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晕厥的病因和诊断策略第一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日TheSignificanceofSyncope1NationalDiseaseandTherapeuticIndexonSyncopeandCollapse,ICD-9-CM780.2,IMSAmerica,19972BlancJ-J,L’herC,TouizaA,etal.EurHeartJ,2002;23:815-820.3DaySC,etal,AMJofMed19824KapoorW.Evaluationandoutcomeofpatientswithsyncope.Medicine1990;69:160-175第二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日1DaySC,etal.AmJofMed1982;73:15-23.2KapoorW.Medicine1990;69:160-175.3SilversteinM,SagerD,MulleyA.JAMA.1982;248:1185-1189.4MartinG,AdamsS,MartinH.AnnEmergMed.1984;13:499-504.SomecausesofsyncopearepotentiallyfatalCardiaccausesofsyncopehavethehighestmortalityratesTheSignificanceofSyncope第三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日短暂的意识丧失(TLOC)第四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日晕厥特点发作前可有不同的先兆。发作突然,多在站立或坐位时发生。意识丧失为自限性,常伴有肌张力增高。意识可迅速恢复。苏醒无后遗症。机制:一过性脑灌注减少.BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日
晕厥的原因体位性低血压心律失常心肺病变1VVSCSS• SituationalCoughPost-Micturition2Drug-Induced•ANSFailurePrimarySecondary3BradySNDysfunctionAVBlock• TachyVTSVTLongQTSyndrome4
AcuteMyocardialIschemiaAorticStenosisHCMPulmonaryHypertensionAorticDissection神经介导
UnexplainedCauses=Approximately1/3DGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter第六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日其他病因和类似病症先天性心脏病、主动脉窦瘤破入右心吞咽性晕厥脑部因素:TIA、癫痫、椎基底动脉供血不足、偏头痛、脑部 肿瘤代谢因素:重度贫血、脱水、电解质紊乱、低血糖。内分泌因素:甲状腺、肾上腺病变。呼吸系统因素:窒息、哮喘。精神因素:过渡换气:急性中毒:酒精、药物。第七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日CardiacRhythmsDuringUnexplainedSyncopeSeidlK.Europace.2000;2(3):256-262.KrahnAD.PACE.2002;25:37-41.MedtronicILRReplacementData.FY03,04.Onfile.NoRecurrence
36%
(31-48%)NormalSinusRhythm
31%
(17-44%)Other11%Arrhythmia
22%
(13-32%)Tachycardia6%
(2-11%)Bradycardia
16%
(11-21%)Composite:N=133to7109第八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日晕厥诊断第九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日诊断目的是否晕厥有无心脏病
病因诊断
估计预后制定预防和治疗措施第十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日详细病史近期发生情况发生前状态、目击证人介绍发生前和发生时症状后遗症医生检查和治疗情况过去发生情况伴随疾病
家族史心脏病猝死代谢疾病
过去药物治疗情况神经系统病史晕厥BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日体格检查生命体征心率不同体位血压心血管检查
神经系统检查颈动脉窦按摩
BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日颈动脉窦按摩(CSM)方法1按摩5-10s不要使颈动脉闭塞卧位和直立位(倾斜床上)结果心脏停博3s和或者收缩压下降50mmHg伴有症状=颈动脉综合症禁忌征2颈动脉明显病变
既往有脑卒中,近3个月有MI
并发症
神经系统表现发病率小于0.2%3通常是短暂的1KennyRA.Heart.2000;83:564.
