写作教程第二版(邹申)unit1General(I)教学文案

TargetingGeneral(I)---Paragraph第一页，共31页。Warm-upActivitiesArmationage5.graspanychancetosucceed6.playgamessurfthenet…Disadvantages1.expensive2.harmfulradiation3.disturbinginpublic4.dangerousindriving5.ringinembarrassingmoment6.callsfromstrangerscallsfromadvertising…havingamobilephone第二页，共31页。PartII---ParagraphHowaremyparagraphsgoinglooktomyreaders?Howlongshouldmyparagraphbe?outsideWhatisaparagraphsupposedtodo?WhatshouldIkeepinmindwhenIamwritingone?insideTocreateapieceofwriting,wehavetostartwithparagraph.第三页，共31页。II.1TopicSentenceDefinition---AsentencethatnamesthetopicoftheparagraphandcontainsacontrollingideaiscalledT.S.Televisionprogramsforchildrenhavebecomeincreasinglyviolent.Learningaforeignlanguageismoreandmoreimportantforyoungpeople.CathyisthekindestneighborIhaveeverknown.Thefoodweeathasaprofoundeffectonourhealth.TopicControllingidea第四页，共31页。1.Selectingageneraltopic2.Readingandthinking3.Narrowingdownthescopeofyourtopictoafacetswhichcanbedevelopedintoaresearchpaper4.FormulatingthefinaltopicChoosingatopicsubjecttopic第五页，共31页。Ismytopic:1.toolimited?2.toobroad?3.tootechnical?4.yesterday’snews?5.toocontroversial?6.likableenough?Trytotellwhatarethosefollowingsentencesbelongsto,subjectortopic?第六页，共31页。Trytotellwhatarethosefollowingsentencesbelongsto,subjectortopic?1.Alternativefuels.2.HenryFord’sdevelopmentoftheassemblylineresultedinthemassproductionofcars.3.America’slegalsystem.4.Americaneedsaflattax.5.Butterflies.6.Isintelligencedeterminedbynatureorbynurture?subjectsubjectsubjecttopictopictopic第七页，共31页。UnsatisfactoryTopics1.Themajorpoets,painters,anddramatistsoftheRenaissance:---tooboardandcannotbecompletedwithinthetimeallocated第八页，共31页。UnsatisfactoryTopics2.Americashouldlowerthedrinkingage.---boringorwrittenabouttoooften.3.Therearemanydifferenttheoriestoexplainthedisappearanceofthedinosaurs.---toobroadandcannotbecompletedwithinthetimeallocated.4.Americaneedsstrongercontrollaws.---boringorwrittenabouttoooften.第九页，共31页。UnsatisfactoryTopics5.Nanoscale“trees”improveefficiencyinlow-costplasticsolarcells.---unfamiliartoyou,soyoucannotwriteaboutitknowledgeably.第十页，共31页。GoodTopics1.Mediaproducersshouldprosecutepeoplewhodownloadcopyrightedmusic…2.Studentsshouldbeplacedinclassesaccordingtotheiracademicability,nottheirage…3.Whymyfather/motherismyhero…4.Howtosolveaquadraticequation…Interesting,2sides(pro&against),sufficientinformationUnusual,enoughinformation,fresh,narrow&broadenoughInteresting,narrow,easyresearch,sufficientdetailsClear-cut,narrow&broadenough,informationavailableTrytodotheexercisesinP3第十一页，共31页。Trytonarrowdownthescopeandmakethemspecifictopicsonwhichyoucanwriteapaper.1.Generaltopic:20thCenturyAmericanNovelistsRestricted:Morerestricted:Topicchosen:2.Generaltopic:TheLostGenerationWritersRestricted:Morerestricted:Topicchosen:HemingwayandHisWorksHemingwayandHisShortStoriesOldPeopleinHemingway’sShortStoriesF.ScottFitzgerald’sNovelsFitzgeraldandHisTheGreatGatsbyGatsby'sDeathandtheDisillusionmentoftheAmericanDream第十二页，共31页。Criteriaforyourfinaltopic1.meaningfulandserious2.withintherangeofyourabilities3.sufficientmaterialsareavailable4.canbetreatedobjectively5.nottootopicalTherearesomerealexamplesofyourformerstudents.Onefinalsuggestion:donotbetooeagertosettleonanysingletopicimmediately.You’dbetterhave2-3possibilitiesinmind.第十三页，共31页。CriteriaforyourT.S1.Itisacompletesentence.2.Itcontainsbothatopicandacontrollingidea.3.Itisneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.4.Ittellsthereaderwhattoexpectintheparagraph.第十四页，共31页。Sample1FindtheT.S.

Oneofthecentralpreoccupationsofartsandhumanitiesistheobservationofhumanbeings.Paintersandsculptorscreateimagesofthehumanform;writerstellstoriesorcomposepoemsabouthumanexperience;musicalartistsgivemelodiccontourstothehumanspirit;historiansandphilosopherspondertheessentialqualitiesofhumancivilizationandnature.Andinourownlives,inourownways,wespendagreatdealofourenergyandattentiononourfellowcreatures,beinginfamiliesandotherkindsofrelationships,observingpeoplewithcuriosityandinterestinthecourseoftheday,thinkingaboutandformingourowncharacter-decidingwhatkindofpersonwewishtobe-aswegrow.----DonKnefel第十五页，共31页。Sample2FindtheT.S.

