《互换性与技术测量》之形位公差

Geometrical

－Tolerancesofformandposition

形状与位置公差——形位公差DatatypeDatatypenameGeneralGeometricToleranceForm直线度Straightness平面度Flatness圆度Circularity圆柱度CylindricityProfileTolerance线轮廓度LineProfile面轮廓度SurfaceProfileOrientation垂直度Perpendicularity倾斜度Angularity平行度ParallelismLocation对称度Symmetry同轴度Concentricity位置度PositionRun-out圆跳动CircularRun-out全跳动TotalRun-outTable3.1Tolerancetypes公差种类3.3ToleranceFramewithSymbolIdentifications

公差框格的标注Thetoleranceframecanbedividedintotwoormorecompartments.Fig.3.1.公差框格可以被分成两个或多个格子，如图3.1所示。3.3Symboloftolerance形位公差的要素特征FeatureControlFrame(Symbol)－Thefeaturecontrolframesymbolisrectangularboxcontainingthegeometriccharacteristicssymbol,andtheform,run-outorlocationtolerance,Ifnecessary,datumreferencesandmodifiersapplicabletothefeatureorthedatumsarealsocontainedinthebox.用矩形框格来控制几何形状上的公差，包括形状、位置和跳动公差，基准符号和公差原则也可标注在框格内。Fig.3.3Tolerancevalue公差值Fig.3.2Symboloftolerance形位公差要素Fig.3.4Indicationofdatum基准标注形式Fig.3.5Additionalframes框格的附加说明3.4PositioningofFrames/DatumLines

公差框格和基准引线的标注位置Fig.3.6TheFrames/datumlinesisplacedonafeatureoronanextensionoftheoutlineTheframe/datumlineisplacedonafeatureoronanextensionoftheoutline(butclearlyseparatedfromthedimensionline)whenthedatumfeatureisthelineorsurfaceitself.当框格或基准是线或面（轮廓要素）时，框格或基准的引线只需标在轮廓或轮廓的延长线面上（一定要与尺寸线错开至少4mm）Theframe/datumlineisplaceontheextensionofadimensionarrowwhentheframe/datumfeatureistheaxisormediumline(Fig.3.7).当框格或基准是轴线或中心线（中心要素）时，框格或基准的引线要与尺寸线箭头对齐，如图3.7所示。Fig.3.7Thedatum/framefeatureistheaxisormediumlineTherearesmoothersespecialadditionalFrames/Datumlines(Fig.3.9):公差框格的特殊标注形式如图3.9所示Fig.3.9Frameanddatum3.5TheToleranceZone公差带Thetolerancezonewillbeoneofthefollowingfeatures(Fig.3.10):(1)Theareawithinacircle.圆内区域(2)Theareabetweentwocircles.两同心圆间的区域

(3)Theareabetweentwoequi-distantlinesorbetweentwoparallelstraightlines.两等距离或平行线间的区域Fig.3.103.5TheToleranceZone公差带

(4)Thespacewithinacylinder.圆柱面内的区域(5)Thespacebetweentwocoaxialcylinders.两同轴圆柱面内的区域(6)Thespacebetweentwoequidistantsurfacesortwoparallelplanes.两等距离或平行平面间的区域

Fig.3.103.6GeometricalToleranceExamples1直线度公差Straightnesst＝0.010.012、公差带形状——距离为公差值0.01两平行平面之间的区域；Tolerancezonebetween

twoparallelplanes.Fig.3.13straightness3.Valuemustbesmallerthanthesizetolerance.

公差框格含义——圆柱素线的直线度误差不超过公差值0.0101.直线度为实际被測要素(线要素)对理想直线的允许变动.

Astraightnesstoleranceistheamountwhichlineelementsarepermittedtovaryfromatrueline.公差带形状——距离为公差值0.02的两平行直线之间的区域。Valuemustbesmallerthanthesizetolerance.公差框格含义——平面内直线的直线度误差不超过公差值0.02。Tolerancezonebetweentwostraightnesslines.STRAIGHTNESS Valuemustbesmallerthanthesizetolerance.1.000'±0.0020.001

1.000'±0.0020.0010.001DesignMeaningTolerancezonebetweentwostraightnesslines.Measurederroris0.001空间的直线度StraightnessØ0.04Ø0.041.公差框格含义——圆柱轴线的直线度误差不超过0.04。2.Thespacewithinacylinder.公差带形状——直径为Φ0.04的圆柱面内的区域。

Fig.3.18straightness

2平面度公差Flatnesst＝0.010.013、平面度公差带——距离为公差值0.01mm的两平行平面间的区域。Aflatnesstolerancezoneisthedistantbetweentwoparallelplanespacedapartadistanceequaltotheflatnesstolerancevalue0.01.2、公差框格含义——平面度误差不超过公差值0.01mm。1.平面度为实际被测要素对理想平面的允许变动.

