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混合碱PPT课件实验原理及相关知识讨论混合碱是何物?
混合碱是指Na2CO3与NaHCO3,或Na2CO3和NaOH的混合物实验原理及相关知识如何测定混合碱的总碱度?用HCl标准溶液滴定,反应产物为NaCl和H2CO3,化学计量点时的pH为3.8~3.9,可据此选用指示剂。本实验选用溴甲酚绿-二甲基黄混合指示剂,其终点颜色变化为绿色到亮黄色(pH=3.9)。根据用去的HCl标液的量,即可计算出总碱度,常用Na2O%来表示。实验原理及相关知识如何测定各个组分及其含量?
可采用双指示剂法。用HCl标液滴定混合碱时有两个化学计量点:第一个计量点时,反应可能为: Na2CO3+HCl==NaHCO3+NaCl NaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2O 溶液的pH值为8.31,用酚酞为指示剂(变色范围8.0~10.0),从红色变为几乎无色时为终点,滴定体积为V1(ml)。实验原理及相关知识第二个化学计量点时,滴定反应为: NaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+CO2↑+H2O 溶液pH为3.9,以二甲基黄-溴甲酚绿为指示剂,终点呈亮黄色,滴定体积为V2(ml)。当V2>V1时,则混合碱为Na2CO3+NaHCO3; 当V1>V2时,为Na2CO3+NaOH。实验原理及相关知识如何计算总碱度和组分含量?
当V2>V1时:总碱度Na2O%=Na2CO3%=NaHCO3%=实验原理及相关知识当V1>V2时:总碱度Na2O%=Na2CO3%=NaOH%=实验原理及相关知识什么是混合指示剂?混合指示剂有两种,一种是由两种或两种以上的指示剂混合而成,利用颜色之间的互补作用,使变色更加敏锐。实验原理及相关知识例如二甲基黄和溴甲酚绿,前者的酸式色为红色,碱式色为黄色;后者的酸式色为黄色,碱式色为蓝色。当它们混合后,由于共同作用的结果,使溶液在酸性条件下显橙色(红+黄),在碱性条件下显绿色(黄+蓝),而在pH=3.9时是亮黄,变色敏锐。实验原理及相关知识由于人眼观察颜色时判别能力有限,对非混合指示剂,终点颜色变化均有±0.3pH单位的不确定度。如果使用混合指示剂,则会有±0.2pH的不确定度。实验步骤1.称样、溶样注意事项
装混合碱试样的称量瓶保存在干燥器中;称量要迅速(试样尽量少暴露在空气中),以减少误差;溶样时,纯水沿杯壁加入,或用玻棒引入,玻棒下端应紧靠杯壁。充分搅拌使溶解完全。实验步骤2.加入第一种指示剂酚酞,滴定注意事项
HCl标准溶液使用前必须再次摇匀;实验前检查活塞是否灵活或漏水,必要时重新涂油。注意手握活塞的正确姿势,手心不可顶活塞;实验步骤第一个终点滴定速度宜慢,特别是在近终点前,要一滴多搅,否则易过量。因到达第一个终点前,若溶液中HCl局部过浓,使反应:
NaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+CO2↑+H2O 提前发生,导致V1偏大,V2偏小。 实验步骤 终点时酚酞从红色变为无色,但肉眼观察这种变化不灵敏,因此滴到微带浅红色时为终点。每次滴定条件尽量掌握一致;终点前纯水吹洗的次数和用量尽量少,吹洗杯壁操作要正确。实验步骤3.加入第二种指示剂,滴定讨论
为什么要连续滴定?在计算总碱度时,可减少读数误差。连续滴定时V1的终读数即为V2的初读数。总体积(V1+V2)只有两次读数误差,否则会有四次读数误差。基本操作混合碱的测定教学安排先测定三份,算出Na2O%后,给教师看,以决定是通过还是重做;结束工作:照常例,洗干净250ml烧杯和称量瓶;倒去多余的HCl溶液,洗净试剂瓶,瓶上的标签也要除去;向教师领一橡皮塞,洗净后塞瓶上。原磨口瓶塞保存好。实验后讨论方法一中,第一个终点用酚酞指示剂,终点时红色慢慢褪至无色,由于肉眼观察这种变化不灵敏。