美国文化AmericanEducation的课件

EducationEducationIntroductionHistoryEarlyChildhoodEducationGrammarSchoolandHighSchoolCollegesandUniversitiesIntroductionLeadingRemarksTheAcademicLevelsLeadingRemarks“Thefunctionofeducationistoteachonetothinkintensivelyandtothinkcritically.Intelligencepluscharacter–thatisthegoaloftrueeducation”

-----MartinLutherKing,Jr.TheAcademicLevelsEducationis“Likeabigwindowopening,”accordingtotheEnglishnovelistMaryWebb.Americansareproudofthefactthatthewindowofknowledgeisneverslammedshutforanyofthenation’scitizens.TheAcademicLevelsAllAmericanchildrenareofferedtwelveyearsoffreepubliceducation.Adultswhowishtoattendschoolalsofindmanyopportunities.Inthisnationofrapidchange,therecanbenoagelimitonlearning;everyonemuststudy–inclassroomsorindependently–tokeepintouchwiththechanginglifearoundhim.HistoryWhenThePuritansettledtotheNewWorld,theyholdsostrongspiritualbeliefthattheyconsidertheeducationofnextgenerationwasimportanttofurther“purify”thechurchandperfectsocialliving.Therefore,thePuritansestablishedschoolsastheysetupchurches.TheyformedthefirstpubliclyfundedsecondaryschoolinAmericain1635,calledtheBostonLatinSchool,anditisalsotheoldesteducationalinstitutioninthecountry.LaterthefirstAmericanCollegeHarvardCollegeisestablishedinCambridge.TheMassachusettsLawof1642ispassedtoendowparentstheresponsibilityfortheeducationoftheirchildren.In1647,Massachusettspassedanotherlawforparentalnegligencetoeducationoftheirchildren.TownsofahundredfamiliesmusthaveagrammarschoolmasterwhocouldpreparechildrentoattendHarvardCollege.ThentheAmericancolonistsestablishedschoolsandbroughtinschoolmasters.HarvardCollegeyardBy1850,everystatehadprovidedforasystemoffreepublicschoolsopentoallchildrenandpaidforbypublictaxes.Meanwhile,state-supportedcollegesanduniversitieshadalreadybeenestablishedinmanystates.In1852,Massachusettspassedthefirstcompulsoryeducationlawinthenewnation,coveringyoungpeople6to16yearsold.EarlyChildhoodEducationKindergartenNurserySchoolDayCareCentersKindergarten

Inmostareas,freepublicschooleducationbeginswithkindergartenclassesforfive-year-olds.Throughthesehalf-daysessions,thechildbecomesaccustomedtobeingseparatedfromMommy,playingandsharingwithotherchildren,andfollowingthedirectionsofateacher.Earlychildhoodeducationisconsideredsobeneficialthatsomepublicschoolsystemsalsoofferpre-kindergartenprogramsforfour-year-olds,thoughsometuitionisusuallycharged.

Formany,kindergartenistheirfirstschoolexperience.Butsomeareintroducedtotheclassroomsituationatamuchyoungerage,eitherthroughnurseryschoolsordaycarecenters.NurserySchoolNurseryschoolsacceptchildrenfromthreetofiveyearsoldforhalf-daysessionsrangingfromtwiceaweektofivedaysaweek.Thetypicalnurseryschoolclassroomisequippedmuchlikeakindergarten.Ayoungsterwhohasnoplaymateshisagelivingnearbymaybenefitgreatlyfromattendingnurseryschool.Nurseryschoolsusuallychargetuition.DayCareCentersDaycarecentersprovidecareforpre-schoolchildrenofworkingmotherswhoneedaplacetoleavetheirchildrenallday,fivedaysaweek.Thechildrenhavelunchandsnacksatthecenterandspendtheentiredaythere.Theneedformoredaycentersisacutebecauseabout30percentofmotherswithchildrenunderagesixareinthelaborforce.Manyworkingmotherspayalargepercentageoftheirearningstobabysitters;manytaketurnswithothermotherstoprovidedaycareforsmallgroupsofchildrenintheirhomes.Existingdaycarecentersareoperatedandfundedbymanydifferentorganizations.Someareprofit-makingfacilitiessupportedbytuitionfees.Othersarenon-profitcentersrunbyphilanthropic,religious,governmental,orindustrialsponsors.

