植物学-生物多样性汇总

生物多样性的可持续和安全利用复旦大学生物多样性研究所卢宝荣Biodiversity生物多样性?生物种内（居群）、种间及其生境的总遗传变异BiodiversityGenediversityEcosystemdiversitySpeciesdiversity我们眼里的生物多样性…生物多样性的可持续利用——保护

GreenRevolution绿色革命Story1:aboutarevolutionaryeventinworldagricultureInternationalRiceResearchInstituteIRRI(Philippines)Ricevariety:IR-8InternationalMaizeandWheatImprovementCenterCIMMYT(Mexico)Wheatvariety:Nongling10GreenrevolutionDoubled,ortripledworldriceandwheatproductionEssentiallysolvedtheworldstarvationproblemsin60-70’s,particularlyinthethirdworldWonthetimesintheracesbetweenworldpopulationincreaseandyieldincrease

NormanE.BorlaugDirectorofwheatprogram(CIMMYT)1970NobelPeacePrizewinnerThe“fatherofGreenrevolution”“TheGreenRevolution:Peaceandhumanity”.nobel/peace/1970a.htalAspeechontheoccasionoftheNobelPrizeacceptance,1970,Dec11,OsloNorwayIR-8:

Dijiaowujian×Beta

(China)(Indonesia)

Dwarfgene

inDijiaowujiangeneHybridriceStory2:RevolutioneventinChina-RiceproductionbreakthroughYuanlongping袁隆平MalesterilityGeneOryzarufipogonChina,HainanIslandGeneHybridriceIncreasericeyieldbyca30%SignificantlyresolvedriceshortageinChinaMorethan15,600,000hainChina,Vietnam,&India(S.Virmani1995)ValuesproducedbyHRcanonlybeestimatedbybillionsofUS$SuperriceMorestories:Human’sanotherefforttoincreasericeyieldusingcombinationofgenes…Dr.GodavKhush,IRRI’sPrincipleScientistIdealtypeofrice为什么生物多样性重要？住……行……基本和高档次生活衣……食……但是：生物多样性的存在受到极大威胁生境的破坏、生态系统遭到破坏

工业化、大气污染人口增长、城市化、农田扩大

经济发展农田生态系统恶化

……UrbanizationinShanghaiandmanyotherplacesinChina民以食为天饭食反粮食保障面临的挑战食物保障的概念保证人类长期有赖以生存的基本粮食目前全球的人口：60亿到2050年：全球的人口将会增至90亿，比今天的全球人口数增加50％未来人口的增长将需要粮食的成倍增加我们面临的挑战是：

耕地面积不增加或不断减少水资源大量减少人力资源不断减少……粮食保障面临的挑战世界人口钟如何保证世界人人都有饭吃？提高粮食作物的产量提农业高生产效率作物遗传改良、新品种培育粮食保障面临的挑战作物改良与种质资源资源

!巧妇难为无米之炊这些生物多样性为作物品种的改良积累了丰富的种质资源水稻品种

IR-8低脚乌尖xBeta矮秆资源野生近缘种资源及其多样性野生近缘种(农作物野生近缘种):

栽培农作物的祖先种或具有一定亲缘关系的野生物种ConservationUtilizationResearch生物多样性对生物多样性及其生境进行有效保护关系到生物多样性的可持续利用和农业的发展种质资源的保护对策异地保护原地保护异地保护（迁地保护exsituconservation）指将濒危植物迁移到人工环境中或异地的设施中进行保护异地保护的意义：异地保护是一种安全的、静态的、短期和长期兼顾的保护方法在生境受到破坏物种即将灭绝时，异地保护提供了最后的保护方案遗传资源的异地保护异地保护的类型植物园

(botanicgarden)：现在全球有1500家植物园栽培着至少3.5万种植物，占全世界植物种类的15%以上(IUCN/WWF1989)种子资源库

(seedbank)：植物的种子在冷藏条件下进行保存后仍有萌芽生长能力，全球建立了50个以上的大型种子资源库基因资源库

(genomeresourcebank)：收集和储存生物的组织和细胞，置于-196C液氮环境中长期保存种子资源库苗圃保存的资源种子密封原地保护(就地保护insituconservation)指在原来的生境中对濒危的植物实行保护原地保护的意义：原地保护是一种动态的、长期的保护方法,经济有效原地保护在自然生境中进行、保存了物种进化过程中产生的新变异遗传资源的原地保护原地保护的类型自然保护区