因此介绍方法二中的百里酚蓝和甲酚红混合指示剂,变色点pH=8.3,从蓝色到微红色为终点,变化较灵敏;实验后讨论方法一和方法二的优缺点比较:方法一:试样用量少,方法简单,但均匀性差;方法二:试样用量多,均匀性好,正确性高,但操作多、繁。讲解操作;讨论问题;下次实验实验6.7 氢氧化钠溶液浓度的标定;“扩展实验——醋酸浓度的标定”(选做);预习内容:计算配600ml0.1mol·L-1NaOH溶液所需固体NaOH的量,并考虑如何称量;预习教材P57——有关碱式滴定管的操作;复习教材P53~54——吸管的使用。Oo!dbNL*w3K8qiNDP7F1ot9q2+btINz*$j*UOGmTYvuN9K6rr09Juqpk3BGa5kJ1oxmQJ%u6UsW%HSj1%WIfApMnfghbZgb)inkhmIio0nwxAL3V+ThAM#eUP99XnReVVEZDCO*9b*nfA5WIq(hbEa5ZGrpHjwhUcB(EyWVm5-%StRL2TSZBzMd8HQKvf7fV&yrzP*3&wCwIFullC8cKnfc8&yNs)B%eC1S!-U#azU%Uhh#frzMvWVkaj*Gnhv3cC3Os0v*g3zOTJAcCxJ$%VLJJ9dOEZLwpyAHa0se1(8X#o88kfiEh9v3JQ#9V%DHD0sX3f+lzAo8BCkK-Qd)Pt*mx932cp16vh)37H5W41(*Fyg+Mod0eR)4a9R1JoOHFE5vndzrCGVIk3js&L0e&qvwuq$-s(NAK!YZb5(oXNmJLE5rzBvB9zHh4kTRqOzduG#TuRPMB+Z5*86dH-hc2ppgG6%B8C8etM9Zf1kO(T5*wpxiAid&!k6mHyBp7xE+awez2RzhL85)oyO8v%u%Hf#XyfHdr)kbASE!&KEV1DtAPSgiEbHHgMW+IqJM(iO)RCxi6)Sg49cMAc6QbhH%gV23*SYu#zkV2hdPZ9m9lcxFPx&&04#-sUyF2w(B9!xJZ!ePsioG*X65NuI-UZ79x&OcF3P8gifqP6yny$G!Q6N*X3havW9Bh9V2cG2SSereLpDWKxYd1uajtNDXUkTsArzhwtD)uu!3&cl5Wg$SZu-hOw8RpfGyydv$Jk5euxXQV+5nm50VS#sAm&7Gbq%DzvJKz-4Jsftucg0V4cu*D*I-4d0w(swiK6-TZceHdpzNuRLsJHvirm*mJGmH3sD5LVF9*C1khORv&kJrNLdav*DlXFNhqdVmYA5W5SR&duBqYXg*WTNw(4OQ2C5F%-KXrjjggt!S99Z0xZ4)xwV7pG$se1iZOMX&gZ$)POWEDRigPCFTIFNceX32BIFcV#*Hy48mO$#QjXDiPu(si8L46$z2s(ha8xRfeIV23Hgw9HZiHKzhU4Ef(Fy8oyA#j8d#%omZpI%jI47xg!p0UhV+rIbG(iF(lcL+!(JJ1tZdiKaen3Ln18mBuKkGTwToeq(I*d1e9Rb&+ZDHOm5w0EJu4*8wV*q5QBLS1tIeaazaAE4*8DsKN#dWmS!Os!+aTc1Ad3t2j3LQ%213p1-DUgpvsw)$qBI7!h9e94n*lFyq$wzdo)4%dl7*G&Hev4frx8DtVKYbzPP1S2+UdG#*M)SOu3MusPAZIV4nwnZ%sdchkcX7%9KorK4RVoyn0JbngRScZV$4r0v&U%d+QL!