建筑专业英语PPT

Unit9PROCESS主讲人：徐西雨关清源孟康杜文旺Part1Warm-upActivties1.Assemblysequenceofaprefabricatedbuilding.按顺序装配的预制建筑。Thesequenceisdividedintofourstagesorphases:这个顺序划分为四个阶段或部分：Groundisexcavated挖掘地基Concretefoundationsareconstructed混凝土基础构造Columnbaseplatesarefixed柱形基础板固定Steelcolumnsareerected树立钢柱Phase1

First,thegroundisexcavated.Then,theconcretefoundationsareconstructed.Later,thecolumnbaseplatesarefixed.Finally,thesteelcolumnsareerected.

首先，挖掘地基。然后，搭建混凝土基础构造。之后，确定柱形基础板。最后，树立钢柱。Phase2Roofdeckingisputinplace屋顶装饰Upperfloorsteelcolumnsareerected楼上树立钢柱Concretefloorslabsareputinplace浇制混凝土楼板Beamsandbracingarefixed固定梁和支撑结构

Nowlookatthedrawingsofthenextthreestagesandmakestatementsaboutthesequenceofeventsinphases2,3and4.现在看看接下来三个阶段的图纸和在2,3,4部分关于项目顺序的说明。Weatherproofroofmembraneislaid铺设防风雨的屋顶防水层Balustradefixingplatesarefixed固定栏杆固定板Comerunitsareerected树立边角构件Horizontalcladdingpanelsarefixed固定水平电镀板Verticalcladdingpanelsarefixed固定垂直覆盖层板Suspendedceilingsarefixed固定吊顶Partitionsareerected划分区域Servicesareinstalledintheceilingvoid在吊顶空间安装服务Floorfinishesarelaid铺设地板Buildingisdecorated建筑装饰Phase3Phase43.Identifythepartofthebuildingorthephaseofassemblysequencedescribedinthesesentences:确定建筑物的一部分或这些句子中描述装配顺序的阶段：a)Thiscannotbeputinplaceuntiltheupperfloorsteelcolumnshavebeenerected.这个不能到位，知道楼上树立好钢柱。b)Beforefixingthese,theworkmenerectthecornerunits.在解决这些之前，工人们建造角落单位。c)Duringthisphasethebeamsandbracingarefixed.在这个阶段，梁和支撑是固定的。d)Theworkmenfixtheseafterconstructingtheconcretefoundations.工人们将在之后浇筑混凝土基础。e)Theelectricwiringisinstalledduringthisphase.在这个阶段安装电线。f)Whenthebalustradefixingplateshavefixed,theworkmencanstartlayingthis.在栏杆固定杆固定后，工人们开始铺设。Part2Controlled1.Lookatthistimescheduleofabuildingproject:看一个建筑项目的时间表：50%32%18%1.foreman工头-------------------------supervision监督管理2.labourers劳工------------------------doingmanualwork做体力劳动3.machinedrivers机械工人----------excavatingground挖掘土地4.steelerectors钢结构安装工-------erectingsteelwork安装钢结构5.bricklayers砖瓦匠-------------------buildingbrickwork砌筑砖墙6.plumbers水管工---------------------installationofpipeworkandsanitaryfittings

管道工程与洁具安装7.joiners连接工------------------------manufactureofdoors,windows,screens

制作门，窗，屏幕等8.carpenters木匠-----------------------fixingoffloorjoists,rooftimbers,doors,windows

安装地板托梁，屋顶木材，门，窗等9.roofingcontractor屋面承包方-----layingroofcovering铺设屋面覆盖层10.claddingfixers包层调停者-------fixingcladding固定维修包层11.heatingcontractor加热承包商----installationofheatingequipment

