外研必修3课件-grammar

Module6Module6OldandNewNon-definingattributiveclauses非限制性定语从句1.ThepoweroftheYangtzeRiver,whichistheworld’sthirdlongestriver,hasbeenharnessedbytheThreeGorgesDam.世界第三大长河—长江的能量已经被三峡大坝转化为了动力。Readandtranslatethesentences.2.TheThreeGorgesDam,which

isthebiggestconstructionprojectinChinasincethebuildingoftheGreatWallandthe

GrandCanal,hasbeenbuilttocontrolfloodingandprovidehydro-electricpowerforthecentralregionofChina.继长城和大运河之后,最大的建筑工程—三峡大坝被建造以控制洪灾并为华中地区提供电力。

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。

限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一般不加逗号;

非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开,

是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who,whom,whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、定语。关系副词有when,where等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。1.

I’mtakingweight-losspillscalledFat-Less,whicharequitepopularamongyoungwomenhere.2.

Mymother,

whomyoumetlastyear,keepstellingmenottotakethembecausetheyaredangerous.Examples:3.Thenthedoctorfoundsomeoneinyourcountry,whosenameisLiDong,wasanexactmatchforme.4.It’sthesameinChina—manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweightatall,arealwaysgoingondietortakingweight-losspills,whichareoftendangerous.DifferencesbetweentheAttributiveClausesandNon-defining

AttributiveClauses.Lookatthefollowingsentencesandtellthedifferencesbetweenthem.1.Hisfather,whoworksinBeijing,camebackyesterday.

他在在北京工作的父亲昨天回来了。2.Shanghai,whichisinEastChina,isdevelopingquickly.

中国东部的上海正迅速发展着。Conclusion1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1.Ihaveasisterwho/thatworksinahospital.

我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。

（不只一位姐姐）2.Ihaveasister,whoworksinahospital.我有一位姐姐,她在医院工作。

（只有一们姐姐）3.Themagazinesherewhich/thathavenicepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他编写的。4.Themagazineshere,whichhavenicepicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.所有的杂志都是他编写的,里面都有漂亮的图画。Conclusion21.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分,

如果去掉它,主句意思往往不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明,

去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。1.Thisisthehouse(which/that)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这房子很漂亮,

是我们上个月买的。3.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。Conclusion31.限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,

关系副词来引导,关系代词作宾语时可以省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,

不可用that引导且关系代词不可以省略。1.Thefamousbasketballstar,____comesfromAmerica,willvisitourschoolsoon.2.Inthosedays,sheusedtogotoMrblack,

with______shehadawonderfultime.3.Iboughtacaryesterday,_____costmealot.whichwhomwho4.Xi’an,______

Ivisitedlastyear,isaniceoldcity.5.HewillcometoseemenextJuly,_____hewon’tbesobusy.6.Theschool,______Ioncestudied,wasbuiltthirtyyearsago.whichwherewhen7.Johnsaidhe’dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_____wastrue.8.__weallknow,heisgoodatEnglish.Aswhich1.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,as和which可代替整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,

且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于:

(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,

而

which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,

从句中的谓语必须是系动词;

若从句中的谓语为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。另外,

as

引导非限制性从句,

常带有“正如”的意思。1.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,______cameasasurprise.2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.3.__isexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.AswhichwhichExercisesI.Fillintheblanks.4.Itrainedhardyesterday,_____preventedmefromgoingtothepark.5.___wecansee,thesmokecamefromthelittledustbin.whichAsHelenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,____,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.A.whoB.that C.whatD.whichII.Choosethebestanswers.2.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers____shehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that3.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatschool.Itisnolongerwhatitwas20yearsago,____itwassopoorlyequipped.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that4.TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,_____

isoftenthecaseinothercountries..A.itB.thatC.asD.so5.Mr.SmithwillmoveintohisnewhousenextSunday,___itwillbecompletelyfinished.A.bythetimeB.onthattimeC.onwhichD.bywhichtime6.Haveyouseenthefilm“Titanic”,___leadingactorisworld-famous?A.

itsB.