2LinzerM.AnnInternMed.1997;126:989.3MunroN,etal.JAmGeriatrSoc.1994;42:1248-1251.第十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日其他检查心电图:心脏成像检查心脏彩超、冠脉造影。心电监测HolterEventrecorderIntermittentvs.LoopInsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日HeartMonitoringOptionsILREventRecorders
(non-leadandloop)HolterMonitor12-Lead2Days7-30DaysUpto14Months10SecondsOPTIONTIME(Months)
01234567891011121314BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第十五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日
ATP试验:可短暂使血管迷走神经张力增高电生理检查(EPS)倾斜试验脑电图,头颅CT,头颅MRI可能有助诊断癫痫颈椎MRI其他检查第十六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日电生理检查价值老年人或者有心脏猝死病史意义较大。健康人没有心脏猝死病史意义较小。
阳性发现:诱发单形VTSNRT>3000msorCSNRT>600ms诱发SVT同时合并低血压HV间期≥100ms起搏诱发房室结以下传导阻滞BendittD.In:TopolE,ed.TextbookofCardiovascularMedicine.Lippencott;2002:1529-1542.LuF,etal.In:BendittD,etal.TheEvaluationandTreatmentofSyncope.Futura.2003;80-95.BrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第十七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日电生理检查局限性
很难判断自发晕厥和实验室发现是否相关
阳性率1无心脏猝死者:6-17%有心脏猝死者:25-71%快速心律失常比缓慢心律失常有价值2
EPS发现必须与病史相结合注意假阳性1LinzerM,etal.AnnIntMed.1997;127:76-86.2LuF,etal.In:BendittD,etal.TheEvaluationandTreatmentofSyncope.Futura.2003;80-95.第十八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日正常人当体位由平卧头高倾斜立位,静脉回流减少,心室充盈下降,减少了(与脑干迷走背核直接相连系的)心室后下壁C纤维的激活,反射性地增加了交感输出,结果心跳加快,周围血管阻力增高。所以,体位直立的正常反应是心率增快,舒张压升高,收缩压轻度升高。倾斜试验(机制)60°-80°第十九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日
VVS患者当体位由平卧转成头高倾斜立位,静脉回流减少,心室充盈量快速下降,心室强烈收缩,心室排空现象,激活心室后下壁C纤维,冲动传导脑干迷走中枢,迷走活动增强,血压下降心率减慢。
倾斜试验(机制)60°-80°第二十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日血压下降标准为收缩压≤80mmHg和(或)舒张压≤50 mmHg,或平均动脉压下降≥25%。有的患者即使血压未达到此标准,但已出现晕厥或接近晕厥症状,仍应判为阳性。倾斜试验阳性标准(血压)60°-80°第二十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日倾斜试验阳性标准(心率)窦性心动过缓(<50次/分)、窦性停搏交界性逸搏心律Ⅱ度及以上房室传导阻滞3秒以上的心脏停搏。第二十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日倾斜试验评价
60~70°倾斜角度,试验的特异性可达90%;60°角倾斜45分钟,VVS者阳性率约30%~50%;加用异丙肾上腺素激发试验,可使特异性降低。加用异丙肾上腺素,试验阳性率可达85%~90%。第二十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日
反复发作频繁的VVS患者应给予治疗。β受体阻滞剂,可阻滞儿茶酚胺的作用,降低C纤维的刺激丙吡胺也可应用,它通过抗胆碱能和负性肌力作用而达治疗目的。茶碱类对抗腺苷介导的低血压和心动过缓,因此也有治疗作用。氟氢考的松为盐皮质酮,具有保钠、扩容作用,可能减少VVS发作。以心脏抑制型为主,而药物效果不好者,可考虑置入双腔起搏器。VVS的药物治疗第二十四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日
诊断评价
(N=3411to4332)
ReferencesAvailable结果(%)评价指标
病史,体检,ECG,心脏成像
38-40其他检查
倾斜试验27
体外心电监测5-13
InsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)43-883-5
电生理检查<2-5
运动试验0.5
脑电图0.3-0.5
MRINodataavailable6第二十五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日再见
晕厥第二十六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Head-UpTiltTest(HUT)ProtocolsvaryUsefulasdiagnosticadjunct
inatypicalsyncopecasesUsefulinteachingpatients
torecognizeprodromalsymptomsNotusefulinassessingtreatmentBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.60°-80°第二十七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Head-upTiltTestCarlosMorillo,MD,FRCPCProfessor,FacultyofHealthSciencesMcMasterUniversity,HamiltonOntarioClickonceonimagetoplayvideo.第二十八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Head-UpTiltTest:
ECGLeadsandIntra-ArterialPressureTracingDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter21第二十九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日AdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)TestOngoinginvestigation
intheUSProvokesashortand
potentcardioinhibitory
vasovagalresponseAdvantagesSimpleInexpensiveCorrelationwith
pacingbenefitSeemstoidentifyauniquemechanismofsyncopefound
inpatientswith:AdvancedageMorehypertensionMoreECGabnormalitiesBrignoleM.Heart.2000;83:24-28.
