2023年考研英语真题及答案

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.TherearethreepartsinthisSection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou'veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)Welch'sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversity1FinalDegreePhDYearofMarriage1928GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)2FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)3MainInterest4ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)5Death(Age)77PartBDirections:Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutside6thespeaker'shome?Onereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingtopay7Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking8Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?9Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlessthe10editorsandthenewsdirectorsPartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo[A]getenoughentertainment.[B]havemoreactivities.[C]receiveearlyeducation.[D]haveregularcheckups.13.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould[A]benoplaceforplay.[B]benearacommonarea.[C]havenoTVsets.[D]haveacomputerforstudy.Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?[A]Familydebts.[B]Banksavings.[C]Monthlybills.[D]Spendinghabits.15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?[A]$190,000.[B]$330,000.[C]$500,000.[D]$1,000,000.16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?[A]Investintoamutualfund.[B]Usethediscounttickets.[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,domestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer'spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?[A]Fall.[B]Rise.[C]V-shape.[D]Zigzag.18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?[A]Toembracechangesofthought.[B]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe'60sand'70s.[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.[C]Theywereafraidoflosingface.[D]Theywerewillingtostaytogether.20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.[B]haddifficultybeingpromoted.[C]enjoyedahappierlife.[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语〔二〕NationalEntranceTestOfEnglishforMA／MSCandidates(2002)考生考前须知1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规那么，得到监考人员指令前方可开始答题。2.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题〔一〕、试题〔二〕。3.本试题为试题〔二〕，共11页〔5-15页〕，含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个局部。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作局部必须用蓝〔黑〕圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。4.考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题〔一〕、试题〔二〕交给监考人员。SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame"personal"too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety"begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits"havebeenweighed40"harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.21.[A]between[B]before[C]since

[D]later22.[A]after[B]by

[C]during

[D]until23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium

[D]measure24.[A]process[B]company[C]light

[D]form25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked

[D]picked26.[A]on[B]out[C]over

[D]off27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond

[D]into28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect

[D]perspective29.[A]indeed

[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized31.[A]unless

[B]since[C]lest[D]although32.[A]apparent

[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity

[D]faculty35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer

[D]smaller37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory38.[A]regarded

[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected39.[A]competitive

[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]withSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that'sGod,"camethereply,"butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners.42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare[A]impolitetonewarrivals.[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.[C]entitledtosomeprivileges.[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours.43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices[A]havebenefitedmanypeople.[B]arethefocusofpublicattention.[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered[A]inwell-wordedlanguage.[B]asawkwardlyaspossible.[C]inexaggeratedstatements.[D]ascasuallyaspossible.45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe[A]UseHumorEffectively.[B]VariousKindsofHumor.[C]AddHumortoSpeech.[D]DifferentHumorStrategies.Text2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,"wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld."Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2023,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.[D]theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.47.Theword"gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]programs.[B]experts.[C]devices.[D]creatures.48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.[C]havealittlecommonsense.[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.[C]improvefactoryenvironments.[D]cultivatehumancreativity.50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis[A]globalinflation.[B]reductioninsupply.[C]fastgrowthineconomy.[D]Iraq'ssuspensionofexports.52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif[A]priceofcruderises.[B]commoditypricesrise.[C]consumptionrises.[D]oiltaxesrise.53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems[A]optimistic.[B]sensitive.[C]gloomy.[D]scared.Text4

TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecanrryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect,"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath."GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide."Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension."56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.58.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures.[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain.[C]systematicdrugabuse.[D]insufficienthospitalcare.59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword"aggressive"(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate.60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently.[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.[C]reducedmgdosagesfortheirpatients.[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformu