化学工程与工艺专业英语教案

化学工程与工艺专业英语教案ReadingMaterial1:EvolutionofChemicalIndustrythebeginningofModernChemicalIndustrypara1.Linel.Evolutionofanactualchemicalindustryismuchmorerecent,andcameaboutaswithmanyotherindustries随其它工业一样duringtheindustrialrevolution,whichoccurredintheU.K.para3.Line1.Theverysound完好的basewhichtheirsuccessindyestuffsprovidedforthelargeGermancompanies-BASF,Bayer,Hoechst-particularlyinterms。£从一.方面说，在…方面largefinancial经济上的，财政上的，金融上的resources财源andscientificresearchexpertiseandskills,enabledthemtodiversifyintoanddevelopnewareasofthechemicalindustry.译：这专门坚实的基础使他们进展并多样化进入化学工业的新天地Line5.fairly.公平地，确实地strategic对全局有重要意义的，战略的 strategy战略Inter-waryear,1918~1939para1.Line1.boomvi.vt.n..兴盛，迅速进展，趋于繁荣incompletecontrastto 与 形成鲜亮的对比para2.Line2.growingsteadily〔稳固地〕连续地增长Line3.Theavailabilityfor….Crudeoil,andrefineries,ledto andstartedin SecondWorldWarperiod,1939~1945Line3.BritainandAmericawerenotaffectedtoquitethesameextent译：对英美的阻碍没有到同样的程度第页教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Line5.parachuten.降落伞electricalinsulation电绝缘材料facility设备，方便，容易Post-1945periodparal.Line5.Increasing越来越多ownershipofautomobilesLastline.Above7.resource通常用pl,资源，物资，财源，财产energyresources能源naturalresources天然资源financialresources财源parn..同等，平均量onapar(with)和 等同sourcepl.消费来源，出处，源头〔河流的〕，根源〔of〕，缘故lastline.Above6.Althoughtheprocessingcostsoftheoiltendedtoincreasethiswascounterbalancedbytheever-increasingsizeoftheoperations(hencethebenefitsoftheeconomy-of-scaleeffect)andtheimprovedefficiencyoftheprocesses.译：尽管油品的加工成品有增加的倾向，但这些被不断扩大的运行规律和加工效率的提高抵消了。Lastline.Petrochemicalshadtrulycomeofage.石油化学制品已真正的成熟了，石油化学产品的时代真正来了。Para2.Line4.alone:ad.用在名词或代词后。只有，仅仅译：只有那个因素不能说明从石油中制出的有机化学品的庞大的增长Line5.Muchofthecreditmaybeplacedwithresearchchemists,process-developmentchemistsandchemicalengineers.译：(功绩)荣誉绝大部分归于进行研究，工艺开发的化学家和化学工程师Line9.Considerationofthechemicalreagentsandreactantsusedinmanyoftheseprocessesshowstheimportanceandinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthepetrochemicalindustryofoneparticularareaofchemistry,namelycatalysis.译：考虑在许多工艺中用的化学试剂反应物，显示了一个特定的化学领域，即催化反应对石化工业进展的重要性和阻碍。para3.Line2.andnowhereisthismoreapparentthaninthepetrochemicalssector,where…..在石化中间这是再明显只是了，在石化部门每年10万吨专门平常lastline.Powerstation发电站

教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕

para4.Thistrendtolarger-sizedindividualchemicalplantsandlargecomplexesofchemicalplantshasbeenmatchedbymovementtobiggerchemicalcompaniesbymergers,ortakeovers,orboth,aswehavealreadyseenhappeninginthe1920swiththeformationofICI.Nowadaysthemultinationalgiantsdominatetheinternationalchemicalscene.译：这种像大规模的单一企业和综合化工工厂演化的趋势与通过合并，接管或两者都有的这种向化学公司演化的动向是一致的，就像我们差不多看到的在20世纪20年代发生的ICI的形式。Para5.Line1.Thechemicalindustryhasbeentotheforeduringthelastdecadeortwoinutilizingthetremendousadvancesinelectronics.Thuscompleteautomation(evenfullcomputercontrol)oflargecontinuousplantsiscommonplace.译：化学工业是一个能源消耗大户，因此能源成本上专门低百分点的节约就可能意味着数万或数十万的美兀或英镑，而区别在赢利或亏损。第页

练习长句的译法（二〕倒译法：有时英语长句的表达层次与汉语相反，翻译时，应依照汉语适应，改变原文语序适用情形：主句后面带专门长的状语；主句后面有长的定语从句或宾语从句。Thisiswhythehotwatersysteminafurnacewilloperatewithouttheuseofawaterpump,ifthepipesarearrangedsothatthehottestwaterriseswhilethecoldestwaterrumsdownagaintothefurnace.译法：先译if引导的条件状语从句。译：假如把管子装成那个模样，使最热的水上升，而最冷水的再往下回流到锅炉里去，那么，锅炉中的热水系统不用水泵就能循环，机理就在于此。Welearnthatsodiumoranyofitscompoundsproducesaspectrumhavingabrightyellowdoublelingbynoticingthatthereisnosuchlineinthespectrumoflinewhensodiumisnotpresent,butthatifthesmallestquantityofsodiumbethrownintotheflameorothersoarcesoflight,thebrightyellowlineinstantlyappears.译：我们注意到，假如把专门少量的钠投入到火焰或其它光源中时，赶忙显现一条光亮的黄色的双线，当钠不存在时，光谱中就没有如此的双线。由此我们明白钠或钠的任何化合物所产生的光谱即带有一条亮黄色的双线。第页教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕ReadingMaterial3:ExcelinyouEngineeringParal.line4.Andwefulfillourmissionamongstthedemandsandguidelinesofthebusinessworld.译：我们在需求和商业规那么中完成任务〔实现目标〕意译：我们在满足各种需要和商业规那么的同时来实现我们的目标〔完成任务〕。Para2.Line1.Butsometimeswegetsoboggeddownintheeverydayaspectsofourjobsthatwelosesightofthepicture.译：但有时在每天的日常工作的各方面陷入逆境以致使我们看不到重要的前景。EnhancetechnicalskillsPara1Line2.Theabilitytogrowisonerewardofagoodjob.译：能力的提高是一个好工作的最好收成。Line3.Asyourinterestsandinvolvementschanges,andastechnologychangesyouneedtokeeplearning.译：当你的爱好和相关事物变化了，当技术变化了，你需要学习。HomeinterpersonalskillsPara1.Line2.It’simportanttolearnaboutpeople,motivation,organizationalbehavior,writtenandoralcommunicationandvisualaids.译：学习有关各种人，动机，组织行为，书面和口头交流和实实在在的关心是专门重要的。Line4.Withtheseskillsaswithanyothers,practicemakesperfect(oratleastproficient).Inaddition,rememberthatwearealso''businesspeople"and,assuch,shouldkeepupontrendsinthebusinessworld,particularlyinourindustry.译：有了这些能力，当和其它任何人一起时，业务会专门杰出〔至少专门熟知〕。Para2.Linel.Inaddition,rememberthatwearealso'businesspeople"and,assuch,shouldkeepupontrendsinthebusinessworld,particularlyinourindustry.译；另外，记住我们是商人，像如此〔的情形〕，我们就得跟上商业世界的趋势，专门是工业上的商业。