Aflatnesstoleranceistheamountwhichsurfaceelementsarepermittedtovaryfromatrueplane.Fig3.211.圆度为实际被測要素对理想圆的允许变动.

公差框格——圆柱的圆度误差不超过公差值0.05.3圆度公差Roundness2、圆度公差带——垂直于轴线的任一正截面上半径差为公差值0.05mm的两同心圆之间的区域。t＝0.05Acircularitytoleranceistheamountwhichsurfaceelementsofthediametermayvaryfromatheoreticalcircle.Acircularitytolerancezoneistwoconcentriccirclesspacedapartaradialdistanceequaltothecircularitytolerancevalue0.05.Fig.3.241、圆柱度为实际被測要素对理想圆柱的允许变动.0.050.053、圆柱度公差带——半径差为公差值0.05mm的两同轴圆柱面之间区域。

Acylindricitytolerancezoneistwoconcentriccylindersspacedapartaradialdistanceequaltothecylindricitytolerancevalue0.05.

Acylindricitytoleranceistheamountwhichsurfaceelementsofacylindermaybeallowedtovaryfromatheoreticallyperfectcylinder.4圆柱度Cylindricity2、公差框格——圆柱度误差不超过公差值0.05。Fig.3.25CYLINDRICITY1.00'±0.050.010.01RotateinaVRotatebetweenpointsTolerancezoneboundedbytwoconcentriccylinderswithinwhichthecylindermustlie.7倾斜度公差Angularity0.02AA0.021.Anangularitytoleranceistheamountwhichasurface,centerplane,oraxisispermittedtovaryfromitsspecifiedexactangle.2、公差带是距离为公差值0.02mm的两平行平面之间区域，且平行平面与基准成理论正确角度。2、公差框格——斜面相对于基准平面A的倾斜度误差不超过公差值0.02。2.Tolerancezone——Thespacebetweentwoparallelplanes0.02apartandrelativetodatumplaneA.8垂直度公差Perpendicularity3.Thetolerancezoneisspacewithinacylinderwhichdiameteris0.05andperpendiculartodatumplaneA.垂直度的公差带是直径等于公差值ø0.01mm，且与基准面垂直的圆柱体内的区域。1.Aperpendicularitytoleranceistheamountwhichasurface,oraxis,orcenterplaneispermittedtovaryfrombeingperpendiculartothedatum.2.公差框格——被测轴线相对于基准平面A的垂直度公差为Φ0.05。Fig3.31(k)1.公差框格——零件左端面相对于基准轴线A的垂直度公差值为0.05。垂直度公差Perpendicularity2.Tolerancezone----Thespacebetweentwoparallelplanes0.05apartandperpendiculartoaspecifieddatumaxisA.垂直度公差带是距离为公差值0.05，且垂直于基准轴线的两平行平面之间的区域。Fig3.31(c)9平行度公差ParallelismA0.01AAt＝0.011、

Parallelism－Parallelismistheconditionofasurface,line,oraxis,whichisequidistantatall,pointsfromadatumplaneoraxis.平行度是控制平面、直线或轴线状态的一项指标，这些要素上所有点是与基准平面、轴线等距离的。3.Tolerancezone----Thespacebetweentwoparallelplanes0.01apartandparalleltoaspecifieddatumplaneA.公差带为距离为公差值0.01mm，且平行于基准A的两平行平面间区域。

2.公差框格——零件右端面相对于左端面（基准平面A）的平行度公差为0.01.Fig3.34(g)1.Symmetry－Asymmetrytoleranceistheamountwhichacenterelementispermittedtovary.对称度公差为中心要素所允许变动的范围总和。3.Tolerancezone-----Thespacebetweentwoparallelplanes0.1apartandrelativetoaspecifieddatumplaneA.公差带——距离为公差值0.1mm，且相对基准轴线对称配置的两平行平面之间的区域。10对称度公差Symmetry基准平面tt/2AA0.12.公差框格——槽的对称中心面相对于过基准轴线的辅助平面的对称度公差为0.1。Fig3.36(a)11位置度公差Position4-øABCCBØ0.11、Position－Positionisthetheoreticallyexactlocationofafeatureestablishedbybasicdimension.位置度是限制被测点线面的实际位置对其理想位置变动量的一项指标。2.公差框格——孔的轴线相对于第一、第二、第三基准的位置度公差为Φ0.1.A3.Thetolerancezone——Spacewithinacylinderwhichdiameteris0.05andaxisintheoreticallyexactlocation.线的位置度公差带是直径为公差值ø0.1mm且以线的理想位置为轴线的圆柱面内的区域。Ø0.1ABCFig3.38(e\f)12同轴度公差ConcentricityØ0.04Ø0.01AA1.Concentricity－Coaxialdescribesaconditionwheretwoormorefeatureshavethesameaxisorcenterline.控制两个或多个要素具有相同的轴线或中心线。3.Tolerancezoneisacylindricity,whosediameteris0.01andaxisiscoincidentwiththedatumaxis,withinwhichtheaxisoftheconsideredfeature-of-sizemustlie.同轴度公差带是直径为公差值ø0.01mm，且与基准轴线同轴的圆柱面内区域。2.公差框格——被测轴线相对于基准轴线A的同轴度公差值为Φ0.01。Fig3.39(a)13园跳动公差Run-out0.050.05AA1、Run-out－Run-outisthecompositedeviationfromthedesiredformofapartsurfaceofrevolutionthroughonfullrotate(360deg)ofthepartonadatumaxis.园跳动是限制指定测量面内被测要素轮廓园的跳动的一项指标。2.Tolerancezone----Twocoaxialcircleswhosecentersarelocatedonthedatumaxis.

