成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA16

CostAllocation:JointProductsandByproductsCHAPTER16LearningobjectivesIdentifythesplitoffpointinajoint-costsituationDistinguishjointproductsfrombyproductsExplainwhyjointcostsareallocatedtoindividualproductsAllocatejointcostsusingfourmethodsExplainwhythesalesvalueatsplitoffmethodispreferredwhenallocatingjointcostsExplainwhyjointcostsareirrelevantinasell-or-process-furtherdecisionAccountforbyproductsusingtwomethodsJointCostTerminologyJointCosts–costsofasingleproductionprocessthatyieldsmultipleproductssimultaneouslySplitoffPoint–theplaceinajointproductionprocesswheretwoormoreproductsbecomeseparatelyidentifiableSeparableCosts–allcostsincurredbeyondthesplitoffpointthatareassignabletoeachofthenow-identifiablespecificproductsExampleofJointCoststituationChartofJointCostTerminologySeparableCostsJointCostTerminology，conts.CategoriesofJointProcessOutputs:OutputswithapositivesalesvalueOutputswithazerosalesvalueProduct–anyoutputwithapositivesalesvalue,oranoutputthatenablesafirmtoavoidincurringcostsValuecanbehighorlowJointCostTerminology，conts.MainProduct–outputofajointproductionprocessthatyieldsoneproductwithahighsalesvaluecomparedtothesalesvaluesoftheotheroutputs.P452(574)JointProducts–outputsofajointproductionprocessthatyieldstwoormoreproductswithahighsalesvaluecomparedtothesalesvaluesofanyotheroutputsByproducts–outputsofajointproductionprocessthathavelowsalesvaluescomparetothesalesvaluesoftheotheroutputsJointProcessFlowchartReasonsforAllocatingJointCostsDeterminationofinventoriablecostsandcostofgoodssoldforexternalfinancialreportingandincometaxdetermination.Determinationofinventoriablecostsandcostofgoodssoldforinternalreportingpurposessuchasdivisionprofitabilityanalysis.Costreimbursementwhenacompanyhascost-reimbursementcontractsaswithagovernmentalagency.JointCostAllocationMethodsPhysicalMeasures–allocateusingtangibleattributesoftheproducts,suchaspounds,gallons,barrels,etc.Market-Based–allocateusingmarket-deriveddata(dollars):SalesvalueatsplitoffNetRealizableValue(NRV)ConstantGross-MarginpercentageNRVSalesValueatSplitoffMethodUsesthesalesvalueoftheentireproductionoftheaccountingperiodtocalculateallocationpercentageIgnoresinventoriesExamplep454(576)JointCostIllustrationOverviewSalesValueatSplitoffExampleSalesValueatSplitoffExamplePhysical-MeasureMethodAllocatesjointcoststojointproductsonthebasisoftherelativeweight,volume,orotherphysicalmeasureatthesplitoffpointoftotalproductionoftheproductsp455(577)Physical-MeasureExamplep456(578)Physical-MeasureExampleNetRealizableValueMethodAllocatesjointcoststojointproductsonthebasisofrelativeNRVoftotalproductionofthejointproductsNRV=FinalSalesValue–SeparableCostsNRVExamplep457(579)NRVExample，conts.NRVExample，conts.NRVExample，conts.ConstantGrossMarginNRVMethod Allocatesjointcoststojointproductsinawaythattheoverallgross-marginpercentageisidenticalfortheindividualproductsJointCostsarecalculatedasaresidualamountConstantGrossMarginNRVExampleMethodSelectionIfsellingpriceatsplitoffisavailable,usetheSalesValueatSplitoffMethod.p459(581)Ifsellingpriceatsplitoffisnotavailable,usetheNRVMethodIfsimplicityistheprimaryconsideration,Physical-MeasuresMethodortheConstantGross-MarginMethodcouldbeusedDespitethis,somefirmschoosenottoallocatejointcostsatallSell-or-ProcessFurtherFlowchartSell-or-ProcessFurtherDecisionsInSell-or-ProcessFurtherdecisions,jointcostsareirrelevant.Jointproductshavebeenproduced,andaprospectivedecisionmustbemade:p461(583)tosellimmediatelyorprocessfurtherandselllaterJointCostsaresunkSeparableCostsneedtobeevaluatedforrelevanceindividuallyByproductsTwomethodsforaccountingforbyproductsProductionMethod–recognizesbyproductinventoryasitiscreated,an