DonateoP.JAmCollCardiol.2003;41:93-98.FlammangD.Circ.1999;99:2427-2433.第三十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Reveal®PlusILRInsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)TypicalLocationofthe
Reveal®PlusILRClickonceonblackscreentoplayvideo.第三十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日InsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)TheILRisanimplantablepatient–andautomatically–activatedmonitoringsystemthatrecordssubcutaneousECGandisindicatedfor:Patientswithclinicalsyndromesorsituationsatincreasedriskof
cardiacarrhythmiasPatientswhoexperiencetransientsymptomsthatmaysuggesta
cardiacarrhythmia第三十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日InsertableLoopRecorder(ILR)Clickonceonblackscreentoplayvideo.第三十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Symptom-RhythmCorrelationwiththeILRCASE:65year-oldmanwithsyncopeaccompaniedbybriefretrogradeamnesia.Medtronicdataonfile.CASE:56year-oldwomanwithrefractorysyncopeaccompaniedwithseizures.第三十四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日RandomizedAssessmentofSyncopeTrial(RAST)Results:Combiningprimarystrategywithcrossover,thediagnosticyieldis43%ILRonlyvs.20%conventionalonly1Cost/diagnosisis26%lessthanconventionaltesting2
1KrahnAD,etal.Circ.2001;104:46-51.2KrahnAD,etal.JACC.2003;42:495-501.UnexplainedSyncopeEF>35%60PatientsAECG,Tilt,
EPStudyDiagnosisILR+–+–ILRConventionalTesting
(AECG,Tilt,EPS)30Patients30PatientsPrimary
StrategyCrossover14618++第三十五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日ISSUE
InternationalStudyofSyncopeofUncertainEtiologyMulticenter,international,prospectivestudyAnalyzedthediagnosticcontributionofanILRinthreepredefinedgroupsofpatientswithsyncopeofuncertainorigin:Isolatedsyncope:NoSHD,NormalECG1NegativetiltPositivetiltPatientswithheartdiseaseandnegativeEPtest2PatientswithbundlebranchblockandnegativeEPtest31MoyaA.Circulation.2001;104:1261-1267.2MenozziC,etal.Circulation.2002;105:2741-2745.3BrignoleM,etal.Circulation.2001;104:2045-2050.第三十六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日ISSUE
PatientswithIsolatedSyncopeandTilt-PositiveSyncope
MoyaA.Circulation.