GrammarSchoolandHighSchoolBriefIntroductionTwoWaysofDivisionforSchoolSystemElementary/GrammarSchoolHighSchoolBriefIntroductionIntheUnitedStates,classesofstudentsaredividedintotwelveacademiclevels

called

grades.Generally,oneacademicyear(fromSeptemberthroughJune)isrequiredtocompleteeachgrade.Academicwork—learningtoread,write,anddoarithmetic—beginswhenthechildentersfirstgrade,ataboutagesix.TwoWaysofDivisionforSchoolSystemThefirstacademicinstitutionthatachildattendsiscalledgrammarschoolorelementaryschool.Insomeschoolsystems,elementaryschoolincludesgradesonethrougheight.Thenextfouryearsarecalledhighschool.Inotherschoolsystems,therearethreedivisions:elementaryschool(gradesonethroughsix),juniorhighschool(gradesseventhroughnine),andseniorhighschool(gradestenthroughtwelve).Grammarschoolsteachreading,arithmetic,language,andsomeothersubjects.Duringtheelementaryyears,studentsaregroupedintoclasses,andeachgroupstaystogetherfortheentireschoolandtheentireschoolyear.Generally,theclasshasthesameteacherformostsubjects.Inhighschool,subjectmatterbecomesmorespecialized.Highschoolstudentsusuallytakeaone-yeargeneralsciencecourse,thenmoredetailedcoursesinbiology,chemistry,andphysics.Morehighschoolstudentsstudyaforeignlanguage.HighSchoolThehighschoolstudent’sdaymaybedividedintonineperiods:fiveforacademicsubjects,onesessionforphysicaleducation,alunchperiod,andtwostudyperiods.Thestudyperiodsmaybeusedforvisitingthelibraryorparticipatinginanextracurricularactivity.CollegesandUniversitiesBriefIntroductionAcademicLifeCampusLifeHarvardUniversity&TheIvyLeague

College&UniversityCollege—undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts(B.A.)oraBachelorofSciences(B.S.)degreeUniversity—agroupofcolleges,eachservingaspecialpurposeFunctionsofhighereducationteachingresearchpublicserviceCollegeLifeAnacademicyear—ninemonthstwoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersessiona“break”ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30-daywinterbreakCreditsearnedbyattendinglectures(orlabclasses)andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminationsacoursemaylast10to16weeks—asemesterSports—significantinuniversitylifefootball—mostpopularfootballandbasketballscholarshipsstudentsasathleticsor“jocks”(大学运动员)receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistanceStudents’organizations—clubsandactivitieshelpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbiesart,music,drama,debateforeignlanguages,photographyvolunteerworkCollegeLifeBriefIntroductionWhenastudentgraduatesfromhighschool,hemayattendcollegeifhishighschoolrecordandtestscoresategoodenoughtogainhimadmittance.Americanhighereducationisprovidedbymorethan3,000institutions.Somearesupportedprivatelyandsomebylocaland/orstategovernments.Someadmitonlymenandsomeonlywomen,butmostarecoeducational.Somearecalledcolleges,whichmeansthattheyofferonlyundergraduatecourses.Othersarecalleduniversities,whichmeansthattheyhaveundergraduate,graduate,andprofessionalschools.AfterWWⅡ,collegesanduniversitieshaveexpandedtremendously.Thishugeexpansionreflectsthetrendtowarddemocratizinghighereducation.AcademicLifeCollegesanduniversitiesofferavastarrayofsubjects.Thestudentcansampledifferentfieldsofknowledge,butheusuallyconcentrates(majors)inonefieldduringhislasttwoyearsofcollege.Atthecollegelevel,theacademicyearisaboutninemonthslong(usuallyfrommid-SeptemberuntilearlyJuneorformlateAugustuntilMay).Aftercompletingfouracademicyearswithacceptablegradesinanapprovedcourseofstudy,thestudentearnsabachelor’sdegree.Atmostcolleges,the

academicyearisdividedintoeithertwoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersession.Collegegrades,fromhighesttolowest,runA,B,C,D,F.AnFisafailinggrade;ifastudentreceivesanFinaparticularcourse,hedoesnotgetcreditforhavingtakenthecourse.CollegestudentsmustmaintainatleastalowCaverageinordertoremaininschool.Americanuniversitiesofferthreemaincategoriesofgraduatedegrees.Inmostfieldsofspecialization,amaster’sdegreecanbeearnedbyoneortwoacademicyearsofstudybeyondthebachelor’sdegree.APh.D.degree(doctororphilosophy)usuallytakesatleastthreeyearsbeyondthemaster’s.ToearnaPh.D.inalmostanyfield,thestudentmustgenerallypassoralandwrittenexaminationsinhisspecialty,producealongresearchpaperwhichmakesanoriginalcontributiontohisfieldofstudy,andpassreadingexaminationsinoneortwoforeignlanguages.CampusLife

