英语2015-2016秋季学期-跨文化交流unit8nonverbal communication new

InterculturalNon-verbalCommunicationFrenchgesturefor'Idon'tbelieveyou',guesswhatthisIraniangesturemeans?forme/Goodluck/screwyouScrewyouThisgestureisidenticaltotheAmerican/Englishgesturefor‘GoodLucktoyou.’Butitisanobscene(淫猥的)gesture,andanAmericantravelinginIranwouldoutragepeoplethereiftheAmericanperformedthisgesture.Wheninanothercultureorsociety,weshouldnever'mirror'agesturethatsomeonepresentstous--withoutknowingit,wecouldbedeeplyoffendingthatpersonandinvitingconflict.DrakkarNoir

Itisaveryfamousmen’sfragrancemadeinFrance.Inordertoappealadventurous,passionateandmodernmalecustomers,thecompanydesignaTVadvertisement.Sinceitguaranteedascentthatwouldberich,sophisticatedandirresistibletotheladies,thepromotioninFranceisverysuccessful.Butwiththesameads,thepromotioninMiddleEastisadisaster.

Doyouknowwhy?Becauseoftheimproprietyofthebodylanguage.Sotheyreplaceitwithawomanusingthetipofherfingertoslightlytouchaman’sarminasuit.WhydidtheadaptedversionsucceedinMiddleEast?Eachculturehasawell-definedsystemofmeaningsfordifferentformsoftouching.Somegeneralizationscanbemadewithregardstohigh-touchversuslow-touchcultures.

Americans,theEnglish,GermansandNorthernEuropeansaresaidtobelongtolow-touchcultures,exhibitingverylimitedtactilecontactinpublic.Hispanics(西班牙人),peopleofEasternEuropeandescents,Italians,theFrench,Arabs,andJewsareallsaidtobelongtohigh-touchcultures.

TheFrenchculturepermitsamutualdirectionaltouchingbetweendifferentsexeswhileinArabiancultures,themalefollowamuchhigherpatterntothefemale,thanthefemaledotothemale.TheadsinFranceisquite“high”andisfromthefemaletothemale.ButforArabia,itistoomuch.Itinvitesthatthefemaleisbehavingindecently,whichcanaffectthemale’simage.Sotouchingisreducedandneutralized.Itimpliesthemanisirresistiblethattheladycan’thelpgettingclosetohiminspiteofherawarenessoftheculturalrule.TouchingJourardsatincoffeeshopsinfourdifferentcities.Wheneverhesawpeopletouch,herecordedthetouch.Hisrecordsareasfollowed:@Sainthorn(PortoRico):180@Paris:102@Gynswere(Florida):2@London:0 1.NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!Definition:(1)“munication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959)Definition:(2)Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004)DefinitioninChinese非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。OverviewofNonverbalCommunicationBodyLanguageGeneralappearanceanddressGesturesEyecontactFacialexpressionPostureTouching2.ParalanguageSilencePitchVolumeEnvironmentLanguageSpaceTime毕继万（1995）体态语（bodylanguage，包括各种表情、动作、姿态）副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声音）客体语（objectlanguage，包括皮肤颜色、气味、衣着化妆、家具等）环境语言（environmentallanguage，包括时间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。

1.1BodyLanguageBodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.(1)GeneralAppearanceandDressConcernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanother’s“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalartifacts.Doyouselectattractivefriendsoverlessattractiveones?(2)GesturesDoyouknowwhatthefollowinggesturesmeans?Number1isusedtogetherwiththeverbalmessage“Let’skeepourfingerscrossed”intheUnitedStates,England,andSwedentomeanthatthepersonishopingforgoodluck.ButinGreeceandTurkeyitmeansthebreakingofafriendship,andinpartsofItalyitmeans“O.K.”.