2001;104:1261-1267.Follow-UptoRecurrent
SpontaneousEpisode111PatientswithSyncopeNoSHD,NormalECG29:Tilt-Positive82:Tilt-Negative
“IsolatedSyncope”TiltTestFollowedbyInsertableLoopRecorder第三十七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日ISSUE
PatientswithHeartDiseaseandaNegativeEPTestMenozziC,etal.Circulation.2002;105:2741-2745.35PtswithHeartDisease
andInsertableLoopRecorderSyncope:6Pts(17%)ECG-Documented:6Pts(17%)Pre-Syncope:13Pts(37%)ECG-Documented:8Pts(23%)AVblock+asystole:1A.Fib+asystole:1Sinusarrest:1Sinustachycardia:1RapidA.Fib:2SustainedVT:1Parox.A.Fib/AT:1Posttachycardiapause:1Norhythmvariations:4Sinustachycardia:1第三十八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日ISSUE
PatientswithHeartDiseaseandaNegativeEPTestConclusionsPatientswithunexplainedsyncope,overtheartdisease,andnegativeEPstudyhadafavorablemedium-termoutcomeMechanismofsyncopewasheterogeneousVentriculartachyarrhythmiawasunlikely“ILR-guidedstrategyseemsreasonable,withspecifictherapysafelydelayeduntiladefinitediagnosisismade.”MenozziC,etal.Circulation.2002;105:2741-2745.第三十九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日ISSUE
PatientswithBundleBranchBlockandNegativeEPTestBrignoleM.,ETAL.,Circulation.2001;104:2045-2050.*5ofthesealsohad≥1presyncope**Drop-outbeforeprimary-endpoint52PtswithBBB
andInsertableLoopRecorderSyncope:
22Pts(42%)*ILR-Detected:19AVB:12(63%)SA:4(21%)Asystole-undefined:1(5%)NSR:1(5%)Sinustachy:1(5%)NotDetected:3StableAVB:
3Pts(6%)ILR-Detected
Pre-Syncope:
2Pts(4%)**Death:
1Pt(2%)AVB:2(4%)第四十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日ISSUE
PatientswithBundleBranchBlockandNegativeEPTestConclusion:InpatientswithBBBandnegativeEPstudy,mostsyncopal
recurrenceshaveahomogeneousmechanismthatischaracterizedbyprolongedasystolicpausesmainlyattributabletosudden-onsetparoxysmalAVblockBrignoleM.Circulation.2001;104:2045-2050.第四十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SectionIII:
SpecificConditionsandTreatment第四十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SpecificConditionsCardiacarrhythmiaBrady/TachyLongQTsyndromeTorsadedepointesBrugadaDrug-inducedStructuralcardio-pulmonaryNeurally-mediatedVasovagalSyncope(VVS)CarotidSinusSyndrome(CSS)Orthostatic第四十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日CardiacSyncopeIncludescardiacarrhythmiasandSHDOftenlife-threateningMaybewarningofcriticalCVdiseaseTachyandbradyarrhythmiasMyocardialischemia,aorticstenosis,pulmonaryhypertension,
aorticdissectionAssessculpritarrhythmiaorstructuralabnormalityaggressivelyInitiatetreatmentpromptlyBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第四十四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日“…cardiacsyncopecanbeaharbingerofsuddendeath.”Survivalwithand
withoutsyncope6-monthmortalityrate
ofgreaterthan10%Cardiacsyncope
doubledtherisk
ofdeathIncludescardiacarrhythmiasandSHDNoSyncopeVasovagaland
OtherCausesCardiacCause0 5 10 15Follow-Up(yr)ProbabilityofSurvival1.00.20.0SoteriadesES,etal.NEnglJMed.2002;347:878.第四十五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SyncopeDuetoStructuralCardiovascularDisease:PrincipleMechanismsAcuteMI/Ischemia2°neuralreflexbradycardia–Vasodilatation,arrhythmias,
lowoutput(rare)HypertrophiccardiomyopathyLimitedoutputduringexertion(increasedobstruction,greaterdemand),arrhythmias,neuralreflexAcuteaorticdissectionNeuralreflexmechanism,pericardialtamponadePulmonaryembolus/
pulmonaryhypertensionNeuralreflex,inadequate
