大学英语四级考试阅读难句

四六级长难句分析GrammaticalStructure一、时态和语态（TheTenseandTheVoice)时态（Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。语态（Voice)也是动词的一种形式，表示主语（动作的发出者或动作的承受者）和谓语之间的关系。Sampleone:ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,scoring12-15pointsabovethemeanvalueof100,andhavecontributeddisproportionatelytotheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthecareersoftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,affirm.这群人在智商测验中一般考得很好，得分在平均分100以上12-15分。而且他们对西方的知识和文化做出了很大的贡献。这种贡献相对于他们的人口数量来说是不成比例的。正如他们中的精英分子的职业生涯所证实的，这些精英分子中包括若干位世界著名的科学家。Sample2:Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”---therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德系统阐述了他的革命性理论：梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧的变相反映。到20世纪70年代晚期，神经学家们转而认为，梦只是“精神上的噪音”，也就是说，在睡眠时进行的神经修复工作的任意副产品。Sample3:Shefeltsuitablyhumblejustasshehadwhenhehadfirsttakenagoodlookathercityself,hairwavedandgolden,nailsredandpointed.她感到称心得体，就像她以前感觉一样，那时他第一次仔细审视了她城里人的气质、飘逸的金发、又红又尖的指甲。Sample4:Thechangesthathavetakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.最近60年来空中旅行所发生的变化即使对19世纪末20世纪初最有成就的科学家来说似乎也觉得完全是不可能的。Sample5:I’dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatbelongstoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.我想说，无论何时当你在追求属于你的东西时，任何剥夺你拥有它的权利的人都是有罪的。注：belong,own,possess这类动词通常不用进行时态。Sample6Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.如果确实可能的话，我本来是要去医院看他的，但是上周整整一周我忙得不可开交。Sample7:Forhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.为了他能连任，真正重要的不是他的政策有效，而是公众认为他的政策有作用。Sample8:TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflect

notsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.注：notsomuch…as…与其说…倒不如说…美国人所渴望的方便用具和方便设施与其说是反映了一种闲暇的生活方式，还不如说是反映了一种繁忙的生活方式，其中甚至几分钟时间也宝贵得不能被浪费掉。Sample9:Greateffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.假如想要避免食品短缺，那就必须做出更大的努力来增加农业产量。Be(am,is,are,or,was,were)和不定式连用，可表示：1）按计划或安排要发生的事或打算做的事：Iamtoseehimtodayatsixo’clock.2)该做或不该做的事（接近should,must,oughtto,haveto):Youarenottosmokeinthisroom.3)能不能发生的事（接近can,may)：HowamItopaysuchadebt?4)不可避免将要发生的事，后来将发生的事：Theworstisstilltocome.5)(用于条件句）如果想要……(接近if…wantto,或if…should):Ifwearetobethereintime,we’llhavetohurryup.Ifthereistoberevolution,theremustbearevolutionaryarmy.Sample10:Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamakeupexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.如果你去向数学老师解释清楚，那时你的父母病了，他是会乐意给你一次补考的机会的。Sample11:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.我希望，到我们明年回来的时候，她的身体将会很好。bythetime+从句（谓语用一般现在时）表示“到将来某个时间点为止”，故主语中的谓语用将来完成时。e.g.：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.bythetime+从句（谓语用一般过去时）表示“到过去某个时间点为止”，所以主句谓语需用过去完成时；如表示状态，也可以用一般过去时，例如：Bythetimehewastakentothehospital,hewasalreadydead.有些表示时间的短语可引导时间状语从句，例如：theinstance,theminute,themoment,theday,theyear,each(every)time,nexttime,thefirst(second)time等。e.g.:Theminutehesawherhefellinlove.Thedayhereturnedhome,hisfatherwasalreadydead.EverytimeIcomeheisreading.HewasmuchbetterthelasttimeIsawhim.Sample12:Johnisn’tadiligentstudent,foritisthethirdtimehehasbeenlate,isn’tit?约翰并不是一个勤奋的孩子，因为这是他第三次迟到了，对吗?在下列表达方式后要用现在完成时：1）This(that)isthefirst/second/third,etc…例如:Thisisthefirstminibuswehavehadinourtown.2)This(that)istheonly…例如：ThisistheonlypartythatIhavereallyenjoyedinmylife.3)This(that)isthe+形容词最高级…例如：Itisthemostinterestingbook(that)I’veeverread.如果谈到过去，就用过去完成时，如：Thiswasthefirsthigh-risebuildingwehadhadinourtown.Sample13:Nosoonerhadthewordsbeenspokenthanherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.注：nosooner+had+主语+过去分词（被动语态用been+过去分词）…+than+主语+一般过去时…;意为“刚…就…”。话一说出，他就立刻意识到，他本来应该保持沉默。Sample14:Wehadhopedtostartourbusiness,butweneverhadenoughmoneytodoso.我们本来希望自己开办自己的企业，但是我们钱不够。注：hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose和want这一类表示希望，愿望，打算的动词用于过去完成时态表示过去的希望、期待、意图、愿望等没有实现。如：1）Ihadmeanttocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.2)Shehadthoughtofpayingusavisitbutthebadweathermadeherchangeherplans.3)Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn’tgetthereintime.4)Ihadn’tforaminutesupposed(expected)thatIshouldgetthefirstprize.(我一点都没想到我会得一等奖）Sample15:Youloveyouronlysonandindulgehimsomuchthatyouaredoinghimharm.你爱你的独生儿子，把他娇惯到了害他的程度了。注：现在进行时常用来阐述、归纳前面所说的话。这种现在进行时的语气往往较强。本句中的现在进行时表示结果，有归纳或总结之意。如：Icannotsleep.Somethingisworryingme.第二句中用现在进行时表示原因，解释前一句。Sample16：Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosaythattherearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternatively,willdomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.或许可以毫不夸张地说，有些人认为值得怀疑的是，这些与国防有关的研究项目会说明生活水平的提高，或者，换言之，会大大有助于保护我们日益减少的自然资源。二、虚拟语气（TheSubjunctiveMood)虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，假设或建议等，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气是一项语法难点，这里把虚拟语气分成三大块来讨论：1．名词从句中的虚拟语气标志词+should+动词原形2．条件从句中的虚拟语气①三种基本态②倒装虚拟句③混时虚拟句④含蓄虚拟句⑤跳层虚拟句3．其它情形中的虚拟语气（wish/wouldrather/it’shightime…/ifonly…/lest）1.名词从句虚拟语气(1)ask,advise,beg,command,demand,decide,desire,insist,order,prefer,propose,require,recommend,request,suggest,urge等表示命令、要求、建议等含义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形e.g.Isuggest/suggestedthatwe(should)gotomorrow.名词从句虚拟语气(2)itis+(形容词/过去分词/特定名词)+that的从句中，形容词主要是表示令人吃惊的、重要的、必要的、关键的等词汇。形容词：astonishing,amazing,advisable,appropriate,crucial,desirable,essential,important,imperative,keen,necessary,natural,normal,odd,proper,preferable,strange,sorry,shocked,surprising,urgent,unusual,vital等。从句用虚拟语气(3)过去分词：decided,desired,demanded,ordered,requested,recommended,suggested等;名词：advice,decision,desire,demand,suggestion,motion,pray,resolution,wish,preference,proposal,recommendation,requirement,idea,order等，从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形2．条件从句中的虚拟语气①三种基本态表虚拟的时间if从句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在did/werewould(should,might,could)+do过去haddone/hadbeenwould(should/might/could)+havedone(been)将来Wereto/should+dowould(should,might,could)+do与现在事实相反：IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.与过去事实相反：IfIhadhadenoughmoney,Iwouldhaveboughtabook.与将来事实相反：IfIweretohaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.IfIshouldhaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.②倒装虚拟句（只能与过去/将来事实相反，省去if，有三种倒装形式）HadIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldhaveboughtabook.WereItohaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.ShouldIhaveenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyabook.③混时虚拟句（主要是抓住时间状语）(对过去事实虚拟+对现在事实虚拟)IfIhadstudiedEnglishatschool,IcouldreadtheEnglishnovelnow.(对现在事实虚拟+对过去事实虚拟)Ifshewerenotsocareless,shewouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.④含蓄虚拟句WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?Butfortheirhelp,Iwouldnothavefinishedthetask.Butthatthedoctorarrivedontimethatday,theywouldhavebeendead.Givenmoretime,Iwouldhavebeenabletofinishthetest.⑤跳层虚拟句（即句子一半为虚拟，另一半为陈述语气；but前句用虚拟而or/otherwise后句用虚拟）