Number2isnormallyusedwhentalkingprivatelyaboutathirdperson,meaningthatpersoniscrazy,ofteninajokingway.Number3indicates“Ihavenoidea.”/“Idon’tknow.”ThegestureinPicture4meansthat“Ican’t/didn’thearyou.”Number5means“That’senough.It’salloverforme.”InPicture6the“thumbsdown”signindicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“nogood”or“badnews”toAmericans.“Somethingisabitsuspicious/oddhere.”“Comehere.”Number9iswidelyusedintheUStomean“Great,perfect,acceptable,O.K.”ButisBelgiumandFrance,itmeans“zero”;inTurkey,Brazil,Greece,andMalta（马耳他）,ithasanobscenemeaning;andinTunisia（突尼斯）,itisusedasathreat.Number10isusedinItalytosay“Hello.”ForIndonesians,Malaysians,andsomespeakersofArabic,itsignals“Comehere.”Number11means“Oh,Iforgot.”oranexpressionofsurprise.ThegestureinNumber12means“Slowdown,relaxorwaitasecond.”Number13isusedtoshowthatsomeoneisachampionorawinner,usuallyinsports.Thisgesturecausedaseriousinternationalmisunderstandingin1959.NikitaKhrushchev,theSovietleader,wasvisitingtheUSandusedthisgesture,whichmeansfriendshipinRussia.Americannewspapersprinteditonpageone.AndtheAmericanpeopleunderstoodittomeantheopposite:thattheSovietUnionwoulddefeattheUS.Picture14isoneofthefewgestureswhichseemstobeusedonlyintheUS,andmanypeoplefeelitisnotascommonasitoncewas.Thisgestureismadebymovingoneindexfingeragainsttheother.Itisusuallyusedwithchildren.Oradultsdoitasajoke.Itmeans“Youdidsomethingbad;shameonyou.”Finger(1)IntheUnitedStates,theindexfingerisusedtopointtoobjectsandevenatpeople.GermanspointwiththelittlefingerJapanesepointwiththeentirehand,palmsupInmuchofAsia,pointingwiththeindexfingerisconsideredrude

Finger(2)英语国家的人有不少‘手语’，其一就是crossone'sfingers或keepone'sfingerscrossed。Crossone'sfingers.即把中指放在食指上，作有点像十字架的交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以crossone'sfingers有‘祝福’、‘祈求好运’的意思，例如：Iamcrossingmyfingersthatnothinguntowardwillhappentohim.（我祈求不幸的事不会降临他身上）。Keepyourfingerscrossedforhim.即‘为他祝福吧’。留意crossyourfingers是说的多，确实做这手势的少。

Finger(3)说到手指，不能不谈谈‘伸出中指’这个下流手势，英文叫做givesomeonethefinger，例如：Thepresidentialcandidateappearedquiteunperturbedwhenafewintheaudiencegavehimthefinger.（听众席上有些人向总统候选人伸出中指，但他若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gavehimthefinger改为gavehimone-fingersalutes（一只手指的敬礼）也无不可。Thumb此外还有thumbsup（拇指向上）、thumbsdown（拇指向下）的手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说‘可以饶他性命’；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说‘杀却’。今天，thumbsup常用来表示嘉许或接受，thumbsdown则表示不满或反对，例如：Theauthoritieshavegiventhethumbsup./thumbsdownonourplan.（当局接受/否决了我们的计划）。

FacialexpressionLookatthefollowingpictures,trytotellwhois…1.Themostkind-hearted?2.Themostartistic?3.Themostsmart?PostureAmanandawomanmetonthetrainplatform.

Willthewomanaccepttheman’sgreetingfriendly?Shewon’t!Man:“halfsmile”expressionarelaxedposition“snap”gesturebodyorientationWoman:“frowning”expression“chinup”facialposition“backing”postureLegstogetherFeetpointinginwardsYoudon’tjust“

read”others’bodylanguage;Youobserve,analyzeandinterpretbeforeyoudecidethepossiblemeaning!Matchthefollowingdescriptionswiththebehaviors:Thepersonisveryrelaxed,buthe/sheisreadytomoveatanytime.Thepersonisindeepthinking.He/shethinksthatmaybeagoodideaandisreadytomoveafterthethinking.Thepersonisverygladtoseetheother.Actuallyhe/shethinksthatpersonisimportant.Thepersonisveryconfident.He/shethinkshe/sheismoreimportantthantheother.Thepersonhasmadeuphis/hermind.He/sheisveryangry,buttriestocontrolhim-/her-self.Thepersondeterminestocontrolhis/herfeelings,tryingtocalmdown.Thepersonpresentshim-/her-selfasanimportantman.Buthe/shetriestobe