教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Line4.Forexample,it,sveryeasytogetintoleadershippositionsinvolunteerorganizationsAllyouhavetodoisattendsomemeetingsandshowthatyou,rewillingtohelpout,andsoonyouwillmoverightintowhateveryouwanttodo.译：例如，在自发团体〔社会团体〕中，专门容易进入领导位置，你必须做的一切只是去参加某些会议而且说明你情愿帮别人解决难题，而且专门快你将使你想做的复原正常〔走上正轨〕。DothewholejobPpletedstaffwork完整的工作para2.Line2.Thatmeansnotonlywritingthereport,butalsothecoverletterandtransmittalnotesitwillneedtoflowsmoothlythroughchannels.译：那意味着不仅要写报告而且还包括封面及 纪录报告将需通过各个渠道顺利交流。7.BewareofdiversionsPara2.Line3.Don,tletyourselfvaluethemeansovertheend.Ifyou,reaworkingoncomputertasksthatsupportpersonnelcandomoreefficiently,you,reprobablynotemployingyourtimewell.译：不要让自己重视手段超过目的。假如你进行运算机方面的工作而供应商能够把那个工作做的更有效，那么样你可能没专门好地利用你的时刻。第页作业：eindustrycannolongerrelyonlong-termgrowthindemand.译：工业对需求方面的Unit13.UnitOperationsinChemicalEngneeringP133.para2.Acoordinatedseriesof.…译：一系列相互和谐的relativelyfewofthemareinvolvedinanyporticularprocess译：任何特定的过程只涉及到比较少的几个单元操作。Thecompexityofchemicalengineeringresultsfromthevarietyofconditionsastotemperature,pressure,etc,underwhichtheunitactionsmustbecarriedoutindifferentprocessesandfromthelimitationsastomaterialofconstructionanddesignofapparatusimposedbythephysicalandchemicalcharacterofthereactingsubstances.译：由于温度、压力等条件的不同变化使化学工程具有复杂性，不同的过程中单元行为在不同条件下进行，而且受到由于反应物物理化学性质引起的如制造材料、设备〔设计〕结构的限制。ReadingMatering5:MajorSectorsoftheChemicalIndustryP54Para.1value:价值Clearlytheincreaseinvalueaddedateachstagemustexceedtheprocessingcostsifthecompanyistorealizeaprofitonitsactivities.翻译：明显假如公司在它的行动〔生产〕中想实现利润〔盈利〕，每一个工艺时期增加的价值必须超过加工成本。Activities：process或ateachstage教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Para.2buildingblocks：建筑基料，生产基料Thesearethestartingpointsforthesynthesisofanenormousrangeofindustrialorganicchemicals,whichareproducedinthedownstreamprocessingofthekeyintermediatesinsomeoftheothersectorslisted.翻译：这些是生产〔合成〕众多系列的工业有机化学品的起始点，这些有机化学品在列出的其它类别〔部门〕的关键中间体的下游加工中生产出来p55.Para.3Alongwithdrugandplant-protectionagents(pesticides),dyestuffsareexamplesoffinechemicals,I.e.chemicalsproductsinrelativelysmalltonnageswhichareofhighpurityandhighvalueperunitweight.翻译：染料和药品、杀虫剂一起是精细化学品的例子，即生产量相对较小但纯度高、单价高的化学品。Para.4althoughthisoftenseemstoattractcriticismthatprofitsonsomedrugsaretoohigh.翻译：尽管这常常引起有关药品赢利太高的批判。Thelattercommentshavetobesetagainsttheveryhighriskandcosts(inexcessof$160millionpermarketablecompound)ofdiscoveringanddevelopingnewproducts.翻译：赢利太高〔指后者〕被开发新品的高风险和高成本而抵消了〔每个上市的。产品超过16亿〕。Thissectorisuniqueinbothitsrelationshipwithitscustomersandthefactthatdemandforproductsislittleaffectedbyeconomicrecessions,ingreatcontrasttoalltheothersectors.翻译：与其它那个生产类别相比，在与顾客的联系和产品的需求几乎不受经济萧条的阻碍方面，它是专门的〔唯独的〕。P56Para.2Differentfromtheothersectorsinthatitsproductsaresolddirectlytothepublicandmarketshareprobablehasmoretodowithpackingandmarketingthanthetechnicalpropertiesoftheproduct.翻译：那个行业不同于其它行业的是产品直截了当卖给公众且市场份额可能更多的与包装和销售有关而不是产品的技术性。备注教学内容〔讲稿〕教学内容〔讲稿〕Para.4letustakeasanexamplepolyvinylacetateandoneofapplicationsasabuilderinsuchthatahomogeneousfilmisproducedonevaporationofthewaterbase.翻译：让我们举个聚醋酸乙烯酯的例子：它作为黏合剂在水基挥发时生成了平均的膜。Para.5supportedpalladiumcatalyst：负载型钯催化剂Finallythisisthenmixedwiththeotheringredientstoproducetheemulsionpaint.翻译：最后醋酸乙烯聚合成聚醋酸乙烯，然后和其它成分一起职称乳胶漆。

SulphuricAcid1.IntroduductionSuchisitsimportanceasarawmaterialforotherpressesthatitsproductionwas,untilrecently,consideredareliableindicatorofacountry’sindustrialoutputandthelevelofitsindustrialdevelopment.翻译：作为其它工艺的原料它是如此重要，直到最近还被认为是一个国家工业生产力和工业进展水平的一个可靠标志。第页教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、

临时更换等〕2.RawmaterialsThisinvolvesinjectionofsuperheatedwaterandairintothedepositsofsulphurviadrilling.Theresultingaeratedliquidsulphur-water-airmixtureisbuoyantenoughtorisetothedrillheadwhereitcanbeseparatedintoitscomponents,andpuresulphurisrecovered.翻译：这包括通过钻孔注入过热的水和空气到硫矿中，最后鼓风进入的液态硫一水—空气混合物有足够的浮力升到」钻孔顶端被分离，纯的硫的得到回收。4.UsesofSulphuricAcidPara.2calciumfluoride(theultimatesourceofabout70%ofallthefluorineinfluorinatedcompounds)氟化产品中的所有氟的大约70%的要紧来源是氟化钙Exercises21NH32ammonia,absorber3NaCl,NH4Cl 4CO2 5NH4Cl6rotarydryer7lightsodiumcarbonate8sodiumcarbonate第页教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Unit7Ammonia,NitricAcidandUreaP68Para.1Indeed,untiltheinventionoftheHaberprocess,allnitrogen-containingchemicalscamefrommineralsourcesultimatelyderivedfrombiologicalactivity.翻译：发明哈勃工艺之前，从无机源得到的所用含氮化合物差不多是从生物活动〔生物方法〕的得到的。Para.2EssentiallyallthenitrogeninthemanufacturedchemicalscomesfromammoniaderivedfromtheHaber-basedprocess.翻译：差不多上生产的化合物中所有氮均来自氨，而氨是从以哈勃工艺为基础的工艺上的到的。(moremoleculesthananyothercompound,thoughbecauseitisalightmoleculegreaterweightsofotherproductsareproduced)说明：尽管因为氨的分子量小，要生产分子量大的其它化合物，因此〔氨的产量仍这么大，因此生产氨的〕摩尔数比其它化合物更多。TheHaberProcessForAmmoniaSynthesisIntroduction.Allmethodsformakingammoniaarebasicallyfine-turnedversionsoftheprocessdevelopedbyHaber,NernstandBoschinGermanyjustbeforetheFirstWorldWar.翻译：所有生产氨的方法差不多上一致专门好地说明了Haber、Nernst、Bosch在第一次世界大战前在德国进展起来的工艺。Turn：调整；使一致unfortunately,naturehasbestoweddinitrogenwithaninconvenientlystrongtriplebond,enablingthemoleculetothumbitsnoseatthermodynamics.翻译：遗憾地是，大自然使氮气有专门难接近的叁键，使分子在热力学上无法接近氮气。Inconveniently：不便地；不自由地；难接近地thumbitsnose：对 作轻视的动作备注