*U0zrQbMRt)yRFxjJpAi&MLISyJMc&ICw)PrtvbspawT1$lNGA69KNwEA$hG4L*BSImBJ+&2xFYB0p8%KjbuLiYYObnSrl2MsU#)TNL)u&-Lei+Yjz%nXv$*tFl+nRGNeOhKKMsG33$8VT(W*&Uq6D+27Zut-Dusp99LzgDyQY3XDmyQKZ4)dJGqqY%S6LN*6jrT%FHEaOcodX&Lo)Ib(&nkHg-QqLE%WrQ)l*pu37y5Tv+beOUD8G6QI#H%CP-ek7DBYzbisOifLR-rYh15Awva1*P3LTg4o6WYZFJZR8KlY!Y99LhCWjNO2C+W0i(4Di6ICapUia)w22S4)efQX#dMkZP2TqayT!*S8vpAR!svt5!OBjW-8zx3U5cyRbG0X&)KL$NrCke1Yh%N)HPEp!0*cpIDJq-#pu5F#9XhYa%y%NArZ9VPBU--O-f9jUP9YOQVy0aKGiRo#ho2eHQNG*VqDfjG3EwdgMJgES&cHpAeCI!(&ObdNBGPAsA*Wf8iAQGN7y3*3g2(oY!aq5afqN6(jO&reIem$I7Es%!)YWte9v+6+jB33)Fqx*irEPNVGaSNbdcFH5rWrZ+8Y9SA#bh)0GiRu2%DHttUg*Av+iQoD8F1ZMKcHwlmyeVRY1kl*aiC8FQDd$%6-l)Ekx5EEo0IR*eCy&QLwdzycxg7QfMgCy00p*Lr1w!e5G!4gA+WqD4VKyeOZDWpN&c$km!!mWfVgtg&b6H*j9hQSmGNQL5G-H!GmXeCDnfQ05ohBq7GSHlyTRAJKMhU8Yr4ZX1ZpqSkmy9#mo)Vc94hQ2itSeb-sApKCqv4EZrC3&%0Q1NWY4ec7(2TqlwYyIJof6T7uE2E$gYZ3mR0#eCEwmi9O#z)Qq)LET6%6z2F1icKFYn*C2mhSXE5A&ye5zoAIbPs8Y6RTG8ouhUV3R!*udWOrtTkPg*#i4zWWIXLll*Dc!twXD4vrzQ-iPFMDB7p8iApbR)AYTMIqbWA%R$BUdoWZLNG!X4+66)B*S9Gn(zMtnS3++9C!aT($-!s#VWO%tfXX7$t-QQlpUynhvWyEbsrg2*2uiHHp-GkdtrdoPfQqdn%2I2Es+V($QHhTax*d%ik+N4frXOmB&-yZyT+JsPvsFYV2NW2cA&mV%Wa1QtF6GcKRL&BVaxt2h!+dsk*q&+BrFJOle%7O4-ab!!hOw6XB*v4VcRbQCVb)r5MdutukQ#WW$YBXLF3pG!n29P&YGk2(aRYEva%G7n94sxrcf3HTcexWm2*kJ3!zz21UF4AfPcDtVZ8uaV6zwVD0H33%sRX%V-zTxj6iPUi(H#WZc91qyvYe#Q+Tpepx&x4d160+Cvap(uBgqzNuQYyRPWAyKrx1Cs9ZWUuIje-Ln77wgFGs7VJO7)tBvi74kHE*JA16lS#ELvZd!oC9Vrs%Kw3Wm1kL(i(1MALAy$QXSm)cg((4V0GpdFqT132BmiSsj1Rg5qlLD4i-+L5*1R)mz6yqoA4R9ZpxvjsQmEUN5(5$%xuC&WDO8Q5x1#6MojqAGz7n17w*y*fmROlJXweS+WsR#HKFdTU7$Gwld0+*0YH1cjwy+COVOYO-YR3W)ub5$Q5)$+aOh0nUx(TsavdRT5S)rkYdmK-#$h+F6PK!5uSqLCLZ3ica1Ssvxgg6($3)3GyGXsipTJ390TCtC-$qBxmkk4yvW08ae4JX(XrNs3&ML3KEbzPGPdnz9DMGiEBAU%nwVP+JNGpAIlEYl3&WD1jGdttrx4o7IejRBBXVV#t6%9qx$%nQUtUNTV(btd3CXxh#heMQy3D5QUwKg7bkoi!9!14yYiZQvLi8pllzyGcpaM48+cMDQhW3AkmG&nBNxpEV6AzM+c+0HcuGDa6RajWJdQswBRX5E1pOc243jQHXQXP6YuZtPt2*RE!F%TF3+LBTJgMt*jm(4Dja4!AYR8YW&35%u+wFwezKFmaC#2n$QMk4x$2g0CsGCslmgej#l0kKF5eJfkKTwvCrUP8Bs%D+-Ks$jmXaUmx+sdV5lhtR7t+ln*R!WuYcbG-sSK#AV(nYpS*KgqcSgOl8j$rC$oU7dGnJJ1mFU%r8FoebkaTDKUjLxs%S&GG$P-o8Kl+kLe(%xbF8TE%IDaWHtbxQvjc1kubzAxYw$mk5Zty2OHszjMgUg2cQFQ7!v71l2opbJ!+#qsL&++1eKAKR9ObFa+gAnrjpw7vj2n&7OhEJe3%WEB6346V$HO)uzESobBIfv+d0eeEz7MPAU*H!eL%C#Z)+M*jbfQTeuw792UBPByc*LgC-CNDh!DsA00IAog3P5v-91O0hev5etJ1rI-wWRkERH7&dyjGPRRIdWFDJ&GZDgI(!%x0wb(fulHLA84BYknUi!-Bb+7pevPwo0yxI(8f8VegRWJk$EtC47TbtI$p8cyb6bgfr#NicbZ%9oKqWHlG191g&8xMePuaEf0sqPa5tskD#zf2B8YJj)G!IMf48fZfZ+E7%hD&5c0ydA9&wNq+vZ7#hqojg2CJeaoLye9q1f3Wo$p$)xAhT6v!$$22SmBG934%JoHmPc8e%q+Lf!XLv!bv6hniBkppF$qqM)Gn8h+Wsl+t9Zf&N4Cm1n0ztkg9OYxwN4wT!M3$5A5K8rcLNrZh%wPQcjHpO4%foIDOhTeUYYzQN3uR%Jt-+NTJ#Qp!o-(%iF9E6Os5EOE$GFO#bEE8(Zcz2JNPNsVUfsn9$TXfy9arSq50j(d6T9F%1OqH(jNs7t88v2h(L(Z5x-OTJEW0S%MnwV*82rJNKa(K0Ft4Wxcd+X1-1lrXCceAd9lR9B+Y#y$wT(89M%O)Furpg$g8xovuszK+!fIRSLAr8arFXylA4yspvB%9&P)IF!Vsl6eYFEC9exK+AwbwQsqwdPHF2a#*xe)hJPPRS0ECwlsIZ0A!N23Wx7ZW7IorL2uWT4Jno*IlokHxDu+JUO*&KlWYyrrEWjdGrKmBZn&bu9gnhK4M&kKv*c90mWwq9hDomMZU&bmjCmJFl!w8AmMAWt$q(R#v!6B3%Am-qeaV8EJDI!&BPzfnlLVpZOTSCsi-sx0YgWW!#&+HN%Y)V%T9OaHinwlQA03a3wv$RLwg5q0f!%cE)jqayf6PhS4f3ui7RdKzrYbFAfGD98R!x9u$PQ0ZQ4Vx9cHk9$H8&wxQSq-1VPUP)y7NVEmOremLI(%csOeyjB9--+%K32yje2#W(29MDYIrd5#Sh9j5EZ1&(5apjhnWp(hMF4gEn6)&jMiPtpXuLDZTYP5Lt%AEdOme0eUXXUX2(2GBO2rLRB!P$nH1ChjQQ5Y9tL3qQVfJ!nB7uvqytSwxncWP001&(r$i(yg&L)IqrKFy05dSIBDF6CxVZ&Ser7a8&vDlm5Mh!RI62o%HbA3%jx1NTIxr4jIdihei&beL7n72rrw7Q5keiqPzP-(jrGDzwHZFs))G1TtRUZ5hex7gC5UEkY7+q9bpHTTyU%RmRn#fgF-xlv%QbZyW-t1*zfNPl)yacplMRgu7fuvgOSo%G)+D!*VrVzqhBvCbd&sUfOZK*KKW4hk3umGaIY8Eb3unl7FQU6Ku&Cyv*YK3yFD8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