安装加热设备12.electricians电工---------------------installationofelectricalequipment电气设备安装13.glaziers装玻璃工人----------------puttinginglazing安装玻璃14.decorators室内装潢师-------------decoratingbuilding建筑装潢相关词汇：Manager经理Projectmanager项目经理Residentconstructionmanager驻工地总代表Constructionsuperintendent工地主任Controllerstaffmember管理员，职员Engineer工程师Technician技术员Economist经济员Supervisor检查员Foreman工长Worker工人Civilengineering土建工程Chemicalengineering化工工程Process工艺Mechanicalequipment机械设备Electrical电气Instrumentation仪表Piping管道Welding焊接Furnace筑炉Building建筑Corrosionprevention防腐Thermal-insulation保温Heating-ventilation采暖通风Qualitycontrol质量管理Mechanic机械工Electrician电工Pipelayer管工Welder焊工Carpenter木工Turner车工Blacksmith铁工Builder建筑工人Erector安装工人Riveter铆工Rigger起重工Concreteworker混凝土工Engine-driver司机Repairworker维修工Piling打桩Civilengineering土建工程Mechanicalerection机械安装Piping配管Electrical电气Instrumentation仪表Paintingandinsulationwork油漆和保温绝缘工作Cracker裂解器Crackingfurnace裂解炉Heatingfurnace加热炉Reactor反应器Mixer搅拌器Centrifuge离心机Belt-conveyer皮带输送机Cooler冷凝器Condenser冷凝器Separator分离器Boiler锅炉Generator发生器Scrubber洗涤器Stripper汽提器Heatexchanger热交换器Installing安装Checking检查Aligning找正Leveling找平Purging清洗Sitelabor(网站劳动)

Thetwomostimportantmenonaconstructionsitearethecontractor’sagentandthenavy.在建筑工地最重要的两个人物是承包者代理人和工人。Theagentisimportantbecauseheactsforthecontractorandhastheauthorityofthecontractoronthesite.代理很重要，因为他对承包商的行为具有对网站的权威。Thenavyisimportantbecausehe,withperhapshundredsofothernavies,doesmostofthework.工人的工作很重要是因为他们也许要作大部分的工作。Comparedwiththesetwo,althoughnocivilengineerwillhappilyadmitit,theresidentengineercomesthird,forwithouthimtheworkwouldbecompletedintime,thoughperhapsbadlyandathighcosttotheclient.相比这两个，虽然公务员工程师不会意承认它，驻地工程师排为第三，但是没有他的工作不会及时完成的，而且会花费成本很高。Part5ExtensiveReading关Mostofthecivilengineeringdesignhasbeendonebythetimethecontracthasbeensigned,andthecontractorisboundbytofollowthedesignasitislaiddowninthedrawings,thoughnormallynocontractisleftwithoutthesupervisionofaresidentengineeroratleastofaclerkoftheworksoracivilengineeringinspector.最重要的土木工程设计已完成，合同已经签订，和承包商势必按照设计图纸，规定虽然通常没有合同没有监管的驻地工程师但是至少有名文员工程或土建工程督察。

Betweentheagentandthenavytherearemanyothermenwhoorganizethework,helpittogosmoothly,seetothearrivaloftheessentialmaterials,checktheirqualityandhelptogetthecontractfinishedontime.代理和工人之间有许多其他的人安排工作来帮助它顺利进行，等到材料到来，检查它们的质量并且帮助按时完成合同。Thechiefoftheseisthegeneralforeman,amanwhohasworkedformanyyearsonconstructionsites,eitherasanavyandthenasagangerinchargeofagroup(gang)ofnavies,ormoreusually,asatradesmanandthenaforemanofhistrade.这些主要是一般的工头，待在建筑工程很多年，无论是掌管一个团体的领班，或者更经常的是作为一个贸易商。

“Tradesman”incivilengineeringorbuildingisthenamegiventomasons,bricklayers,carpenters,plasterers,mechanicalfittersandotherswhodoaspecialkindofworkwiththeirhands(atrade). 土木工程或建设中的"商人"是工作的给泥瓦匠、泥瓦匠、木匠、泥水匠、机械钳工和别人做一种特殊称呼，用他们双手进行贸易的名称。

Thecriticaltradeincivilengineeringisusuallycarpentrybecausethecarpentersbuildtheconcreteformwork,andtheforemancarpentersetsouttheformworkforthemandoftenalsosetsoutfortheothertrades.土建工程的关键贸易通常是木工，因为木匠建造混凝土模板，木工经常为自己或者其他行业设置了模板。Ifthesettingoutisnotwellaheadofitstime,theconcreteformworkislikelytobedelayed,withseriousconsequencesfortheprogressofthejob.如果设置了不使他们提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延误，对作业的进度会造成严重后果。Settingoutmeansmarkingouttheworkonthegroundoronthestructure,toensurethatitisproperlyplaced.如果设置了不使他们提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延误，对作业的进度会造成严重后果。Acivilengineerusuallysetsoutthemainlocationofthebuilding,andtiesitinwithhissurveyinginstrumentstolocalsurveymonuments.设定出装置标示出在地面上或结构上的工作，以确保它是正确放置。一名土木工程师通常设置了主要位置的建筑，以及与配合他测量仪器对当地调查纪念碑。

