GRE(argu第一部分课件)

写作强化课程AnAdvancedCourseofGREAnalyticalWriting

主讲：杜立明ByAndyDuWhoamI?Andy杜立明教龄：2003年9月至今主讲：写作线：GRE写作/GMAT写作（本校唯一主讲）口语线：IBT口语（全国主讲之一）/BEC中级口语（本校唯一主讲）阅读线：SAT分析性阅读（本校唯一主讲）关于GRE写作的几个重要概念GREAnalyticalWriting1-6AnalyticalWriting60minIssue-30min立论文Argument–30min驳论文149174所有考题均出自于官方题库TheRevisedVS.TheOld

TheRevised

TheOld

ISSUE

ARGU

ISSUE

ARGU

30MIN

30MIN

45MIN30MIN1.Time

别无选择/扩大题目准备的范围社会类学习+教育类行为类2.Issue

TheOld2OptionsTheNew1OptionWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththe

statementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthenthe

argument.3.Instructions

ISSUE立论文：Issueisanunsettledmatter!没有正确的观点，只有合理的观点。

30分钟，就一段现成的文字中的观点进行肯定或否定或中立的论证。现在我们一起写的GREISSUETheabsenceofachoiceisacircumstancethatisvery,veryrare.Therearetwotypesoflaws:Onetypeisjust.Anotherisunjust.Weshouldobeythejustonesandresisttheunjustones.ARGUMENT驳论文：找错，反驳观点

30分钟，就一篇逻辑不严谨的文章进行分析与反驳。Itissaidthatinauniversity,NewJersey,studentsofthebiologydepartmentareabsent-minded.Inthisway,wecansaythatstudentsofallbiologydepartmentsareabsent-minded.几个同学们经常问到的问题GRE写作需要准备多长时间GRE写作用模板会怎样全用会死用一部分(ISSUE框架，ARGU)可以GRE写作需要背范文么

不GRE分数和字数有关系么

有一定关系网上有很多GRE写作的高频，要看么？

这个可以有GREArgument

IntroductionTheRevisedEditionByAndyDuHowanargumentlookslike?1.总结罗列文章5.结论2.分析错误一3.分析错误二4.分析错误三Body范文分析---开头段范文.doc

Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes

that

sendingthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinestoatwo-weekQuality-CareSeminaronpropermaintenanceprocedureswillautomaticallyleadtogreatercustomersatisfactionalongwithgreaterprofitsfortheairline.Tosupporttheconclusion,thearguerpointsoutthattheperformanceofthemaintenancecrewsintheautomobileracingindustryimprovedmarkedlyaftertheircrewshadattendedtheseminar.Inaddition,thearguerreasonsthatsincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram.Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies.主旨：送飞机维修工学习将提高客户满意度和利润证1：赛车维修工学习过证2：赛车盈利=航空盈利本论证有误

Firstly,theargumentisbasedonafalseanalogy.Thearguersimplyassumesthatairplanemechanicsandautomobilemaintenancecrewsperformmanysimilarfunctions,buthedoesnotprovideanyevidencethattheirfunctionsareindeedcomparable.

正文段1正文段1

Itistruethatboththeairplaneandtheautomobileneedrefuelingandenginemaintenance,buttherestillexistsfundamentaldifferences:thestructureandthebuildingmaterialsofeachother'senginesaredifferent,soistheoiltheyuse.正文段1Therefore,eventhoughthetwo-weekQuality-CareSeminarprovedeffectiveinimprovingtheperformanceofthemaintenancecrewsintheautomobileracingindustry,thereisnoguaranteethatitwillworkjustaswellforairplanemechanics.错误类比无法证明飞工和赛工的工作有可比性论证工作的同和异结论正文段2

Secondly,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.ThearguerassumesthatsendingitsmechanicstotheSeminarwillleadtothegreaterprofitsaswellasgreatercustomersatisfactionfortheairline.Theassumptionisproblematicbecauseitoverlooksanumberoffactors.正文段2Forinstance,customersatisfactiondependsonseveralmajorfactorsotherthangoodmaintenanceoftheairplane.Customersaregenerallyconcernedaboutthepunctuality,theon-boardservice,theticketprice,theluggagehandlingprocedureandeventhediscount,allofwhichareignoredbythearguer.正文段2