教学内容〔讲稿〕（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕P69Para.2Highertemperatures,however,drivetheequilibriumthewrongway,thoughtheydomakethereactionfaster,chosenconditionsmustbeacompromisethatgivesanacceptableconversionatreasonablespeed.翻译：高温使平稳向错误的方1句进展，尽管高温〔提高温度〕可使反应加快，选择的条件必须是以合适的反应速度、有一个可同意的转化率的折中考虑。Modernplantshavetrendedtooperateatalowpressuresandhightemperatures(recyclingunconvertedmaterial)thannearer-idealearlyplants,sincethecapitalandenergycostshavebecomemoresignificant.翻译：自从资金和能源成本变得更重要以来，现代化的工厂和更接近于理想〔理论的〕条件的早期工厂相比，倾向于在较低压力和较高温度下操作。1.NitricAcidProduction.方程式后Itmight,atfirstsight,seemthattheoverallreactiontotheacidwouldbeeasy;unfortunately,therearecomplicationsasnatureisgooddeallesstidythanchemistsandengineerswouldprefer.翻译：可能第一眼变成酸的反应看起来专门容易，遗憾的是有专门多复杂之处，因为自然界没有化学家和工程师期望的那样好。ReadingMaterial7:Haber-BoschProcessScheme:Rapidpopulationgrowthneedsmoreandmorefoodsupplies.Increaseinyieldsperacremustrelyonnitrogenfertilizer.Itisnecessarytomakeuseofnitrogenintheairtoproducemoreandmorenitrogenfertilizer.第页教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕ThemethodofCavendish(thatnitrogenandoxygenweresparkedtogethertoformoxidesofnitrogenfromwhichnitricacidcouldbeprepared.)demandedextremelyhightemperatures(2000〜3000oC)andthereforeuneconomicamountsofelectricity.In1903Habershowedthatshowthatammoniacouldbesynthesizedatthenotunreasonabletemperatureof1000oCifanironcatalystwasused.However,theyieldwasinfinitesimalandofnocommercialsignificance.ThenHaberimprovedtheprocessontheconditionsof200atmospheres(402kPa)andatemperatureof5000c.BoschandMittaschscaleduptheprocessandBoschdevelopedacheapermethodforpreparinghydrogenbypassingsteamovercoke.British errorconclusionontheprocess(expensive)developedinsteadthecyanamideprocess.1920s,Haber-Boschprocess >BritishandAmerican 〉highpressuresynthesis教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Unit8PetroleumProcessingP79Para.2Theprocessesusedincludevariouscrackingunits(whichmakesmallmoleculesfromlargeones),polymerization,reforming,hydrocracking,hydrotreating,isomerization,severeprocessingknownascoking,andliterallydozensofotherprocessesdesignedtoalterboilingpointandmoleculargeometry.翻译：所用工艺包括各种裂解单元操作〔能够把大分子变成小分子〕，聚合、重整、加氢裂解、加氢处理、异构化、像焦化这种苛刻的工艺和专门多旨在改变沸点和分子几何形状的其它专门多工艺。ConstituentsofPetroleumPara.1Nooneconstituentexistsinlargequantityinanycrude.翻译：没有一种组分在原油中大量存在。Para.3Thesebranchedchainmaterialsperformbetterininternal-combustionenginesthann-paraffinsandhenceareconsideredmoredesirable.翻译：这些支链物在内燃发动机里的使用性能比直链的好，因此认为它们更理想。P80LesserComponentsPara.2Withthegeneraladoptionofcatalyticcrackingandfinishingprocesses,itwasdiscoveredthattheoccurrenceofmetalspresentonlyintraces(Fe,Mo,Na,Ni,V,etc.)wastroublesomeastheyarestrongcatalystpoisons.翻译：随着普遍同意了催化裂化和后处理工艺，发觉金属只是痕量存在也专门苦恼，因为它们是专门强的使催化剂中毒的物质。备注（包括：教学手教学内容〔讲稿〕段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕ProductsofRefiningPara.6Dealkylationofaselectedreformatestreamusingchromate-aluminumcarbidecatalystgivesaproductwhichispurifiedtobepurerthanthatformedformcoaltar.翻译：用铭酸铝碳化催化剂的选择性重整产品的烷基化产生的产品经提纯后的纯度比用煤焦油的高。ReadingMaterial8:Coal-ConversionProcessesP86Line4Thenatureoftheorganicspeciespresentdependsonthedegreeofbiochemicalchangeoftheoriginalplantmaterial,onthehistoricpressuresandtemperaturesaftertheinitialbiochemicaldegradation,andonthefinelydividedmineralmatterdepositedeitheratthesametimeastheplantmaterialorlater.翻译：存在的有机样的性质和最初植物的生物化学变化程度有关，和初始生化降解后那个历史时期的压力和温度有关，和专门细的沉积矿物质有关〔它们同时或在其后沉积〕。和专门细的同时或随后沉积的矿物质有关。P87CoalProcessingtoSyntheticFuelsandOtherProductsLowTemperatureCarbonization.Lowertemperaturecarbonizationoflumpcoalatca700℃primarilyusedforproductionofsolidsmokelessfuel,givesaquantitativelyandqualitativelydifferentyieldofsolid,liquid,andgaseousproductsthandoesthehightemperatureprocesses.翻译：低温干馏块煤差不多在大约700℃用来生产固体无烟燃料，产生的固液气产品的性质和量都不同于高温工艺。

教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕P88LiquefactionFortheresultingliquidstobesuitablechemicalfeedstockstheH:Cratiomustbeimprovedinfavorofmorehydrogen.Clearlythiscanbeachievedintwoways—eitherbyaddinghydrogenorbyremovingcarbon.翻译：关于最终适合作化学原料的液体，H:C的比例需提高氢占的量。明显要提高氢占的量有两种途径一一增加氢或去除碳。SurfaceGasificationtechnologyLine3IntheUnitedStates,thepurposeofanumberofprogramshasshiftedfromproductionofasubstitutenaturalgas(methane)toelectricpowergenerationthroughtheintegratedgasification-combined-cycle(IGCC)plants.翻译：在美国，专门多工作的目的通过联合气化循环工厂已从取代天然气到发电。Line5Theinterestinthisuseofcoalresultsfromthelowemissionlevelsthatcanbeachievedandthepotentialforhigherpowergenerationefficiency.翻译：使用煤的爱好来自可取得较低的发热水平和潜在的高效发电率。P89Para.1Line1insit僦地，原地，现场Para.2Line5calorificvalue:热值Para.4Line4第页教学内容〔讲稿〕教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Becausemanycoalseamsarealsoaquifersthereisaconsiderableamountofwaterintrusion,whichleadstosteamgenerationattheexpenseofthereactionenergy.翻译：因许多煤层有水层，因此有许多水侵入，会导致蒸汽的产生要以〔缺失〕反应能为代价。Line5Asaresulttherateofairoroxygenpassagethroughtheinjectionwellsandseamisadjustedtomaintainalowlevelofmoistureintheproductgas.翻译：因此通过调剂注入井和矿层中空气或氧气的速度来保持生产出的气体水含量较低。