Sincenaviesdotheconcretinganddiggingwhichareessentialtomostfoundationwork,andfoundationsarethefirstworkafterthedemolitionandsiteclearance,naviesareusuallythefirstmenemployedonabuildingsite.由于工人做混凝土和挖掘都是最基础的工作，基础是必不可少的，第一个工作的拆除和场地清理后，工人通常是该建筑工地上的第一个男性员工。Thereisanaturalsequenceofconstructionwhichisthesameformostbuildings,andforthisreason,thetradescomeonetoasiteusuallyinthesamesequence,fromonestructuretothenext.这是大多数建筑的一个自然的建筑顺序，因为这个原因，工地上通常用同一个顺序进行施工，从结构到下一个。孟Thissequenceisshownbytheorderinwhichthetradesareprintedinthebillofquantities.这个序列在工程量清单中表明输出的交易。Itisimportanttoadoptoneparticularsequencebecauseinthatwaythewriterofthebillcanbesurethathehasforgottennothing.只有通过这种方式，笔者比尔可以肯定他有忘记什么。Thereare(1)demolitionandshoring,(2)earthwork,(3)piling,(4)concreting,(5)precastconcreteandhollowfloors,(6)brickworkandpartitions,(7)drainageandsewage,(8)asphalt,(9)paving,(10)masonry,(11)roofing,(12)timberandhardware,(13)structuralsteelwork(1)拆除支撑，(2)土方工程，(3)打桩，(4)浇筑混凝土，(5)预制混凝土空心楼板，(6)砌砖和分区，(7)排水和污水处理，(8)沥青，(9)铺路，(10)砌筑，(11)屋面，(12)木材和硬件，(13)钢结构(14)metalwork,(15)plastering,walltilingandterrazzo,(16)sheetmetal,(17)rainwaterguttersanddown-pipes,(18)cold-watersupplyand-sanitaryplumbing,(19)hot-watersupply,(20)gasandwatermains,(21)heating,(22)ventilating,(23)electrical,(24)glazing,(25)painting,(26)specialistwork.(14)金属制品，(15)抹灰，外墙瓷砖和水磨石，(16)金属板，(17)雨水天沟及落水管，(18)冷水供应和卫生管道，(19)热水供应，(20)煤气和水管，、(21)采暖、(22)通风、(23)电气、(24)玻璃、(25)喷漆、(26)专家的工作。Toactfor...代表。。。办事Tobeboundby理应，必须Withseriousconsequences带来严重的后果Site工地，场所Contractor合同者，承包者Navy壮工Authority政权，授权，权威Resident居住的，居民Client工程委托人，甲方代表Bind捆，扎，约束Laydown施工Drawing图样，素描Supervision监督，管理Inspector检查者，监察者Tradesman受益人，工匠Foreman工头Mason石工Bricklayer砖工，瓦工Carpenter木工Plasterer抹灰工Mechanical机械的Fitter装配工，钳工Form模板Demolition拆迁Shoring支撑，加固Pilling打桩，堆积Concreting浇灌混凝土Brickwork砖房，砖砌（体）Partition隔墙，隔板，隔开，分隔Drainage排水，排水设备，排水法Sewage污水处理Asphalt沥青，柏油Paving铺路，铺平Hardware五金，金属制零件Metalwork金属制造Plastering抹灰Terrazzo水磨石Gutter雨水槽Sanitary卫生的，关于环境卫生的Plumbing管子工程Heating加热，供热Ventilating通风Glazing尤其Painting上漆Setout防放线ManpowerPlanningForProjectSitelabormustbeactivelymanaged.Planningaconstructionprojectmeansnotonlydecidingwhatistobedone,butwhowilldoitandwhen.现场劳动必须积极管理，规划建设项目不仅要决定要做什么，而且要决定由谁在什么时间做什么。Themanagerhastoforecastprojectmanpowerrequirements,takingintoaccounttheavailabilityofvariouskindsoflabor(includingsub-contractlabor).经理对项目的人力需求预测，考虑到各种劳动力的可用性（包括分包劳动）。Theyneedtoavoidsharpfluctuationsinmanninglevelsandtheoverallresourcepatternfortheproject.他们需要避免人员配备的大幅波动以及项目的总体资源模式。