Shakespeariancharacterslive.Theyarenostiltedcreationsintendedtorepresentdifferingpointsofview.Theyarepeople,withalltheusualhumanfoiblesandweaknesses.Aswelaughatorsympathizewiththem,wearelearningsomethingaboutourownselves.Shakespeareknewhumannaturesowellandcreatedhischaractersaccordingtothatknowledge.HisunderstandingofhumanpsychologyisamazingandisonereasonforthecontinuedsuccessofShakespeariandrama.第十六页，共31页。ExerciseP4-5ConclusionThepositionofatopicsentencemayvaryaccordingtotheorganizationalstructureused.Forbeginners,thereare3basicpositionstoplacetheT.S.1.hemiddleIfthereisnoT.Sattheendofaparagraph,thereshouldbeaconcludingsentencethere,iteitherrestatesthecontrollingideaordrawsaninference.Aparagraphisnotcompleteifitisnotproperlyended.第十七页，共31页。UnitycoherenceTransitionLength第十八页，共31页。UnityUnityistheessentialqualityofagoodparagraph.Unityofaparagraphisconcernedwithitscontent.Thecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.Itoftenappearsatthebeginningoftheparagraph.(middle/end)Examples---Sample1

Sample2Exercises---P6Sometimes,thetopicsentenceisimplied.第十九页，共31页。CoherenceCoherenceofaparagraphisconcernedwithitsform,oritsorganization.Sentencesshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorderandthetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.Shakespeariancharacterslive.Theyarenostiltedcreationsintendedtorepresentdifferingpointsofview.Theyarepeople,withalltheusualhumanfoiblesandweaknesses.Aswelaughatorsympathizewiththem,wearelearningsomethingaboutourownselves.Shakespeareknewhumannaturesowellandcreatedhischaractersaccordingtothatknowledge.HisunderstandingofhumanpsychologyisamazingandisOnereasonforthecontinuedsuccessofShakespeariandrama.第二十页，共31页。TransitionUsingtransitionalwordsandphrases

helpspapersreadmoresmoothly.

Theyprovidelogicalorganizationandunderstandability

andimprovetheconnectionsandtransitionsbetweenthoughtsAcoherentpaperallowsthereader

toflowfromthefirstsupportingpointtothelast.Transitionsindicaterelations

whetherwithinasentence,paragraph,orpaper.

Thislistillustrates"relationships"betweenideas,

followedbywordsandphrases

thatcanconnectthem.第二十一页，共31页。TransitionscanmakesentencessmoothlyUsingparallelstructures;Repeatingwordsorwordgroups;Usingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;Beingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;Usingtransitionalexpressions.第二十二页，共31页。Addition:

also,again,aswellas,besides,coupledwith,furthermore,inaddition,likewise,moreover,similarlyConsequence:

accordingly,asaresult,consequently,forthisreason,forthispurpose,

hence,otherwise,sothen,subsequently,therefore,thus,thereupon,whereforeGeneralizing:

asarule,asusual,forthemostpart,

generally,generallyspeaking,ordinarily,usuallyExemplifying:

chiefly,especially,forinstance,inparticular,markedly,namely,particularly,

including,specifically,suchasIllustration:

forexample,forinstance,foronething,asanillustration,

illustratedwith,asanexample,inthiscase第二十三页，共31页。Emphasis

aboveall,chiefly,withattentionto,especially,particularly,singularlySimilarity:

comparatively,coupledwith,correspondingly,identically,likewise,similar,moreover,togetherwithException:

asidefrom,barring,besides,except,excepting,excluding,exclusiveof,otherthan,outsideof,saveRestatement:

inessence,inotherwords,namely,thatis,thatistosay,

inshort,inbrief,toputitdifferentlyContrastandComparison:

contrast,bythesametoken,conversely,instead,likewise,

ononehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,rather,

similarly,yet,but,however,still,nevertheless,incontrast第二十四页，共31页。Sequence:

atfirst,firstofall,tobeginwith,inthefirstplace,atthesametime,

fornow,forthetimebeing,thenextstep,intime,inturn,lateron,

meanwhile,next,then,soon,themeantime,later,while,earlier,

simultaneously,afterward,inconclusion,withthisinmind,Summarizing:

afterall,allinall,allthingsconsidered,briefly,byandlarge,inanycase,inanyevent,

inbrief,inconclusion,onthewhole,inshort,insummary,inthefinalanalysis,

inthelongrun,onbalance,tosumup,tosummarize,finallyDiversion:

bytheway,incidentallyDirection:

here,there,overthere,beyond,nearly,opposite,under,above,

totheleft,totheright,inthedistance第二十五页，共31页。First(ly)Second(ly)Third(ly)Forth(ly)Last(ly)Fromthebeginning/tobeginwithWhat’smore/inaddition/additionallyNext/then/onthesubjectofIntheinterestofInconclusion/intheend/finally第二十六页，共31页。Once,peoplewereverymuchafraidofghosts.Theirfearledthemtodevelopelaborateritualstowardoffencounterswiththedead.Forexample,sinceprimitivepeoplebelievedthatghostscouldcapturetheirspiritatfunerals,theycarriedwoodenimagesofthemselvesinthehopethattheghostswouldbefooledintocarryingofftheimage.Imageshavebeenpopularwithpeoplefromprimitivetimesuntiltoday.Intheoldtimes,peoplebelievedthattakingapictureofsomeonewouldrobthepersonofhisorhersoul.Itispossible,too,thatthetraditionofsittingupwiththedeadcomesfromabeliefthatghostsescapeinthenight.Certainlytheritualoflayingtombstoneisderivedfromasuperstitionaboutthedead.Peopleoncebelievethatstonespiledontopofagravewouldkeepthedeadperson’sghostfromescapingandhauntingtheliving.Eventuallythenumberofstonesdiminisheduntilonlyonestone,thetombstone,wasleftasareminderoftheancientsuperstition.第二十七页，共31页。ThenoblesofPersia,inthebosomofluxuryanddespotism,preservedastrongsenseofpersonalgallantryandnationalhonor.Fromtheageofsevenyearstheyweretaughttospeakthet