教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕如何样写科技论文摘要一概述：犍是正文之前的一段概括性文字，它高度概括了正文表达的内容，突出正文重点，是对正文实质性内容的介绍。摘要应能使读者迅速准确地判明该论文的要紧内容是否合乎自己所需，有无通读全文的必要。二摘要的分类：1陈述性摘要：指明文章内容，具有高度概括性，不加资料性说明，不包括量化的资料，只能对文献作轮廓性介绍，一样较短。包括：所做的工作；研究的问题；得出的结论；提出的建议。2资料性摘要：简要地表达论文的主题，研究中所采纳的方法，要紧研究结果及数据和研究的结论等项内容，专门适于描述试验和专题论述，重点放在与众不同之处。不仅介绍正文有什么，且介绍是什么。将正文中的要紧数据作为其重要组成，但只表达，不列图表。三犍的组成：标题：一样是短语而不是句子，不使用缩略语、分子式，标题的第一个词和每个实词的第一个字母要大写。写明单位和地址。内容：包括目的、方法、成果、结论。以成果和结论为重点。关键词：作为索引和检索需要，说明文章的特性。四行文规那么：1自成一体并忠实于正文。2不常用术语首次显现应写全称，假设预备在后文中缩写，那么首次在全称后用括号给出缩写形式。3力求简练，幸免重复标题内容。4幸免用笼统写法，如：several,some.5时态多用一样现代时，一样过去时，现在完成时；常用被动语态，专门少用第一、二人称作主语。6信息应具体。如:Azodyesarepreparedbythecouplingofdiazoniumsalts.〔偶氮染料是用重氮盐的偶联方法制备的〕，不如写成：Azodyesarepreparedwhenaphenoloramineistreatedwithadiazoniumsaltsolution.〔制备偶氮染料是当苯酚或芳基胺与一种重氮盐溶液相处理而成的〕五常用句型：起首句的表达：〔1〕主语〔一样是说明文件性质的名词〕+谓语动词〔主动态〕+宾语第页备注（包括：教学手教学内容〔讲稿〕段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕或其它成分主语名词有：articlepaperreportschemethesisdesigninventionstudyreviewworkpublicationdocument谓语动词有：analyzeattemptconcentrate(on)concernderivedeterminediscussinvestigatedemonstratedescribedevelopillustrateintroducedealwith句子的重点在宾语部分，并可通过多种修饰成分引出摘要的要紧内容。(2)主语〔名词〕+名词从属成分+被动语态谓语+其它成分Theproblem(s)of….isexamined/consideredAstudyon/of….wascarriedoutto….Anewmethodfor(+n.)wasdeveloped.Anewmethodto(+v.)ispresented/introduced.Anewapproachto(+n.)hasbeendeveloped.Atheoreticalanalysisof....ispresented通过主导名词〔通常是主语〕的扩展，能够使摘要的起首句概括摘要主题的有关内容。〔3〕Thepurpose/goal/object/aimis+不定式或主语+被动态谓语+不定式要紧介绍研究项目的目的，也附带出研究工作的性质以及一些最差不多的要点。资料性结果的表达结论的表达ExercisesP71NitricAcid写成的摘要包括：productionofnitricAcid备注（包括：教学手教学内容〔讲稿〕段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕UsesofnitricacidP74Haber-BoschProcess写成摘要的内容包括：Listthemajorreasonsoffixationofnitrogen(developmentofHaber-Boschprocess).OutlinethestepsofevolutionofHaber-Boschprocess.SummarythefeaturesofHaber-Boschprocess.