(but)Hewouldputonweight,buthedoesn’teatmuch.(与现在事实相反)Hewouldhaveputonweight,buthedidn’teatmuch.(与过去事实相反)(or,orelse,otherwise)IforgetwhereIreadthearticle,orIwouldshowittoyounow.(与现在事实相反)Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter,otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(与过去事实相反)3．其它情形中的虚拟语气（wish/wouldrather/it’shightime…/ifonly…/lest）wish…IwishIknewtheanswer.(与现在事实相反)IwishIhadknowntheanswer.(与过去事实相反)Iwishyouwouldshutup.(与将来事实相反)ifonly…IfonlyIweretaller.(与现在事实相反)Ifonlyhehadfollowedyouradvice!(与过去事实相反)Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(与将来事实相反)itis(high/about)time…Itistimeyouthoughtaboutyourfuture.wouldrather…Iwouldratheryoudidn’tspeakrudelytoher.(与现在事实相反)I’dratheryouhadn’tspokenrudelytoher.(与过去事实相反)lest…,incase…,forfearthat…（引导的是目的状语从句，但可归入第六点(名词从句虚拟)，这是因它们答案特征相同，即(should)+动词原形。e.g.Hetookhisumbrellalestitshouldrain.Sample1:Aftertheterribleaircrashshebegantobeworriedlestheshouldhavemetwithsomeaccidentthedaybefore.可怕的飞机失事发生后，她开始担心，唯恐他已在前一天出了什么事故。Sample2:Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthepublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.要不是老百姓的及时投资，我们的公司就不会像现在这样兴旺。Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,wouldhavelostallpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.所涉及到的数百万次计算，如果用手工操作，到它们完成时已失去全部实用价值。timevt.1.为…安排时间；为…选择时机；为…定时：totimeaninvasion选择入侵的时机Thebombwastimedtogooffat12o'clock炸弹定在12点钟爆炸。2.拨准(钟、表)的快慢，校正(钟、表)时间：Hetimedhiswatchwithmine.他和我对表。3.测定…的时间；记录…的时间：totimearace记录赛跑的时间totimearunner为赛跑选手计时4.(音乐等)使与节拍相一致，使合拍子：Theytimedtheirstepstothedrumbeat.他们合着击鼓声跳舞。5.调准(机械的)速度：Theworkershavetimedthespeedofthemachine.工人们已经调准机器的速度。

vi.合拍；和谐；打拍子;(钟、表等)走得准adj.时间的，表示时间的，时间方面的;(爆炸装置等)定时的;定期的;[美国英语]分期(付款)的abreastof(或with)thetimes与时俱进的，赶上时代的，不落后于时代的，符合时代的，时新的againsttime争分夺秒地，尽快地；力争及时(完成)，争取在有限的时间内(完成)(一般与run，talk，work连用)atalltimes始终，经常；随时，总是，老是；不论什么时候(at)anytime随时，无论何时atatime每次，一次；个别地；同时，一下子atnotime在任何时候都不；从来没有…，从不；决不atoddtimes(或hours,moments)偶尔；在闲暇的时候；用零碎的时间atonetimea.同时b.(过去或从前)有个时期，曾经(有一段时间)，一度intimesofstressa.在供不应求时b.在艰难困苦时intimestocome在将来timelyadj.及时的；适时的，合时宜的adv.及时地Ensuretimelydeliveryandqualityofallproducts.确保准时交货并保证产品的质量Doremembertodosomeexercisetimelytokeepyouhealthy.请务必记住。要适时的活动活动。保证身体健康。involvevt.1牵涉，牵连，使卷入；使陷入(麻烦、困境等)：tobeinvolvedinascandal卷入丑闻tobeinvolvedinthetrouble陷入麻烦2使参与；使参加：toinvolveemployeesinthemanagement使职员参与管理3包含，含有，包括：Thisprojectinvolvesmuchdifficulty.这一项目有许多困难。4需要；必需：aprojectwhichinvolvesyearsofwork一项需要若干年工作的工程5与…有关联；影响：Hishonorisinvolved.他的名誉受到影响。6包围，围住；笼罩：Cloudsinvolvethemountaintop.云雾笼罩着山顶。7使专心于；使忙于；使从事于：tobeinvolvedinresearch忙于研究Sample3:Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.一次安全隐患分析本来会识别这个目标是潜在的危险。不幸的是，这样的分析从未做过。identifyvt.1.辨认；识别；认出；鉴定；验明；确定：Heidentifiedhisbaggageamonghundredsofothers.他在几百件行李中认出了自己的行李。toidentifyhandwriting鉴定笔迹2.使等同于；把…看做一致(常与with连用)：Neveridentifywealthwithhappiness.千万不要把财富等同于幸福。Healwaysidentifiesother'shappinesswithhisown.他总是把别人的幸福看做自己的幸福。3.使支持；使参与，使关系密切(常与with连用)：Sheisactivelyidentifiedwithourplans.她积极支持我们的计划。Herefusedtoidentifyhimselfwiththeirpolicy.他拒绝参与他们的政策。4.暴露出…的身份：Hishoarsevoicequicklyidentifiedhim.他那嘶哑的声音让人一听就知道是他。5.使融合：Theplaywassogrippingthattheaudiencequicklyidentifiedwiththeactors.这出戏非常扣人心弦，使得观众很快就与演员融为一体。vi.1.同情；跟…发生共鸣；支持(常与with连用)：Heidentifieswiththeheroineofthenovel.

他同情小说中的女主人公。

短语1.identifyoneself证明自己(的身份)2.identifyoneselfwith参加到…中去；与…打成一片；支持Sample4:Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。WhenEdisondied,itwasproposedthattheAmericanpeopleturnoffallpowerintheirhomes,streets,andfactoriesforseveralminutesinhonorofthisgreatman.爱迪生去世时，有人建议，为纪念这位伟人美国人民应关掉家中，街上和工厂里的全部电源几分钟。Sample5:IapologizeifIhadoffendedyou,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.假如我曾经冒犯过你，我现在向你道歉，但我向你保证，这不是故意的。I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchabadweather.我宁愿你乘火车去，因为我无法想象在如此恶劣的天气里你呆在飞机里。注：主语+wouldrather后接宾语从句，从句中谓语须用虚拟语气：用一般过去时表示希望现在或将来实现的行为或状态，用过去完成时表示希望过去实现的行为或状态。如：I’dratheryoudidn’tdoanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.我宁愿你暂时不要采取任何措施。同类句型还有：Iwouldjustassoon…和Iwouldsooner…e.g.:IwouldjustassoonyoudidnotaskmetospeakatthemeetingtomorrowbecauseIhavealotofurgentmatterstoattendto.Iwouldsooneryouhadgonethereyesterday.注意下述两个句型的差异：1）(just)assoondosthasdosthelse:同样乐于做某事，就像做另外一件事一样：I’djustassoonstayathomeasgoforwalk.我乐于呆在家里，就像乐于出去散步一样。2）soonerdosththandosthelse:宁愿做某事，而不愿做另一事：Shewouldsoonerresignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.她宁可辞职也不愿意参与这种不正当的买卖。Sample6Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddennoise.要是有一声巨响，这些动物会受到惊吓，这是有现实可能性的。Itisgenerallythoughttobeofimportancetoamanthathe(should)knowhimself.普遍认为，一个人重要的是贵有自知之明。Hewastohavebeenappointedasthemanagerofthecompany,buthefellseriouslyill.本来要任命他当公司经理，但他却得了重病。Sample7:Youlooksotiredtonight.Itishightimeyouwenttobed.你今晚看上去很累。你该去睡觉了。注意：有的语法书上说，谓语可用should+动词原形表示，但现在我国各类测试中只承认“一般过去时”。Theteacherthoughtitessentialthatalltheexercisebooks(should)behandedinnolaterthanFridaymorning.老师认为必须在周五上午前把全部作业本交上去。Wemusturgethatdelegates(should)beelectedfromthevariousfactoriesinthecity.我们必须敦促，代表应该选自本城各工厂。Sample8:Isaidsomethingthatmadethemattersmuchworse.IfonlyIhadkeptmymouthshut!我说了些使事态恶化的话。早知道我就闭口不言了。Shewasn’tingoodhealth,otherwiseshewouldhaveworkedharder.她身体不好，否则的话她会更努力工作。HaditnotbeenforProfessorRusselstandingforhim,hewouldhavehadtoleave.要不是因为罗塞尔教授支持他，他就得离开了。Sample9:Mr.Brown,agoodfriendofmine,wouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthetime.若不是我的好朋友波浪先生那时缺钱，他就会帮我们了。Butforyourkindadvicewecouldnothavesucceededintheexperimentwhenwewereintrouble.当我们处于困境中时，要不是你的忠告，我们本来是不可能成功的。WeretheTimesCo.topurchaseanothermajormediacompany,thereisnodoubtthatitcoulddramaticallytransformafamily-runenterprisethatstillgets90%ofitsrevenuefromnewspapers.如果时代公司要收购另一家主流媒体公司，毫无疑问，它能改造一家仍然从报业获取90%收益的家庭经营的企业。purchase

vt.1.买，购买，购置Expertflatterymaypurchaseanhonestman老练的阿谀奉承可以买动一个老实人。2.(用牺牲等)换取，换得：Theypurchasedlifeattheexpenseofhonor.他们以牺牲名誉为代价换得了生命。3.依靠机械力移动(或举起)；靠机械力抓紧：topurchaseananchor起锚vi.

购买东西

n.1.购得物，所购物2.购买，买3.紧握，紧抓；牢靠的立足点4.获得物；赃物5.(地产等以年计的)收益，价值短语notworthaday's(或anhour's)purchase活不到一天(或一小时)，命危在旦夕buyvt.1.买，购买，购置，买得：Iboughtmyselfacar.我为自己买了一辆汽车。

Theyboughtthehousefor$100,000.他们花十万美元买了这座房子。2.(付出一定代价)换得，赢得，获得：tobuytimebynegotiating通过谈判赢得时间Sheboughtfavorwithflattery.她以阿谀奉承博得宠幸。3.能购得；足以买到(或获得)；具有…购买力，价值相当于：Onehundreddollarsbuyslessthanitusedto.现在100美元买不到以前所能买到的那么多东西。4.雇，聘；享受…的服务：TheChicagoBullboughtanewguard.芝加哥公牛队新雇了一名后卫。5.收买，向…行贿，贿赂：Afewpublicofficialscanbebought.一些公务员会被收买。6.n[美国俚语、口语]采纳，接受，认为；相信；同意，赞成(尤指采纳有效可行的意见)：Ican'tbuyhisexcuse.我不能相信他的借口。Idon'tbuythatexplanation.我不接受那样的解释。vi.

当买主，(作为买者)采购商品，买商品，买货物，购买东西，买某物：Thecarpricesarelow;it'sagoodtimetobuy.现在汽车价格低，买车正是时候。