在垂直于基准轴线的任一测量平面内，半径差为公差值0.05mm，且圆心在基准轴线上的两个同心园之间的区域。2.公差框格——圆柱任意正截面上的轮廓相对于基准轴线A的径向圆跳动公差值为0.05.。Fig3.42(a)27端面圆跳动公差带定义：公差带是在与基准轴线同轴的任一半径位置的测量圆柱面上沿母线方向距离为公差值t的圆柱面。Aa)基准轴线测量圆柱面b)t0.05AFig3.42(c)斜向圆跳动公差带定义：公差带是在与基准轴线同轴，且母线垂直于被测表面的任一测量圆锥面上，沿母线方向距离为公差值t的圆锥面。

测量圆锥面基准轴线tb公差带)A0.05Aa标注)fFig3.42(e)14全跳动公差TotalRun-out0.051、TotalRun-out－TotalRun-outisacompositecontrolaffectingboththeformandlocationofallsurfaceelementssimultaneously.

全跳动是限制整个被测表面跳动的一项指标。3.ATotalRun-outtolerancezoneconsistsoftwocoaxialcylinderswhosecentersarelocatedonthedatumaxis.

公差带是半径差为公差值0.05mm，且于基准轴线同轴的两圆柱面之间的区域。基准A-B2、公差框格——圆柱整个轮廓相对于公共基准轴线A-B的全跳动公差值为0.05。Fig3.443.7PrincipleofTolerance定义：处理尺寸公差和形位公差关系的规定。分类：Principlesoftolerance公差原则相关要求最大实体要求MMC/MMR最小实体要求LMC/LMR包容要求ER可逆要求RR独立原则IP/RFS1.独立原则RegardlessofFeatureSize(RFS)PrincipleofIndependency(IP)2.相关要求Relatedrequirement包容要求Enveloperequirement(ER)可逆要求Reversiblerequirement(RR)最大实体要求MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC/MMR)最小实体要求LeastMaterialCondition(LMC/LMR)3.7.1SupplementarySymbols补充特征符号1.Modifier-Amodifieristhetermusedtodescribetheapplicationofgeometricprinciples.TheprinciplesincludeMMC,LMC,RFS,projectedtolerancezoneanddiameter.修饰符号主要是用来描述几何形状公差的应用情况，公差原则包括最大实体要求、最小实体要求、独立原则等，主要反应在公差带或直径处。Fig.3.45MaximumMaterialPrincipleToleranceFramesymbol3.7.2Maximummaterialcondition(MMC)

最大实体要求Maximummaterialcondition(MMC)isthatconditionofapartfeaturewhereinitcontainsthemaximumamountofmaterialwithinthestatedlimitsofsize.最大实体要求指的是在极限尺寸内材料量最多的一种特征状态。

1.Maximummaterialsize最大实体尺寸（MMS）2.Thatis:minimumholesizeandmaximumshaftsize.即孔的最小极限尺寸尺寸和轴的最大极限尺寸。Maximummaterialsize最大实体尺寸（MMS）Fig.3.46MMCExample：Fig.3.45MaximumMaterialPrinciple3.MMCmodifier----markingaftertolerancevalueordatum.标注：公差值或基准要素后面标注。MM4.Concept:PermitsgreaterpossibletoleranceasthepartfeaturesizesvaryfromtheircalculatedMMC.定义：当其实际尺寸偏离最大实体状态时，允许其形位误差值超出其给出的公差值，即形位误差值能得到补偿。6.

Maximummaterialvirtualboundary

最大实体实效边界（MMVB）

5.virtualcondition实效状态

实际要素处于最大实体状态，同时形位误差等于给出

的形位公差值时的一种状态。7.

Maximummaterialvirtualsize

最大实体实效尺寸（MMVS）

Term术语

（a）（b）

(c)(d)Fig.3.47MMVSFig.3.47MMVS

（c）（d）

(c)(d)Fig.3.47MMVSFig.3.47MMVSFig.3.48StraightnessofMMCFig.3.49PositionofMMC8.Function作用与功能Ensuresinterchangeability

满足装配互换要求9.Used应用Withinterrelatedfeatureswithrespecttolocation

用于关于位置的关联要素Size,suchas,hole,slot,pin,etc.(centerelement)