教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕HighMolecularCompounds(I)IntroductionThetermmacromolecule,orpolymer,isappliedtosubstancesofhighmolecularweightthatarecomposedofalargenumber(usuallyatleast100)ofunitsoflowmolecularweightjoinedbycovalentbonds.Ifthelowmolecularweightunitsmakingupthemacromoleculararebondedend-to-endinalongchainandnocovalentchemicalbondsexistbetweenthechains,themacromoleculesarecalledlinearpolymers.Suchpolymers,unlessofextremelyhighmolecularweight(1,000,000),canusuallybedissolvedand,whenheated,theysoftenormeltsothattheycanbeextrudedintofibersormoldedintodesiredshapes.Thesepolymersaresaidtobethermoplastic.Ontheotherhand,ifthepolymerchainsarelinkedtogetheratnumerouspoints,thepolymerisonelargethree-dimensionalmolecule,infusibleandinsoluble.Suchpolymersarecalledcross-linkedpolymers,andthebondsconnectingthechainsarecross-links.Certainlinearpolymers,referredtoasthermosetting,containgroupswhich,whenheated,reacttogivecross-linkedpolymers.Theprocessbywhichsmallmoleculesundergomultiplecombinationtoformmacromoleculesispolymerization.Smallmoleculesfromwhichamacromoleculeorpolymercanbemadearecalledmonomers.Towtypesofpolymerizationarerecognized：(1)condensationpolymerizationand(2)additionpolymerization.Apolymer-formingreactioninvolvingeliminationofasmallmoleculesuchaswateroralcoholbetweenmonomerunitsisdescribedascondensationpolymerization.Inadditionpolymerization,unsaturatedorcyclicmoleculesaddtoeachotherwithouteliminationofanyportionofthemonomermolecule.Theempiricalformulaofthepolymeristhen,ofcourse,thesameasthatofthemonomer.Reactionscapableofformingmacromoleculesbyeitheradditionorcondensationpolymerizationmustbefunctionallycapableofproceedingindefinitely.Whenevertwomonomermoleculesreact,theproductmustcontainafunctionalgroupcapableofreactingwithanothermoleculeofmonomer.Incondensationpolymerization,eachmonomerunitmusthaveatleasttwofunctionalgroups.Inadditionpolymerization,themonomerneedhaveonlyonefunctionalgroup—thepresenceoftwoormorefunctionalgroupsusuallyleadstotheproductionofcross-linkedadditionpolymers.I-CONDENSATIONPOLYMERS

教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Typicalofcondensationpolymersarethepolyamidesor''nylons"formedbythecondensationreactionofadiacidwithadiamine.Nylon66,pol(hexamethyleneadipamide),isformedbyheatinganequimolarmixtureofadipicacidandhexamethyleneadipamideatatemperatureof215forseveralhoursandthenat270oundervacuumforaboutonehour.Inthelaboratory,nylonsaremoreconvenientlypreparedbyapolymerformingreactioncalledinterfacialpolymerization.Thereactionisbetweenadiacidchloridedissolvedinawater-immiscibleorganicsolventan(awatersolutionofadiamine.Reactionapparentlyoccursattheinterfaceoftwosolutions.Experimental(PreparationofNylon6-10)Placeasolutionof2.0mlofsebacoylchloridein100mlofcarbontetrachloride(Note1)ina200mltall-formbeaker.Overtheacidchloridesolutioncarefullypourasolutionof2.2gofhexamethyleneadipamideand1.5gofsodiumhydroxidein50mlofwater.Theadditionofthediaminesodiumhydroxidesolutionisbestdonebypouringthesolutionthroughafunnelplacedsothatitsoutletisjustoverthesurfaceofthediacidsolution.Graspthepolymericfilmwhichformsattheinterfaceofthetwosolutionswithforceps(Note2)andraiseitfromthebeakerascontinuouslyformingrope.Ifamechanicalwindupdeviceisplacedabovethebeaker,thepolymermaybewoundupcontinuouslyuntiloneofthereactantsisexhausted(Note3).Washthepolymerthoroughlywithwaterandfinallywitha50%acetonesolution.Allowthewashedpolymertoairdry.Placeabout0.1gofthedriedpolymeronametalspatulaorspoonandmeltitcarefullyoveralowflamecarebeingtakennottocharthepolymer.Touchaglassrodoramatchsticktthemoltenpolymerandpullitslowlyawaytoformafiber.Note1:Carbontetrachlorideisahighlytoxicchemical.Handleitinawell-ventilatedarea.Lesstoxicsolventssuchastetrachloroethyleneareequallyaseffective.However,ifthelattersolventisused,bestresultsareobtainedbyincreasingthesebacoylchloridecontentto3.0ml.翻译：本卷须知1：四氯化碳毒性专门大。用它时应在通风专门好的地点。毒性较低的溶剂如：四氯乙烯也同样有效，然而假如用四氯乙烯，要取得最好的结果应增加癸y1;o