Acollegecommunityisaninterestingandlivelyplace.Studentsbecomeinvolvedinmanydifferentactivities–extracurricular,religious,socialandathletic.Amongtheextracurricularactivitiesarecollegenewspapers,musicalorganizations,dramaticclubs,andpoliticalgroups.Athleticsisanimportantphaseoflifeonmostcampuses.Americanfootballisthecollegesportwhichstirsupthemostnationalinterest.Collegecampusesareattractingstudentsfromallsocialclassesdespitetherapidlyrisingcostofhighereducation.Fortunatelyforstudentswithlimitedfunds,financialhelpisavailablefrommanysources.The“G.I.Bill”passedin1944,wasthefirstinaseriesoflawsgivingfinancialhelptoarmedforcesveterans.Manyyoungpeoplefrompoorfamiliesstrugglealongonlimitedbudgetsinordertostayinschoolbecausetheyknowthatacollegedegreebringshigherincome,greatjobsecurity,moreprestige,andamoresignificantcareer.“Everysonmustriseabovehisfather”isamajoraspectoftheAmericanDream–andonethatismostoftenrealizedthroughhighereducation.HarvardUniversity&TheIvyLeagueHarvardUniversityisthelongestinU.S.history.Itisoneofthefirst-classacademicinstitutionwhichislocatedinCambridge,Massachusetts.HarvardUniversityhastwocollegestorecruitstudents,HarvardCollegeandRadcliffeCollege,whichrecruitedthestudentsabouthalfofallstudentsatHarvardUniversity.HarvardUniversity,foundedin1636,formerlyknownasCambridgeCollege.BorninLondon,theBritishministerJohnHarvard(JohnHarvard,graduatingfromtheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland)workedtheBritishInstitutein1637,andhisworkwasverypositiveandwaspraised.Hedonatedallofcollectionsandhalfofhisassetstotheinstitute,andtheschoolwasrenamedasHarvardUniversity.。

哈佛大学研究院兼收男女生。哈佛学院(HarvardCollege)专收男生。拉德克利夫学院(RadcliffeCollege)，创于1879年，专收女生。大学生进入一年级必须住在学院内。二年级学生住在校园外13座各自独立的居住区内。自创办以来，哈佛已为美国培养出了众多的政治家、科学家、企业家、作家、学者。包括34名诺贝尔奖金获得者、32名普利策奖金获得者和8位总统。自清末以来，这里就有众多的中国学子就读，竺可桢、杨杏佛、赵元任、陈寅恪、林语堂、梁实秋、梁思成、江泽涵、李禾禾等。王安、贝聿铭就是其中的佼佼者。

耶鲁大学校徽耶鲁大学（YaleUniversity）,旧译“耶劳大书院”，是一所坐落于美国康乃狄格州纽黑文市的私立大学，始创于1701年，初名“大学学院”（CollegiateSchool）。耶鲁大学是美国历史上建立的第三所大学，今为常青藤联盟的成员之一。在2007英国泰晤士专上教育增刊（TimesHigherEducationSupplement）的世界大学排名，耶鲁大学在总平均排名与剑桥、牛津大学并列世界第二。美国普林斯顿评论（PrincetonReview）在2006把耶鲁大学在全美最难进的大学里排第二。YaleUniversity耶鲁大学耶鲁拥有众多杰出的校友：美国最近三任总统都是耶鲁大学的校友，乔治·布什是耶鲁著名的秘密团体骷髅会的一员。克林顿总统是耶鲁法学院的校友。克林顿与他的夫人希拉里就是在耶鲁法学院的图书馆里相识。著名影星朱迪·福斯特，梅丽尔斯特里普毕业于耶鲁戏剧学院。影星爱德华·诺顿毕业于耶鲁大学历史系。《时代周刊》的著名专栏作家凯文·翠林都是耶鲁校友。ColumbiaUniversity

哥伦比亚大学特色之一：在于它地处纽约。在这里，你可以感受到美国政治风云的变化，你也可以感受到美国枪杀案的激增。作为BigApple的纽约。在哥伦比亚，你可以和华尔街的银行家畅谈世界金融局势，在这个全国的文化，金融中心，你可以在读书的过程中找