flowwithexertionValvularabnormalitiesAorticstenosis–Limitedoutput,neuralreflexdilationinperipheryMitralstenosis,atrialmyxoma–ObstructiontoadequateflowBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第四十六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SyncopeDuetoCardiacArrhythmiasBradyarrhythmiasSinusarrest,exitblockHighgradeoracutecompleteAVblockCanbeaccompaniedbyvasodilatation(VVS,CSS)TachyarrhythmiasAtrialfibrillation/flutterwithrapidventricularrate
(eg,pre-excitationsyndrome)ParoxysmalSVTorVTTorsadedepointesBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第四十七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日ILRRecordingsCASE:28year-oldmanpresentstoERmultipletimesafterfallsresultingintrauma.VT:Ablatedandmedicated.CASE:83year-oldwomanwithsyncopeduetobradycardia:Pacemakerimplanted.Reveal®ILRrecordings;Medtronicdataonfile.第四十八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日LongQTSyndromesMechanismAbnormalitiesofsodiumand/orpotassiumchannelsSusceptibilitytopolymorphicVT(Torsadedepointes)PrevalenceDrug-inducedforms–CommonGeneticforms–Relativelyrare,butincreasinglybeingrecognized“Concealed”forms:MaybecommonProvidebasisfordrug-inducedtorsadeSchwartzP,PrioriS.In:ZipesDandJalifeJ,eds.CardiacElectrophysiology.Saunders;2004:651-659.第四十九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Syncope:TorsadedePointesFromthefilesofDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter第五十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日LongQTSyndromes:12-LeadECGFromthefilesofDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter第五十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Drug-InducedQTProlongation
(Listiscontinuouslybeingupdated)AntiarrhythmicsClassIA...Quinidine,Procainamide,DisopyramideClassIII…Sotalol,Ibutilide,Dofetilide,Amiodarone,NAPA*AntianginalAgentsBepridil*PsychoactiveAgents Phenothiazines,Amitriptyline,Imipramine,ZiprasidoneAntibioticsErythromycin,Pentamidine,Fluconazole,CiprofloxacinanditsrelativesNonsedatingantihistaminesTerfenadine*,AstemizoleOthersCisapride*,Droperidol,Haloperidol*RemovedfromU.S.MarketBrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第五十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日TreatmentofLongQTSuspicionandrecognitionarecriticalEmergencytreatmentIntravenousmagnesiumPacingtoovercomebradycardiaorpausesIsoproterenoltoincreaseheartrateandshortenrepolarizationICDifpriorSCAorstrongfamilyhistoryIfdruginduced:ReversebradycardiaWithdrawdrugAvoidALLlong-QTprovokingagentsIfgenetic:AvoidALLlong-QTprovokingagentsSchwartzP,PrioriS.In:ZipesDandJalifeJ,eds.CardiacElectrophysiology.Saunders;2004:651-659.第五十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日TreatmentofSyncope
DuetoBradyarrhythmiaClassIindicationforpacingusingdualchambersystem
whereverpossibleVentricularpacingin
atrialfibrillationwith
slowventricular
responseACC/AHA/NASPE2002GuidelineUpdate.Circ.2002;106:2145-2161.nV-0.2-0.4:45:44:43:42:41:40:39:38:37:37:36:35:34:33:32:31:30:29:29:28:27:26:25:24:23:22:2108:23:218:23:2908:23:3-0.2-0.0-0.2-0.4第五十四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日TreatmentofSyncope
DuetoTachyarrhythmiaAtrialtachyarrhythmiasAVRTduetoaccessorypathway–AblatepathwayAVNRT–AblateAVnodalslowpathwayAtrialfib–Pacing,linear/focalablationforparoxysmalAFAtrialflutter–AblatetheIVC-TVisthmusofthere-entrantcircuit
for‘typical’flutterVentriculartachyarrhythmiasVentriculartachycardia–ICDorablationwhereappropriateTorsadedepointes–WithdrawoffendingdrugorimplantICD