Besides,Get-AwayAirlinescangaingreaterprofitsbyincreasingitscustomersorpassengersandatthesametimecuttingdownitscosts.急于概括上课不等于提高客户满意度和利润论证如何提高客户满意论证如何提高利润结尾段Insum,thisargumentisnotconvincingasitstands.Onlywithmoreconvincingevidencecouldthisargumentbecomemorethanjustanemotionalappeal.主旨：送飞机维修工学习将提高客户满意度和利润证1：赛车维修工学习过证2：赛车盈利=航空盈利本论证有误错误类比急于概括飞工和赛工的工作有可比性论证工作的同和异课不等于满意度和利润论证如何提满意利润结论段一.写作的基本要求字数:30分钟(300-400字)

100字来自原题信息二.写作步骤与时间分配III.写作步骤与时间分配1.快速审题(2分钟)抓住所给短文重要内容；理解instructions的要求结论：Conclusion（推理的终点）论据：Evidence:statistics,examples,facts判断文章中推理论证的逻辑关系（论据间的关系）前提假设：

Assumption抓住所给短文重要内容TheBasicStructureofArguCONCLUSION

(Optional)CONCLUSION

(Optional)EVIDENCE1EVIDENCE2EVIDENCE3EVIDENCE4ASSUMPTIONAndyisaflake?Andyisaflake.Aboveall,accordingtooneofhisroommates,hereadsPlayboyeverynight.What’smore,heusedtocheathisteacherandwascriticizedbeforethewholeclass.What’sworse,hehasafriendwhosenameisFatHuang,awidelyrecognizedflake.Finally,itisreasonabletoclaimthatAndyisunreliable.Sweetfood=relievestress?Peoplesufferingfrommentalstressalwaysprefertoeatsweetfoodbecausesweetfoodcaneffectivelyrelievethestrainofyourmentaleffort.Firstofall,accordingtoaresearch,apoormanwhojustlosthisjobandwifenormallyeats10bagsofcandies.Moreover,manyofmycolleagueseatcandywhenfeelingstressful.Inaddition,thetruthisthatitisacommonsensethatsweetfoodcanhelprelievethestress.Ifyouaredown,eatcandies!推理论证的逻辑关系

（论据之间的逻辑关系）并列：1+2+3=conclusion1.美国楼很高；2.美国美女多；3.美国福利好-----美国是一个好国家递进：1---2---3=conclusion1.在节假日旅游的人很多；2.因此，在节假日旅游，交通一定很不便，而且可能订不到酒店；3.国庆是全年时间最长的节日，因此在那个时候出行一定会非常不便-----建议国庆最好呆在家里如何寻找前提假设Unstated/Stated我要到男厕所入厕脑白金可以让我更加年轻题目中结论或论据所依据的事实:在他们之间通常存在因果关系1.结论或论据中所包含的条件、原因、时间状语2.论据2基于论据1得出，论据1就是论据2的前提3.事实+hence/therefore/thus+结论（开头）"Therearetwotypesoflaws:justandunjust.Therefore,everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsand,evenmoreimportantly,todisobeyandresistunjustlaws.“。。。。。。"Aslongaspeopleinasocietyarehungryoroutofworkorlackthebasicskillsneededtosurvive,theuseofpublicresourcestosupporttheart

theartsisinappropriate—and,perhaps,evencruel—whenoneconsidersallthepotentialusesofsuchmoney."“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.

Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.

Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.

Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.

Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.

Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.支持公共电视（播放大量视觉艺术节目）的资金将被削减导致参观博物馆的人数将下降“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.

Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”（1+2）--3=conclusionEVIDENCE1：看艺术节目的人增加EVIDENCE3EVIDENCE2：参观博物的人数增加鉴于两者之关系，支持电视资金削减将影响博物馆参观人数

CONCLUSION:应该把支持艺术的钱支持电视看电视的人多了导致

到博物馆看展览的人增加4Conclusion:chooseAdams并列关系Evidence1:工作人数Evidence2:收入的两倍Evidence3:平均房价Evidence4:十年与去年的销售差别Assumption:更快更好88Conclusion:buildmorenewstoreinPlainsville并列关系Evidence1:销售处于历史最高点Evidence2:会员/满员Evidence3:预见新生代Assumption:盈利Example"Sevenyearsago,homeownersinnearbyBrookvillecommunityadoptedasetofrestrictionsonhowthecommunity’syardsshouldbelandscapedandwhatcolorstheexteriorsofhomesshouldbepainted.Sincethen,averagepropertyvalueshavetripledinBrookville.InordertoraisepropertyvaluesinDeerhavenAcres,weshouldadoptourownsetofrestrictionsonlandscapingandhousepainting."

ExampleConclusion:restrictionsonlandscapingandhousepainting.递进关系Evidence1:七年前,附近的社区实施了涂色规定Evidence2:平均价格翻了三番理解instruction的要求Instructions（题目要求）的意义

写作之时要有法可依，不可随意发挥让你怎么写就怎么写否则找死如何才能符合argument的要求呢？1.文章中的语言要回应题目的要求；2.根据要求的规定明确攻击方向。新GRE的ARGU一共有八个INSTRUCTIONS可分为四大类第一类:Assumption第二类:Evidence第三类:Questions第四类:Alternativeexplanations第一类:AssumptionWritearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptions,andwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsprove

unwarranted.

分析：此类要求是最8中要求中最根本的，因为它要求考生分析文章中的assumption的前提假设。explainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptions而所谓的前提假设其实就是整篇文章论证的过程，即从论据推到结论的过程。whattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsprove

unwarranted.

没有这些前提假设结论肯定是不会成立的，因此只要讨论的是前提，不管是结论的前提，还是论据的前提都是符合要求的。sincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram第二类:EvidenceWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthenthe

argument.分析：evaluatetheargument评价论证过程论证过程包括了文章中论者如何从论据到结论的整个推理过程和前提假设。whichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargument评价论证过程所还需要那方面论据其实也就是说如论证中有什么逻辑上的问题，你就指出作者需要提出这方面的论据去避免这个问题sincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram此要求主要还是从写作语言上体现。比如：如果文中出现了一个“错误类比”对于“assumption”的写作方法为：ThearguerhastilyassumesthatAandBarecomparable.Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.对于“evidence”的写作方法为：ThearguerhastooffermoreevidencetosubstantiatetheassumptionthatAandBarecomparable.Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.第三类:QuestionsWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplain

howtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

recommendation.分析：decidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable为了确定XXX和它所依据的论证过程是否合理Argument=论证过程=从论据到结论的整个推理过程和前提假设whichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeanswered为了确定XXX和它所依据的论证过程是否合理，需要回答一些什么问题简单点说就是要讨论论证过程所出现的问题recommendation/advice/prediction/conclusion而它们一定是基于论证过程而成立的比如：1，男同学脏；2，男同学色；3，男同学都是吃货。开除所有男同学。/男同以后都可能没出息。/男人都很坏。sincethemaintenancecrewsoftheautomobileracingindustryandthemechanicsofGet-AwayAirlinesperformmanyofthesamefunctions,theairlineswillgainsimilarprofitsfromthetrainingprogram此要求同样不必拘泥于逻辑错误从何而来，注意写作语言即可。“错误类比”ThearguerarbitrarilyassumesthatAandBarecomparable.However,isthisthecase?

Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.Inordertosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguerhastoanswerwhetherAandBarecomparable.Theassumptionisproblematicbecausethearguermightoverlookanumberoffactors.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertheadviceandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

advice.基本同上Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertherecommendationislikelytohavethepredictedresult.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

recommendation.同上Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhetherthepredictionandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

prediction.同上Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeaddressedinordertodecidewhethertheconclusionandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothequestionswouldhelptoevaluatethe

conclusion.同上第四类:AlternativeexplanationsWritearesponseinwhichyoudiscussoneormorealternativeexplanationsthatcouldrivaltheproposedexplanationandexplainhowyourexplanation(s)canplausiblyaccountforthefactspresentedintheargument.