Evenwhenunemploymentishigh,certaintypesoflabormaybeinshortsupplyandthefirmmayhavetotrainpeopletomeetitsneeds.即使失业率很高，某些类型的劳动力可能会供不应求，所以公司不得不培训人们以满足其需求。Ashortageinjustonetradeoroccupationmaymakenonsenseofacontractprogramandaddconsiderablytotheprojectduration.仅有一个贸易或职业的缺失就可能使合同毫无意义，而且将大大增加项目的持续时间。Recognizingsuchproblemsattheoutsetcanleadtobetterbalancingofworkandreducepeakmanpowerneeds.认识到这些问题在一开始就可以更好的平衡工作和降低峰值的人力需求。Sitelaborshouldbebuiltupandrundowninaplannedway,avoidingsuddenchangesinthenumbersofeachtradeonsite.工地的劳动力应有计划的建立和运行，避免在站点上的每一个交易的数量突然变化。Thismeansschedulingprojectactivitiessothatcumulativeneedsdonotexceedthelaboravailableanddonotfluctuatetoomuch.这意味着安排项目活动，累积的需求不超过可用的劳动力以及不太多的波动。Manpowerplanningwillnotguaranteehighproductivityorgoodlaborrelations,butitsabsencecanleadtopoorperformanceandstrainedrelations.人力资源规划不能保证高生产率和良好的劳动关系，但它的缺失会导致不良的表现和紧张的关系。

Amanningcurveisausefulwaytosummarizelaborrequirementsandhighlightproblem.曼宁曲线是一个有用的发法去总结劳动需求和高亮度的问题.Itiscompiledbycombiningthelaborrequirementsforeachtrade.结合编制劳动要求的每个贸易.Thechartcanbeusedtobalancepeakdemandandtorecordnumbersofemployeesusedtodate.图表可以用来平衡需求高峰期，并记录员工使用的日期。Itshowstherateofbuild-uporrun-downoflaborandanycorrectionneededtokeeponschedule.它显示了建立或运行下来的劳动和任何纠正需要保持在时间表上。Inthecurve,theinformationisobtainedfromanetworkanalysisandshowsmanningcurvesbasedontheearliestandlateststartsforeachactivityontheprogram.在曲线中，信息是从一个网络分析和显示曼宁基于最早、最迟开始在程序的各个活动曲线。旺Themanpowerbuild-upfortheearlieststartcurveishigh.最早开始曲线的人力积聚是很高.Itemphasizesthatwhentoomanypeoplearetakenonatonce,supervisorsbecomeoverloadedandproductivitycanbedifficulttosustain.它强调，当太多的人被同时使用，主管会变得超载和生产力难以维持。Toosteepadescentattheendoftheprojectalsocausesproblems.太过急剧的下降，在项目结束时也会导致问题。Contractorsoftendothistorecoverfromdelays,buttheusualresultistoovershootthecompletiondate,withlaborremainingonsite,tidyinguplooseendsandwindingdownlongafterworkshouldhavefinished.承包商经常会这样恢复延迟，但通常的结果是超过完成的日期，现场剩余劳动，整理琐碎的收尾工作要很久以后才能完成。Properlyupdatedmanningcurvescanshowupearlysignsofunder-manning,indicatingtheneedforareviewofthecontractprogramorachangeinrecruitingprocedure,Buttheycannoteasilybeusedtoshowtheeffectsofvariationsoradditionalworkandareonlyasaccurateastheestimatesoflaboroutputsandlaboravailabilityonwhichtheyarebased.正确的更新曼宁曲线可显示早期迹象，说明合同的程序或在招聘程序改变审查的要求，但他们不能很容易地使用T显示的变化或额外的工作的影响，只是作为劳动力输出的估计和劳动力的可用