(longQT/Brugada/shortQT)DrugtherapymaybeanalternativeinmanycasesBrignoleM,etal.Europace.2004;6:467-537.第五十五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日Neurally-MediatedReflexSyncopeVasovagalSyncope(VVS)CarotidSinusSyndrome(CSS)SituationalsyncopePost-micturitionCoughSwallowDefecationBlooddrawing,etc.BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第五十六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日PathophysiologyAutonomic
Nervous
SystemBendittD,etal.Neurallymediatedsyncope:Pathophysiology,investigationsandtreatment.BlancJJ,etal.eds.Futura.1996.第五十七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
ClinicalPathophysiologyNeurally-mediatedphysiologicreflexmechanismwith
twocomponents:1.Cardioinhibitory(↓HR)2.Vasodepressor(↓BP)despiteheartbeats,nosignificant
BPgeneratedBothcomponentsareusuallypresentWielingW,etal.In:BendittD,etal.TheEvaluationandTreatmentofSyncope.Futura.2003;11-22.12第五十八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
IncidenceMostcommonformofsyncope8%to37%(mean18%)ofsyncopecasesDependsonpopulationsampledYoungwithoutSHD,↑incidenceOlderwithSHD,↓incidenceLinzerM,etal.AnnInternMed.1997;126:989.第五十九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVSvs.CSSIngeneral:VVSpatientsyoungerthanCSSpatientsAgesrangefromadolescencetoolderadults
(median43years)LinzerM,etal.AnnInternMed.1997;126:989.第六十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
Recurrences1SavageD,etal.STROKE.1985;16:626-29.2SheldonR,etal.Circulation.1996;93:973-81.35%ofpatientsreportsyncoperecurrenceduringfollow-up
≤3years1PositiveHUTwith>6lifetimesyncopeepisodes:recurrencerisk>50%over2years210008005010025842112362484480MonthsSinceSymptomsBeganTwoYearRiskTotalNumberofSyncopalEpisodes>75%50-75%25-50%<25%第六十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日FromthefilesofDGBenditt,MD.UofMCardiacArrhythmiaCenter16.3secContinuousTracing1secVVS
Spontaneous16year-oldmale,healthy,athletic,monitoredforfainting.第六十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
DiagnosisHistoryandphysicalexam,ECGandBPHead-UpTilt(HUT)–Protocol:Fast>2hoursECGandcontinuousbloodpressure,supine,anduprightTiltto70°,20minutesIsoproterenol/NitroglycerinifnecessaryEndpoint–Lossofconsciousness60°-80°BendittD,etal.JACC.1996;28:263-275.BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第六十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
GeneralTreatmentMeasuresOptimaltreatment
strategiesforVVSare
asourceofdebateTreatmentgoalsAcuteinterventionPhysicalmaneuvers,eg,
crossinglegsortuggingarmsLoweringheadLyingdownLong-termpreventionTilttrainingEducationDiet,fluids,saltSupporthoseDrugtherapyPacingBrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.第六十四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
TiltTrainingProtocolObjectivesEnhanceorthostatictoleranceDiminishexcessiveautonomicreflexactivityReducesyncopesusceptibility/recurrencesTechniquePrescribedperiodsofuprightpostureagainstawallStartwith3-5minBIDIncreaseby5mineach
weekuntiladurationof
30minisachievedReybrouckT,etal.PACE.2000;23(4Pt.1):493-498.第六十五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
TiltTraining:ClinicalOutcomesTreatmentofrecurrentVVSReybrouck,etal.*:Long-termstudy38patientsperformedhometilttrainingAfteraperiodofregulartilttraining,82%remainedfreeofsyncopeduringthefollow-upperiodHowever,atthe43-monthfollow-up,29patientshadabandonedthetherapyConclusion:Theabnormalautonomicreflexactivity
ofVVScanberemedied.Compliancemaybeanissue.