分析：什么叫alternativeexplanations?杜同学每天放学后很晚才回家。这是很可能是因为他在教室里刻苦学习。NO。更有可能的是他在外头耍朋友。此类要求，我们主要分析文章中的事实有无其它解释。我们同样是去讨论论证过程中的问题，只需要在开头段对要求作出回应即可。二.写作步骤与时间分配2.写第一段(4分钟)作用归纳所给短文的结论和论据，并指出其犯有严重逻辑错误TEFModel

T–ThemeE–EvidenceF–Flaw

转述结论罗列论据指出错误Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes

thatbetweenthetworealestatefirms,Adamsisapparentlysuperiortotheother.Tomaintaintheconclusion,thearguerillustratesasfollows.(1)Adamshasmorerealestateagents;(2)itsrevenuelastyearwastwiceashighasthatofFitch;(3)itsaveragepriceofthehomesalesexceedsthatofFitch;(4)HomeslistedwithAdamssellsfaster.Atthefirstglance,thisopinionseemstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectiontellsmethatIcannotagreewithitforthefollowingreasons.转述结论Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes/recommends/suggests/claims/predictsthat…Example4Inthisargument,thearguerconcludes/recommends/suggests/claims/predictsthat…Betweenthetworealestatefirms,Adamsisapparentlysuperiortotheother.罗列证据Tomaintaintheconclusion,thearguerpointsout/illustratesasfollows.(1)(2)(3)(4)

Example(1)Adamshasmorerealestateagents;(2)itsrevenuelastyearwastwiceashighasthatofFitch;(3)itsaveragepriceofthehomesalesexceedsthatofFitch(4)HomeslistedwithAdamssellsfaster指出错误Atthefirstglance,thisopinionseemstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectiontellsmethatIcannotagreewithitforthefollowingreasons.（通用型）Assumption模型：论证错了，由于假设Theargumentisnotwellsupported(grounded)forsomeassumptionsremainunproven(problematic）Atthefirstglance,thisopinionseemstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectiontellsmethattheunderlyingassumptionishardlyacceptablebecausenoneoftheevidencecanleadtoit.Theassumptionslendlittlecredibilitytothespeaker’sargument.

Evidence模型：论证错了，缺少论据Theargumentisinvalidforthereasonthatsomeessentialevidencehasbeentotallyneglected/nosupportingevidencehasbeenprovided.Question模型：论证错了，有问题没回答/存在很多问题。Theconclusionisunreliableduetothefactthatmanycriticalquestionsarenotclarified.Theassumptionsandevidencescanhardlylendanycredibilitytotheargument,foranswerstoseveralquestionsshouldbefurtheranswered.AlternativeExplanations模型：论证错了，前提假设和论据推不出结论，存在其它的解释。Theargumentisunwarranted,fortheassumptionsandevidencescannotguaranteetheconclusionandtherearealternativeexplanations.Theargumentisunwarranted,fortheassumptionsandevidencescannotassuretheconclusionanditcanbeexplainedinanalternativeway.二.写作步骤与时间分配3.写正文段(20分钟)1)移动光标,先写完正文部分的段落主题句（转述原文有问题的内容）2)一段一个错误,小错误可以合二为一3）错误分析的顺序要符合题目的论证顺序4)段落开头要有主题句,主题句之前要有过渡词推荐正文段布局TYPE1大+大+大TYPE2大+大+2小正文段段落之间的语言衔接A–B–C=CONCLUSIONA+B+C=CONCLUSIONA–B–C=CONCLUSION如果题目的论证过程是递进结构。我们在正文段的分析段落间的衔接语言上也要体现出这个递进的关系。1.在节假日旅游的人很多；2.因此，在节假日旅游，交通一定很不便，而且可能订不到酒店；3.国庆是全年时间最长的节日，因此在那个时候出行一定会非常不便-----建议国庆最好呆在家里段一：节日旅游的人多无法推出交通不便/订不到酒店段二：即便前面一个假设是正确的，作者也不一定能推出国庆节出行就很不方便。段三：基于前面的前提和假设，作者得出结论：国庆最好呆在家里。这个结论也是同样值得我们怀疑。A–B–C=CONCLUSION首先，作者假设_____.再者，基于这个假设，作者提出了_____.即便以上的假设是正确的，我们也不能凭此推断出______.首先，作者假设_____.Firstofall,thearguerassumesthat______.Imply/suggest/hint/indicate/pointoutHastily/incorrectly/unfairly/unnecessarily再者，基于这个假设，作者提出了_____.Inaddition,basingontheassumptionabove,thearguerimpliesthat______.即便以上的假设是是正确的，我们也不能凭此推断出______.Grantedthattheassumptionabovecouldbesubstantiated,wecannotensurethat_____.A+B+C=CONCLUSIONInthefirstplace,论据A的问题Inthesecondplace,论据B的问题Inaddition,论据C的问题正文段的具体结构PART1：主题句--转述原文有问题的内容。PART2：指出所出现的问题。PART3：论证（1）正文段主题句的写法DifferentTStodifferentinstructionAssumption

