderareasandpoverty-strickenareas

劣等品shoddygoods;substandardgoods;

留得青山在，不怕没柴烧Wherethereislife,thereishope.

留职停薪retainthejobbutsuspendthesalary

留学咨询：consultingonthestudyabroad

流动人口transientpopulation

乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款arbitrarycharges,fund-raisingquotasandfines

论文答辩(thesis)oraldefense绿地覆盖率forestcoveragerate

绿化afforestation绿色食品organicfood

满意度degreeofsatisfaction民族凝聚力nationalcohesion

买一送一buyonegetonefree

磨洋工dawdlealong模拟测试mocktest;simulatedexam

莫失良机makehaywhilethesunshines目标管理managementbyobjectives

难得糊涂Whereignoranceisbliss,it'sfollytobewise.

南水北调South-to-Northwaterdiversion

南水北调工程divertwaterfromthesouthtothenorthproject

闹情绪bedisgruntled;beinafitofpique

内环路innerringroad泡沫经济bubbleeconomy

能进能出，能上能下competenttoworkbothatthetopandatthegrassroots

贫富悬殊polarizationofrichandpoor平均主义equalitarianism

瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions企业文化corporateculture

强化班intensivetrainingclass勤工俭学work-studyprogram

全面实施以德育为核心、以创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育carryonthequalityeducationcenteringonmoraleducationandemphasizingcreativityandpractice

裙带风nepotism;petticoatinfluence

人才流失braindrain人浮于事overstaffing

人工智能artificialintelligence人机交互human-computerinteraction

人际交往humancommunication三角债chaindebt

塞翁失马，焉知非福Misfortunemaybeanactualblessing.

"三个代表""threerepresents"theory(ThePartyshouldalwaysrepresentthedevelopmentneedsofChina'sadvancedsocialproductiveforces,alwaysrepresenttheonwarddirectionofChina'sadvancedculture,andalwaysrepresentthefundamentalinterestsofthelargestmemberoftheChinesepeople.)

"三讲"教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）"threeemphases"education(tostresstheoreticalstudy,politicalawarenessandgoodconduct)

三资企业threekindsofforeign-investedenterprisesorventures:Sino-foreignjointventures(中外合资企业),cooperativebusinesses（中外合作企业）andexclusivelyforeign-ownedenterprisesinChina（外商独资企业）

"扫黄"、"打非"eliminatepornographyandillegalpublications

商品房空置的现象thevacancyproblemincommercialhousing

上网togetontheInternet事业单位publicinstitution

社会热点问题hotissuesofsociety沙尘暴sandstorm;duststorm

社会治安情况publicsecuritysituation涉外经济foreign-relatedbusiness

申办奥运会bidfortheOlympicGames身体素质physique;physicalconstitution

生态农业environmental-friendlyagriculture弹性工资flexiblepay

实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practiceisthesolecriterionfortestingtruth.实现小康目标toachievethegoalofensuringourpeoplearelativecomfortablelife

时不我待Timeandtidewaitfornoman.试用期probationaryperiod

受灾地区disaster-affectedarea素质教育educationforall-arounddevelopment

跳槽者job-hopper跳槽job-hopping

土地沙化desertificationofland;desertencroachment

推广科研成果turninglaboratoryachievementsintocommercial/massproduction;commercializationoflaboratoryachievements

退耕还林还草grainforgreen

脱贫致富cast(shake,throw)offpovertyandsetoutonaroadtoprosperity

挖墙脚underminethefoundationofsth..;cutthegroundfromundersb'sfeet

网民netizen;netcitizen;cybercitizen网上冲浪surftheInternet

网上交易平台onlinetradingplatform网友netfriend

文科liberalarts无形资产intangibleassets

无中生有make/createsomethingoutofnothing

效益工资achievements-relatedwages;wagesbasedonbenefits

效益农业profitableagriculture下岗laid-offworkers

心理素质psychologicalquality义务教育compulsoryeducation

应试教育examination-orientededucationsystem

与国际市场接轨integratewiththeworldmarket;becomeintegratedintotheglobalmarket远景计划long-termdevelopmenttargets欲速则不达Hastedoesnotbringsuccess.

再就业服务中心re-employmentservicecenter远程教育distanceeducation

政府上网工程GovernmentOnlineProject

政府职能转变transform/shiftthegovernmentfunctions

政企不分withoutaclearlinebetweenthefunctionsofthegovernmentandenterprises;thefunctionsofthegovernmentandenterprisesmixedup

政企分开separategovernmentfunctionsfromenterprisemanagement

政务公开makegovernmentaffairspublic

中关村科技园区ZhongguancunScienceandTechnologyPark

中流砥柱mainstay,chiefcornerstone抓住机遇seizetheopportunity

众口难调Itisdifficulttocatertoalltastes.;Oneman'smeatisanotherman'spoison.自然保护区naturalreserve;naturepreservationzone