*ReybrouckT,etal.PACE.2000;23:493-498.第六十六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
TiltTraining:ClinicalOutcomesFoglia-Manzillo,etal.*:Short-termstudy68patients35tilttraining33notreatment(control)Tilttabletestconductedafter3weeks19(59%)oftilttrainedand18(60%)ofcontrolshadapositivetestTilttrainingwasnoteffectiveinreducingtilttestingpositivityratePoorcomplianceinthemajorityofpatientswithrecurrentVVS
*Foglio-ManzilloG,etal.Europace.2004;6:199-204.第六十七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VVS
PharmacologicTreatmentFludrocortisoneBeta-adrenergicblockersPreponderanceofclinicalevidencesuggestsminimalbenefit1SSRI(SelectiveSerotonin
Re-UptakeInhibitor)1smallcontrolledtrial2Vasoconstrictors1negativecontrolledtrial(etilefrine)32positivecontrolledtrials(midodrine)4,51BrignoleM,etal.Europace,2004;6:467-537.2DiGirolamoE,etal.JACC.1999;33:1227-1230.3RavieleA,etal.Circ.1999;99:1452-1457.4WardC,etal.Heart.1998;79:45-49.5Perez-LugonesA,etal.JCardiovascElectrophysiol.2001;12(8):935-938.第六十八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日MidodrineforVVSPerez-LugonesA,SchweikertR,PaviaS,etal.JCardiovascElectrophysiol.2001;12(8):935-938.Monthsp<0.001Symptom-FreeInterval180160140120100806040200100806040200FluidMidodrine第六十九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日TheRoleofPacingasTherapyforSyncopeVVSwith+HUTandcardioinhibitoryresponse:
ClassIIbindicationforpacingThreerandomized,prospectivetrialsreportedbenefits
ofpacinginselectVVSpatients:VPSI1VASIS2SYDIT3SubsequentstudyresultslessclearVPSII4Synpace5INVASY61ConnollySJ.JAmCollCardiol.1999;33:16-20.2SuttonR.Circulation.2000;102:294-299.3AmmiratiF.Circ.2001;104:52-57.4ConnollyS.JAMA.2003;289:2224-2229.5GiadaF.PACE.2003;26:1016(abstract).6OcchettaE,etal.Europace.2004;6:538-547.第七十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VPSI
(NorthAmericanVasovagalPacemakerStudy)Objective:ToevaluatepacemakertherapyforsevererecurrentvasovagalsyncopeRandomized,prospective,singlecenterN=54patients27:DDDpacemakerwithratedropresponse27:NopacemakerInclusion:VasodepressorresponsePrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeConnollySJ.JAmCollCardiol.1999;33:16-20.
第七十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日100908070605040302010003691215TimeinMonthsNoPacemaker(PM)2P=0.000022PacemakerCumulativeRisk(%)ConnollySJ.JAmCollCardiol.1999;33:16-20.Results:6(22%)withPMhadrecurrencevs.19(70%)withoutPM84%RRR(2p=0.000022)VPSI
(NorthAmericanVasovagalPacemakerStudy)第七十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VASIS
(VAsovagalSyncopeInternationalStudy)Objective:Toevaluatepacemakertherapyforseverecardioinhibitorytilt-positiveneurallymediatedsyncopeRandomized,prospective,multi-centerN=42patients19:DDIpacemaker(80bpm)withratehysteresis(45bpm)23:NopacemakerInclusion:PositivecardioinhibitoryresponsePrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeSuttonR.Circulation.2000;102:294-299.第七十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SuttonR.Circulation.2000;102:294-299.Pacemaker(PM)NoPacemakerp=0.0004Years%Syncope-Free10080604020023456Results:1(5%)withPMhadrecurrencevs.14(61%)withoutPMVASIS
(VAsovagalSyncopeInternationalStudy)第七十四页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SYDIT
(SYncopeDIagnosisandTreatment)Objective:TocomparetheeffectsofcardiacpacingwithpharmacologicaltherapyinpatientswithrecurrentvasovagalsyncopeRandomized,prospective,multi-centerN=93patients46:DDDpacemakerwithratedropresponse47:Atenolol100mg/dInclusion:PositiveHUTwithrelativebradycardiaPrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeAmmiratiF.Circulation.2001;104:52-57.第七十五页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SYDIT
(SYncopeDIagnosisandTreatment)AmmiratiF.Circulation.2001;104:52-57.