it’sC.whoseD.which7.─Isthereadepartmentstorearound___Icangetabirthdaypresentformydaughter?─Yes,justacrossthestreet.A.hereBwhichC.whereD.it1.①Thisisoneofthemostinterestingfilms___shownlastweek.②Thisistheveryoneofthemostinterestingfilms___shownlastweek.A.whichwasB.thatwas

C.whichwereD.thatwereBDIII.Compareandchoosethebestanswers.2.①Hehastwosons,____arecollegestudents.②Hehastwosons,and__arecollegestudents.A.bothofwhichB.bothofwhom

C.bothofthemD.bothofitCB

3.①Hestilllivesintheroom__windowfacestotheeast.②Hestilllivesintheroom,thewindow__facestotheeast.DB③Hestilllivesintheroom__isinthe

northofthecity.④Hestilllivesintheroom__thereis

abeautifultable.

A.whichB.whose

C.whereD.ofwhichCA4.①___weallknow,Chinaisrichinnaturalresources.②___iswell-knownthatChinaisrichinnaturalresources.③___iswell-known,Chinaisrichinnaturalresources.A.WhichB.AsC.ItD.ThatBCB5.①Isthismuseum___hevisitedlastmonth?②Theteachertellsusthat___cleanstheblackboardistobepraised.A.thatB.theoneC.whichD.theonewhoBDContractionofattributiveclauses定语从句的缩略形式

有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。我们称这一语法现象为定语从句的缩略。

有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词(who,which,that)和部分谓语(am,is,are,were)等，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语。

e.g.1)Iknowthemen(whoare)

sittinginthatcar.2)Theboyshelpedthepeople(thatwere)hurtintheaccident.3)Theproblem(whichis)botheringeverybodyisthelackofmoney.4)Thebook(thathasbeen)giventohimisanEnglishnovel.有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。e.g.Themanwhoownsthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.→Themanowningthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.Bill,whohadtakenchemistryinhighschool,offeredtohelphim.→Bill,havingtakenchemistryinhighschool,offeredtohelphim.Readthesentencesandanswerthequestions.aImetamanmygrandfatherworkedwiththirtyyearsago.bImetamanwhomygrandfatherworkedwiththirtyyearsago.cIwantedtovisitthehousethatmygrandparentslivedin.dThebuswhichItookbacktomybirthplacewasfullofvisitorsfromotherpartsofChina.1Dothefirsttwosentencesmeanthesamething?Yes,theydo.2Inthefirsttwosentences,whoisthesubjectoftheverbwork—themanorthegrandfather?Thegrandfather.3Canthewordsthatandwhichberemovedfromthethirdandfourthsentenceswithoutchangingthemeaning?Yes,theycan.Crossouttherelativepronounswherepossible.1.Theycomefromavillagethatwassubmergedinthereservoir.can’tremove“that”2.Therearemanypeoplewhoprefertoliveinvillages.can’tremove“who”3.Thedamthatwesawinthefilmwasn’ttheThreeGorgesDam.can’tremove“that”4.I’vegotabookthathaslotsofinformationaboutZiguiCounty.can’tremove“that”5.ThestudentsthatImetnearthereservoirwerefromVietnam.can’tremove“that”6.IreceivedanemailfrommycousinwholivesneartheThreeGorgesDam.can’tremove“who”Makeeachpairofsentencesintoonesentence.Example:Themountainisthehighestintheregion.Weclimbedit.Themountainweclimbedisthehighestintheregion.1.Thedamprovidesalargeamountofpower.Theybuiltitontheriver.Thedam(which/that)theybuiltontheriverprovidesalargeamountofpower.2.Thepowerstationwasverymodern.Wevisitedit.Thepowerstation(which/that)wevisitedwasverymodern.3.Thevillageisnearthelake.Mygrandparentsusedtoliveinit.Thevillage(which/that)mygrandparentsusedtoliveinisnearthelake.4.TheboatwentfromWuhantoZigui.Itookit.Theboat(which/that)ItookwentfromWuhantoZigui.1.Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,____itwillkeepfortwoorthreeweeks.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.while2.JuliawasgoodatGerman,FrenchandRussian,allof____shespokefluently.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.thatCC高考连接3.Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_____arebuiltclosetoeachother.A.they

B.whereC.what

D.that4.Thatevening,_____Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupworkingverylate.

A.that

B.whichC.