(naturereserves)国家公园

(nationalpark)珍稀濒危植物保护点

(conservationsitesforendangeredspecies)特殊资源保护点

(conservationsitesforspecialresources)

自然保护区特殊资源保护点卧龙熊猫保护区神龙保护区NaturalreserveofwetlandinBangladeshWiththefastdevelopmentofbiotechnology,genediversitybecomemoreimportantforhumandevelopmentGenetransferGenemanipulationGenetherapy……GreenrevolutionGenerevolutionAgriculturedevelopmentConservationUtilizationResearchBiodiversity生物安全Biosafety安全生物安全？desiredgenecommercialvarietyTraditionaldesiredgenecommercialvarietyBiotechWhatisBiosafety:

Definition:ThesafetyofGMproductsandbiotechnology

perseonhumanhealthandenvironmentduringtheentireprocedureincludingresearch,exploration,production,andutilizationWhatdoesbiosafety

concerns

FoodandhealthsafetyEnvironmentalsafetyLabelinganddetectionSocio-economicandethicconcernsRegulatoryproceduresPublicperceptionOnemajorconcernEcologicalrisks:transgeneescapeintoandpersisting/establishingintheenvironmentGeneflow–mainlythroughpollenflow

Crop-to-cropCrop-to-wildrelatives

WhatisGeneflow：Thespreadofgenesfromonebreedingpopulationtoanotherrelatedpopulationsbymigration

SeedmigrationPollenflowTransgeneescapetoweedyandwildspeciesDomesticationGeneexchangeGeneflowbetweencropsandtheirwildrelativesWildsppCropsppWeedyWildsppUsefulgenesinw/wGhostricefromintrogressionbetweenwildandcultivatedriceinVietnamCultivated-weedy-wildricemixedupinafieldinNepalMajorcropsandtheirwildrelativeswithreferencesofgeneflowinAsiaCrop Cultivation Mainwild Distribution Frequency area relatives ofgeneflowRice Tropical& O.rufipogon South&SE Mediumto subtropical O.nivara Asia high Asia O.spontanea

Soybean

MostAsian G.soja China,Far Low countries G.gracilis EastofAsia

Oilrape Temperate B.juncea Temperate Mediumto Asia B.compastris Asia highWheat

Temperate Ae.tauschii Temperate Low Asia Ae.cylindrica Asia LowMillets India Weedy India,China Low China biotypes Theprerequisiteofcrop-to-wildgeneflowSpatialTemporalBiologicalCrop-to-wildgeneflowAcasestudyinriceOryzasativa

(Asianrice)

WorldwidecultivationO.glaberrima

(Africanrice)

WestAfrica

Closerelatives

O.sativaf.spontanea(weedy)O.nivara,O.rufipogonO.barthii,O.longistaminataO.meridionalisO.glumaepatulaSpatialprerequisiteDistributionofwildrelativesofriceO.nivaraO.sativaworldwideO.rufipogonO.meridionalisO.spontanea(weedy)O.glumaepatulaO.barthiiO.glaberrimaO.longistaminataTemporalprerequisiteFloweringhabitandbreedingsystemofwildandcultivatedricespeciesSpecies/varietySowingtimeFlowering Flowering periodinayear timeinadayO.rufipogon --- EarlySept.

9:30am~ ~Mid.Nov.4:30pmThelate Mid.June Mid.Sept. 8:30am~Maturing ~EarlyOct. 2:00pmlocalvariety 4:00pm~ 5:30pmMinghui-63 Mid.June Mid.Sept. 9:00am~ ~Mid.Oct. 3:00pmFloweringtimeofOryzarufipogon,alatematuringlocalvariety,andMinghui-63SomeresultsFloweringperiod:

O.sativawith15(±5)daysO.rufipogonwith35(±10)days

Floweringtime:

O.sativafrom10:00-12:00(±30min)O.rufipogonfrom10:30-14:30(±30min)BiologicalprerequisiteCompatibilitybetweenwildandcultivatedrelativespeciesCrossability

5% 6-10%>10%O.nivaraO.rufipogonO.sativaO.barthiiO.longistaminataO.glaberrimaO.glumaepatulaO.meridionalisMeiosesinhybridsbetweencultivatedriceanditscloserelativesO.nivaraO.rufipogonO.sativaO.barthiiO.longistaminataO.meridionalisO.glaberrimaO.glumaepatulaPaniclefertility<8% >11%CompatibilitybetweencultivatedandwildricespeciesisconsiderablyhighIntrogressionbetweenthecultivatedandwildricespecieswillmostlikelyhappe