基本模型：作者假设______Thearguerassumesthat_______Evidence基本模型：作者需要提供证明XXX的论据；证明XXX的证据是缺失的。Inordertobolstertheconclusion,thearguerneedstoprovideevidencestoprove_________.Thestatement/assumptionthat______isunjustified,foritlackscriticalevidence.Question

基本模型：把原文有问题的内容改成一个一般疑问句；作者说XXX，真的吗？；作者需要回答。Thearguerassumesthattheshabbydecorationdirectlycausesthedeclineofprofits.Firstofall,doestheshabbydecorationreallycausethedeclineofprofits?Thearguerassumesthattheshabbydecorationdirectlycausesthedeclineofprofits.However,isitthecase/

truth/credible/convincing/trustable?Inordertosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguerneedstoanswerwhether______.AlternativeExplanations同Assumption

（2）正文段论证的方法正文段论证的基本方式论证方法1，杜老师很胖是因为他具有肥胖的基因。2，杜老师喜欢帮助女同学是因为他人很好。3，杜老师傻是因为他母亲在他小时候经常用拖鞋打他的头。"Duringherseventeenyearsasaprofessorofbotany,ProfessorThomashasprovedherselftobewellworthherannualsalaryof$50,000.Herclassesareamongthelargestattheuniversity,demonstratingherpopularityamongstudents.Moreover,themoneyshehasbroughttotheuniversityinresearchgrantshasexceededhersalaryineachofthelasttwoyears.Therefore,inconsiderationofProfessorThomas’demonstratedteachingandresearchabilities,werecommendthatshereceivea$10,000raiseandapromotiontoDepartmentChairperson;withoutsucharaiseandpromotion,wefearthatProfessorThomaswillleaveElmCityUniversityforanothercollege."

Inthefirstplace,thearguerassumesthatPlainvilleresidents’concernwithleadinghealthyliveshasgivenrisetotheboomingsaleofrunningshoesandexerciseclothing.Theassumptionisquestionablebecausethearguerfailstoruleoutotherpossibilities.Forexample,Plainsvilleresidentspreferwearingsportswearsimplyduetothereasonoftheweathercondition.What’smore,sportswearmightbemorecomfortableandlessexpensivecomparedtoothertypeofclothing.

Inthefirstplace,thearguerassumesthatPlainvilleresidents’concernwithleadinghealthyliveshasgivenrisetotheboomingsaleofrunningshoesandexerciseclothing.

Theassumptionisquestionablebecausethearguerfailstoruleoutotherpossibilities.Forexample,Plainsvilleresidentspreferwearingsportswearsimplyduetothereasonoftheweathercondition.What’smore,sportswearmightbemorecomfortableandlessexpensivecompared