自律机制theself-disciplinesystem自我保护意识self-protectionawareness

转基因食品GMfood(geneticallymodifiedfood)AppendixIIIPartⅠ:Usefulexpressions(A).ForOpeninganessay1. say Whenaskedabout the(vast)majorityof believeWhenitcomesto..., most/many people claimFacedwith think argue---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- regard view/see as...that...,butotherpeople thinkof ... differently. consider conceive----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. development/improvement/rise/growthof... generalrecognition/realization/acknowledgementof...With(the)women/childrenplayinganincreasinglybigroleinsociety/familylife, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. a general discussion on issueThereis much debate today about the problem public controversy nowadays over asto---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- criticizeof....Thosewho ...arguethat...objectto---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- advocateTheybelievethat...,butpeoplewho ...,ontheother favorhand,arguethat...----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Currently ,there is a(n) general Inrecentyears widespreadInthepastfewyears hasbeen growingFormanyyearsnow widely-held----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------feelingtowards feeling concernover concernthatattitudetowards trendtrendtowards ... awarenessawarenessof realizationthatrealizationof beliefillusionof ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. growing beginningNowpeoplein ever-increasing numbersare coming to significant getting----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------believerrealizerecognizeunderstand thatacceptseebeaware----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. believed commonly thought thinkNow,itis widely held that...,they ...,but Generally accepted believe Increasingly felt recognized acknowledged----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iwonder whether... doubt---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- astonishing proportion teenagers7.Recentlythereisa(n) increasing percentage ofwho sizable population students significant number ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sudden8.Inthepast5yearstherehasbeena dramatic rise inthecrimerate sharp increasedivorceratemarkedteenagesmoking----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- problem broughttopublicattention 9..Recentlythe issue of...hasbeen posedamongpeople question inthelimelight---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- loomed controversial10.The problem of...hasnow arisen as issue croppedup noteworthy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------idea untrueopinion foolish view dangerousNo belief more undesirable thannotion is basic now theonethat...issue so important astrend essentialattitude emotion-rousing----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------widely(whichisnow commonly heldby...)generally----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.NeverinChinesehistory idea evidentNowhereintheworld hasthe issue of...beenmore popularthan...change (B)Transitionalwords1)Samplewriting:Whatexplainsthegrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearing?First,Inthefirstplace,Tostartwith,thehighdivorcerateismakingnewlywedsthinktwiceaboutstartingaForonething,familyrightaway.Firstofall,Secondly,Besides,Inaddition,Furthermore,manyyoungcoupleswanttobemorefinanciallysecurebeforehavingchildren.What'smore,Foranotherthing,Finally,Aboveall,Moremarriedwomenprefertodevotetimetotheircareersbeforehavingababy.Thirdly,2)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforchronologicaldevelopment:first,second,etc.sooneventuallyinthemeantimethenthereuponatthesametimenextthereafterafteranintervalnowafterpresentlylaterafterwardsomewhatlaterfinallyatlast3)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforanalyticaldevelopment:first,second,etc.nowforthispurposebutasaresultfurthermorefinallyatlastmoreoveralsoconsequentlylikewiseanotherforexamplenextyetforinstanceonthecontraryonceinadditioninsummarysuchinthiscaseonthe.otherhandthenotherwiseinconclusionthusinclosingtherefore4)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforcomparisons:anotherfurthermoremoreoverequallyimportanttoo,alsoatthesametimebesidesthenaccordinglyinfactinadditiontolike,likewisesimilarlyjustas...sointhesameway5)Connectivesandtransitionalphrasesforcontrasts:onthecontrarydifferentfrom/incontrastontheotherhandtodespiteinspiteofyet,butwhereasunlikeneverthelessnotonly....butalsohere....thereyearsago....today-this....thattheformer....thelatterthen....nowthefirst...whereasthesecondsome....othersontheonehand....ontheotheronce....now(C)PhrasestoSumUpInsummary,Inshort,Onthewhole,Thistrendrepresentsasharpbreakwiththisnation'straditionalInconclusion,preoccupationwiththeneedsofchildren.Inaword,(D)Aspecialgroupofsentencestructures汉语中有许多习惯用语。其中有的是用“人们”、“有人”、“大家”等作主语，有的看来是无主句，有的则是句子中的独立成分，如“应该说”、“必须指出”、“已经证明”等，在英语中则常用it作形式主语的句型来表达这些习惯语。人们（有人、大家）认为……Itisconsidered(orthought)that…普遍（一般、通常）认为……Itisgenerally(usually)accepted(oragreed,recognized)that…人们（有人、大家）相信……Itisbelievedthat…众所周知……Itiswell-knownthat…据说（有人说）……Itissaidthat…据悉……Itislearnedthat…据推测……Itissupposedthat…据估计（预计）……Itisestimated(predicated,calculated)that…据报导……Itisreportedthat…必须指出……Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须（应该）承认……Itmust(should)beadmittedthat…可见（可以看出）……Itwillbeseenthat…由此可见……Itwillbesee