n.1.买，购买，购置2.买卖，交易短语1.buyit相信(或接受)(某种提议、建议、说明)，信以为真；放弃[回答问题或猜谜时用][亦作buythat]transformvt.1.使变化；使变形；使改观：Alittlepaintwilltransformthisoldcar.喷点漆就能让这辆旧车变个模样。Themagiciantransformedthegirlintoatiger.魔术师把那个女孩变成了一头老虎。2.改革；使改变(性质、机能等)：Theytransformedthebasementintoareadingroom.他们把地下室改建成阅览室。totransformdreamintoreality变梦想为现实3.改造；使改变(思想、性格等)：Marriagehascompletelytransformedhim.婚姻已经彻底改变了他。Successandwealthtransformedhischaracter.成功和财富改变了他的性格。4.【电工学】变压；变化(电流)；【物理学】转变(能量形式等)；使转换：Adynamotransformsmechanicalenergyintoelectricity.发电机使机械能转换为电。vi.改变；变形；变态；转变；转化；变换：Acaterpillartransformsintoabutterfly.毛虫变成了蝴蝶。transformfault转换断层；转形断层transfervt..-ferring搬；转移；传递；传输：Theywilltransferthosebooksintothenewlibrary.他们将把那些书搬进新的图书馆。Pleasetransferthemoneytomyaccount.请把这笔钱转到我的账上。转让(财产等)：Heintendstotransferthepropertytohisdaughter.他打算把财产转让给女儿。改变；转变；变换：totransferwastelandintofertilefields把荒地变成良田转写；转印；摹绘调动；使(职业足球运动员)转会：Hehasbeentransferredtoantherbranch.他已经被调到了另外一个部门。ThatfootballerhasbeentransferredtoACMilan.那个足球运动员已经转会到AC米兰队。

vi.1.转移；迁移：OurcompanywilltransfertoLondon.我们公司将迁往伦敦。2.转学；转校；转系；转会；调动：ShehastransferredfromtheDepartmentofHistorytotheDepartmentofEnglish.她已经由历史系转到英语系了。3.换车(或船)；转乘：AtBirminghamItransferredtoanothercoach.我在伯明翰换乘另一辆大客车。三、不定式、分词和动名词（TheInfinitive,TheParticipleandTheGerund)非限定动词（Non-finiteVerb)是动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词在句中不能单独做谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制；它在句中可以充当各种句子成分。非限定动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。3.1不定式的用法3.1.1不定式的结构形式及其补足成分1）不定式的结构形式不定式通常由不定式符号to+V原形构成，如write的不定式便是towrite,这是不定式的一般形式。主动词的进行体形式，完成体形式以及完成进行体形式也可以有不定式：tobewriting,tohavewritten,tohavebeenwriting.不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加not,never等否定词（nottowrite).动词的被动态也可以有不定式。其形式是由tobe+-ed分词或者tohavebeen+-ed分词构成：tobewritten,tohavebeenwriten.2)不定式的补足成分：不定式常常带有自己的补足成分：HebegantostudyRussian.Hemeanttosendmeagift.Theydecidedtoappointhermanager.Hebegantofeelsad.Itcontinuedtorainheavily.Hedecidedtoliveinthecountryside.所有这些带有补足成分的不定式统称为“不定式结构”。3.1.2不定式结构的句法功能不定式结构可在句中作主语、补语、宾语等多种句子成分。1)不定式结构作主语Togivegoodserviceisourduty.Tocleantheroomsonceaweekisnecessary.Tomeetyouisgreatpleasure.把不定式结构直接置于主语的位置，平时用得不多，听起来也不太自然，通常的用法是在主语位置上放个“先行it”,而把作主语的不定式后置：Itisourdutytogivegoodservice.Itisnecessarytocleantheroomsonceaweek.Itisagreatpleasuretomeetyou.2)不定式结构作主语补语不定式结构作主语补语有以下两种情况：一种是主语和主语补语都是不定式，其含义往往一是条件，一是结果。Inaway,toprotectforestsistokeepnaturalbalance.保护森林在某种程度上就是保持生态平衡Topromisetoomuchistopromisenothing.