二酰氯的量到3.0ml.第页教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕

Note2：Rubberglovesshouldbewornwhileperformingthisexperiment.Shouldskincontactoccurwithanyofthereactants,thecontaminatedareashouldbeimmediatelyandthoroughlyflushedwithwater.翻译：实验时应带橡胶手套。加入皮肤接触到任何反应物，污染的地点应赶忙完全地用水冲洗。Note3:Anyunusedpolymerizationmixtureshouldnotbepouredintothesinkbutshoulddestirreduntilnofurtherpolymerforms.Thepolymermassandsolventsshouldbediscardedwithotherlaboratorywasterchemicals.翻译：任何没用掉地聚合物不应倒到水槽中而应搅拌至不再有聚合物生成为止。聚合物和溶剂和实验室其它废弃物丢弃在一起。Experimental反应物1：sebacoylchloride溶剂^：carbontetrachloride反应物2：hexamethyleneadipamide溶剂^：sodiumhydroxideandwater反应后处理：Washthepolymerthoroughlywithwaterandfinallywitha50%acetonesolution.Allowthewashedpolymertoairdry.第页教学内容〔讲稿〕备注（包括：教学手段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕HighMolecularCompounds(H)II.ADDITIONPOLYMERSIntroductionAdditionpolymerizationusuallymustbecatalyzedbyabase,byanacid,orbyfreeradicals.Threestagesareinvolvedinalladditionpolymerizationreactions,nomatterwhatthecatalyst：theseareinitiation,propagation,andtermination.Intheinitiationstep,thecatalystmoleculesattackthemonomerstogiveintermediateswhich,duringthepropagationstage,arecapableofattackingothermoleculesofmonomerwithlengtheningofthechain.Intheterminationstep,chaingrowthisstoppedbyeliminationofagroupfromthereactingendofthechainorbyadditionofagrouptotheendofthechaintoformamoleculewhichisnolongerachaincarrier.Initiation：Propagation：Termination：Freeradical-initiatedpolymerizationsfollowasimilarcoursebutwithradical,ratherthanionic,intermediates.Iftwoormoremonomersundergoadditionpolymerizationtogether,theprocessiscalledcopolymerization,andtheproductisacopolymer.Shouldoneofthemonomers(eventhoughpresentinonlyminoramounts)fromwhichacopolymerisformedcontaintowormoregroupscapableofundergoingadditionpolymerizationonthecopolymerwillbeinsolubleasaresultofcross-linking.PreparationofPolystyrenePolymerizationofStyrenewithBenzoylPeroxide.Toalargetesttubeadd20mloftolueneand5mlofstyrene.Thenadd0.3gofbenzoylperoxideandplacethetesttubeinabeakerofwater,whichismaintainedatatemperatureof90oC-950c.After60minutes,removethetesttube,allowthecontentstocoolfor5minutes,andnotetheviscosityofthesolution.Pourthesolutioninto200mlofmethylalcoholcontainedina400-mlbeaker.Collectthewhiteprecipitateofpolystyrenebyfiltration,usingaBuchnerfunnel,andwashtheprecipitateonthefunnelwith50mlofmethylalcohol.Removetheprecipitateformthefunnelandspreaditouttodryonalarge,cleansheetoffilterpaper.备注〔包括：教学手

教学内容〔讲稿〕段、时刻分配、临时更换等〕Place3mlofacetoneinacleantesttube,add0.2gofthedriedpolymer,andstirthemixtureforseveralminutes.Isthepolymersoluble?Usethissameproceduretodetrminethesolubilityofpolystyreneinwater,ethylalcohol,benzene,carbontetrachloeride,andpetroleumether(Note4).Placeapproximately0.1gofthepolymeronametalspatulaorspoonandwarmitgentlyoveraflameuntilthepolymermelts.Tothemoltenpolymertouchaglassstirringrodoramatchstickandpullawaygentlytodrawoutafiber.Howwouldyoudescribethepropertiesofthefiberastobrittleness,color,andstrength?ComparethepropertiesofthispolystyrenefiberwiththoseoftheNylonfiber.Allowthemoltenpolymeronthespatulatocool.Describethappearanceofthecooledpolymer.Scrapethismaterialfromthespatula,placeitinatesttube,anddetermineitssolubilityinacetone.Didmeltingchangethesolubilityofthepolystyrene?(2)PolymerizationofStyrenewithAluminumChloride.To5mlofstyrenecontainedina150-mlbeakeraddcarefully,insmallportions,