0.91.001002003004005006007008009001000DrugPacemaker(PM)Time(Days)%Syncope-Freep=0.0032Results:2(4%)withPMhadsyncoperecurrencevs.12(26%)withoutPM第七十六页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日VPSII
(VasovagalPacemakerStudyII)Objective:Todetermineifpacingtherapyreducestherisk
ofsyncopeinpatientswithvasovagalsyncopeRandomized,double-blind,prospective,multi-centerN=100patients52:Onlysensingwithoutpacing48:DDDpacemakerwithratedropresponseInclusion:PositiveHUTwith(HRxBP)<6000/minxmmHgPrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeConnollyS.JAMA.2003;289:2224-2229.
第七十七页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日DualChamberPacing(DDD)OnlySensingWithoutPacing(ODO)1.00.20MonthsSinceRandomizationCumulativeRisk6543210ConnollyS.JAMA.2003;289:2224–2229.Results:33%withpacinghadrecurrencevs.42%withonlysensing
(notstatisticallysignificant)VPSII
(VasovagalPacemakerStudyII)第七十八页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SYNPACE
(VasovagalSYNcopeandPACing)
Objective:Todetermineifpacingtherapywillreducesyncoperelapsesinpatientswithrecurrentvasovagalsyncope,comparedtothosewithapacemakerprogrammedtoOFFRandomized,double-blind,prospective,multi-center,
placebo-controlledN=29patients16:DDDPMwithratedropresponseprogrammedON13:PMprogrammedOFF(OOOmode)Inclusion:RecurrentVVSand+HUTwithasystolicormixedresponsePrimaryoutcome:FirstrecurrenceofsyncopeRavieleA..Europace.2001;3:336–341.RavieleA,etal.EurHeartJ.2004;25:1741-1748.第七十九页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日SYNPACE
(VasovagalSYNcopeandPACing)RavieleA,etal.EurHeartJ.2004;25:1741-1748.Results:50%withpacingONhadrecurrencevs.38%withpacingOFF
(notstatisticallysignificant)0.91.002004006008001000PacemakerOFF%Syncope-Freep=0.5PacemakerONDaysSinceRandomization第八十页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日INVASY
(INotropyControlledPacinginVAsovagalSyncope)Objective:ToevaluateClosedLoopStimulation(CLS),aformofrate-adaptivepacingusingRVimpedance,inpreventingrecurrenceofVVSRandomized,prospective,single-blind,multi-centerN=50patients41:CLStherapy9:Control(pacemakerprogrammedinDDI)Inclusion:RecurrentVVSand+HUTwithcardioinhibitionPrimaryoutcome:RecurrenceoftwoVVSsduring
aminimumof1yearoffollow-upOcchettaE,etal.Europace.2004;6:538-547.
第八十一页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日INVASY
(INotropyControlledPacinginVAsovagalSYncope)2040600100%Syncope-FreeP<0.0001ClosedLoopStimulation(CLS)Control(DDIonly)TimeSinceRandomization3m6m9m1y2y3yResults:PatientswithCLShadnosyncoperecurrenceandimprovedqualityoflifeOcchettaE,etal.Europace.2004;6:538-547.
第八十二页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日RoleofPacingasTherapyforSyncope:SummaryThreeearlierstudiessingleblind–Bias?Pacemakerimplantationmaymodulatereflexsyncope
andautonomicresponses1Studyresultsmaydifferbasedonpre-implantselection
criteriaandtilt-testingtechniquesPacingtherapyiseffectiveinsomebutnotall(cardioinhibitionvs.vasodepression)Infivepacingstudies,syncoperecurredin33/156(21%)ofpacedpatients,72/162(44%)innon-pacedpatients(p<0.000)21KapoorW.JAMA.2003;289:2272-2275.
2BrignoleM,etal..Europace.2004;6:467-537.第八十三页,共一百零三页,2022年,8月28日CSS
CarotidSinusSyndromeSyncopeclearlyassociatedwithcarotidsinusstimulationis
rare(≤1%ofsyncope)CSSmaybeanimportantcauseofunexplainedsyncope/falls
inolderindividualsPrevalencehigherthanprevious
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