另一种情况是，作主语补语的不定式结构往往说明主语的内容，这时，主语通常是由aim,business,duty,hope,idea,job,mistake,plan,suggestion,wish,work等作中心词的名词词组，或是由what引导的名词性分句。thelittleboy’saimtobecomeawriterThepoorgirl’swishwastobuyapairofwarmshoes.Whattheguidesuggestedwastomakeafire.Whathecouldsayistocallameetingimmediately,I’msure.3)不定式结构作宾语能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，常见的有agree,ask,beg,begin,decide,expect,forget,hate,hope,learn,like,manage,mean,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,remember,try,want,wish等Thechildrenbeggedtocomewithus.Thesethreesbegantobearfruitin1985.Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.Wemustn’tpretendtoknowwhatwedon’tknow.如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有补语，就得用”先行it”作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到补语后面去QuitealotofstudentsfinditdifficulttomasteradvancedEnglish.Doyouthinkitpossibleforhimtocompletehisstudiesintwoyears’time.作宾语的不定式结构之前还可带有疑问词Haveyoudecidedwhentogo?Iwonderwhethertoinvitehimornot.Idon’tknowwhomtorelyon.不定式还可在SVoO句型中作直接宾语Heaskedmehowtopronouncetheword.Weshowedthemhowtorepairthecar.Hepromisedmetogetadoctorformydaughter.Bear，begin，cease,continue,dislike,endure,hate,intend,start,neglect,Forgetdoingsth,forgettodosthGoondoing,goontodoMeandoing,meantodoStopdoing,stoptodo4)不定式结构作宾语补语Iadvisedhimtoseeadoctorimmediately.Wewarnedhernottodothatagain.Heexpectedhissontobeapianist.Weknowthisbooktobeveryinformative.我们知道这本书资料丰富Wethinkhimtobeanoutstandingscientists.在feel,hear,see,listento,notice,watch,let,make,have等动词之后，不定式常不带to.Isawaboyclimboverthefence.Weallfeltthehouseshake.Iwon’tletyougoalone.We’llhaveTomhelpGroupA.但若这些动词用于被动语言，随后的不定式便须带to.Aboywasseentoclimboverthefence.TomwillbemadetohelpGroupA.5)不定式结构作状语不定式结构作状语可表目的，结果，原因等意义A)表示目的Hewenthometoseehismother.Heworkedhardtocatchupwithhisclassmates.为了加强语势，不定式结构还可用inorderto/soasto来引导Theoldmanputonhisglassesinorderto/soastoseetheobjectmoreclearly.B)表示结果Heissocarelessastogeteverythingconfused.Heissuchafoolastothinkthateverybodyelseisinferiortohim.It’stoolateforustogohome.此外，还可在句尾用（only)to…表示一种出乎意料的（通常不是愉快的）结果Ihurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.C)表示原因Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.I’msorrytohavemadethismistake.I’mgladforyoutohavefinishedtheworksosoon.6)不定式结构作名词修饰语不定式结构作名词修饰语（定语）总是出现在名词（词组）之后，相当于一个关系分句即“定语从句”。Maryisalwaysthefirsttocome(whocomes)andthelasttoleave(wholeaves).Onthefarm,thereisalwaysalotofworktobedone(thatmustbedone).Shehastenchildrentolookafter(whomshemustlookafter).在以上例子中，不定式结构的施动者同时也就是句子的主语，如果不定式的施动者不是句子的主语，那就得用for把它引导出来。Itisagoodchanceforyou

tomakeupwithhim.那是你和他和解的好机会。Ihavealotofworkforhertodothismorning.

Ability,agreement,ambition,anxiety,attempt,capacity,chance,claim,courage…Thisisanopportunitytogivepeoplemoreleisure.ThebookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglish.Fortheworktobedoneatonceisnecessary.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.Who,what,which,when,where,asif,asthough..Nowheretoturn,howtokeep,whattodo,wheretorecommend,whichfoodtocook,1.不定式的时态TobedoingThebabyseemstobesleeping.Ihappenedtobetalkingwithhimwhenhewashitbyaballandcollapsed.TohavedoneByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Themembersofthedelegationweregladtohavestayedlongerthanoriginallyplanned.TohavebeendoingIdon’tknowwhatishappeningbetweenthem;theyseemtohavebeenarguingallmorningsince8.2.被动语态TobedoneEveryoneisfittobeeducated.TohavebeendoneThebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafiretwoyearsago.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings.Manyoftheworld’sgreatnovelsarereportedtohavebeenmadeintofilmslastyear.Toconclude,tomention,tobebrief,tobeexact,tobefair,tobehonest,tosumup,tobeginwith,needlesstosay,nottospeakof,thatistosay,toputitsimply,totellthetruth,tomakemattersworse,toreturntomysubject,tomakealongstoryshortHelp,letalone,muchless,can’thelpbut,donothingbutSample1:Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled,fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.人们不得不感到困惑，因为他们简直无法理解，他怎么会犯这样一个愚蠢的错误。Thosepart-timestudentsexpecttobeofferedsomejobsoncampusduringthecomingsummervacation.那些打工的学生期望在即将来临的暑假中能在校园内向他们提供更多的工作。Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.这些学生期望在期末考试以前有更多的复习课。Sample2:Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.今晚天气不至于冷到有霜冻，因此我能把吉姆的汽车安全地停在外面。Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.为了顺利交流思想，全体出席者必须全神贯注并参加讨论。Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.马林是一位有独立思维的年轻人，他不愿意对其政界领导人阿谀奉承。Sample3:Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.由于最近发生的事故，我们的父母禁止我的兄弟和我在河里游泳，除非有人同意看护我们。注：forbidsbtodosth.禁止某人做某事。在非正式英语中可用forbidsbfromdoingsth.但在正式英语中用不定式。英语中表“禁止”的还有prohibit和hibitsb.fromdoingsth.如：Hethrewhimselfinfrontofthedoorandprohibitedusfromleaving.Prohibit后可接动名词或带逻辑主语的动名词。如：1）Manyfirmsprohibitsmokingintheirshops.2)Hissmallsizeprohibitshisbecomingapoliceman.bann/vt.Wewillbanallsmokinginourclub.Bicyclesarebannedfromthenewmotorway.但带有“禁止”意义的牌示，在英语中常常不用动词，如：禁止停车（Noparking),禁止随地吐痰（Nospitting),禁止入内（Noadmittance/entry),禁止在此倒垃圾(Nogarbagehere)Sample4：IworkedsolateintheofficethatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.我在办公室工作得很晚，因此我几乎没有时间赶上末班公共汽车。注：havetimetodosth.意为“有时间做某事”，而haveahardtimedoingsth.则意为“有困难做某事”。ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.英国和美国英语之间的词汇和语法差别微不足道，几乎不屑一顾。Sample5:Ifthelettertobemailedwasplacedonthewritingtableanhourago,itiscertaintobetherenow.如果要邮寄的信一小时以前放在写字台上，那它现在一定还在那里。Thelocalhealthorganizationisreportedtohavebeensetuptwenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audonbecameitsfirstpresident.据报道，这家当地卫生组织是25年前成立的，那时奥顿博士就成了第一主任。Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.这位教授几乎找不到充分的理由来证明他的论据以支持这条新理论。Sample6:Heworkshardestofall,andhedeservestoberewarded.他工作最努力，值得嘉奖。注：deserve(应受，值得），后接名词、代词、动词不定式，偶尔也接动名词（少用）。如：1)Hedeservedthisglory.2)Youdeservetosucceed.3)Theydeservedtobepunished.4)Theboyrichlydeserveswhipping.bedeservingof(应该受，值得），如：Hisconductisdeservingofthehighestpraise.Themembersofthedelegationhadfinishedtheirexcitingvisit.Allofthemweregladtohavestayedlongerthanoriginallyplanned.代表团团员们已经结束了振奋人心的访问。他们大家都很高兴，因为呆得比原计划长。不定式所表示的动作，发生在谓语所表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式：Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Hefeltashamedtohavedonesuchathing.Ihappenedtohavecomeacrossthebookonce.Iintendedtohavetelephonedyou,butIforgotto.Thebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafireinafewyearsago.3.2非限定动词：-ing分词-ing分词概说：1）-ing分词的结构形式及其补足成分-ing分词也是一种非限定形式，从而没有“时”（tense)的标记，但它有一般形式和完成体形式，以及主动态和被动态的区别。以write为例：-ing分词的否定形式是：notwriting,nothavingwritten等。-ing分词也可带有补足成分，比如带宾语，状语，补语等。如：Beingblind,howcouldtheyseetheelephant!Gettingupearlyisagoodhabit.主动态被动态一般形式writingbeingwritten完成体形式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten2)关于“动名词”本次所讲的-ing分词实际上包括了传统语法中所讲的“现在分词”和“动名词”。所谓“现在分词”和“动名词”不过是