Cosmi Education and Big History：宇宙教育和大历史

cosmiceducation

andbighistorybymichaelduffyamsconference2011态涅蠕域盘赎越条楚浦华鬃晤翅梭桶腰代航百眼勤刨奄刻狸谩囤钓逢刹粪cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmiceducationcosmiceducationconsistsintellingacomprehensivestoryoftheoriginofeverythingfromthebigbangtotoday.绦柱烽乳助瓦哪朝滋坏蔓暑行新刀洲刘婴属儡演性幌崇癣席狱哥循滇展涉cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmiceducationcosmiceducationconsistsintellingacomprehensivestoryoftheoriginofeverythingfromthebigbangtotoday.traditionalmontessorioriginstories:oftheuniverse(creationstory)ofearthlylife(timelineoflife)ofhumans(timelineofhumans)oflanguage(historyofwriting)ofmath(historyofnumbers)拽冠盲墨策快但啪困奴领翁水芬湾酥哀懦和浑尼扯侨儒穷后鸵怀奸绽妖玖cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmiceducationexpandedlistoforiginstories:oftheuniverse(bigbangversion)ofthestarsandsolarsystem(cosmology)oftheearth(geologicalhistory)ofearthlylife(timelineoflife)ofhumans(timelineofhumans)ofcivilizations(humanhistory)(schemaofchildrenoftheuniverse,bymichaelandd’neilduffy)阻熄评兵湘辱逃夜盘征马盐温酉霹忠兼闺纫陡侠楚杂藐脏夏鄙颖志嫉略狂cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmiceducation熄笼花散坚惮惋品要球底敏学薪跟隙斩葛诚蔑标裁婚连围搅忠檀窃刀毫下cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史bighistorycoursetaughtbyprofessordavidchristianofsandiegostateuniversity48-lectureseriesfromtheteachingcompany:“bighistory:thebigbang,lifeonearth,andtheriseofhumanity”wrotebookentitled“mapsoftime:anintroductiontobighistory”遇断蠕的辱崖墨迁赦暖人喝蘑乖竟轻奏媚蛆膜喳痛寺宋芝日陷褪社鬃沦懊cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thenatureofbighistory “bighistorysurveysthepastatallpossiblescales,fromconventionalhistory,tothemuchlargerscalesofbiologyandgeology,totheuniversalscalesofcosmology.itweavesasinglestory,stretchingfromtheoriginsoftheuniversetothepresentdayandbeyond,usingaccountsofthepastdevelopedwithinscholarlydisciplinesthatareusuallystudiedquiteseparately.”-introtocourseguidebook矾倦傻冕费馆苔童奸蔷剩勇芝惋瞩凭置庇遵益器净廓特邦烩扳摊骸凶棉碳cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thenatureofbighistory “humanhistoryisseenaspartofthehistoryofourearthandbiosphere,andtheearth’shistory,inturn,isseenaspartofthehistoryoftheuniverse.inthisway,thedifferentdisciplinesthatmakeupthislargestorycanbeusedtoilluminateeachother.theunifiedaccountofthepastassembledinthiswaycanhelpusunderstand ourownplacewithinthe universe.” -introtocourseguidebook主肆背肚责五授镇疆挟闰桓黍箕澈忽抚轿烂祈属习拯幂产豪炎拴仁税园驾cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史movingacrossscalesjourneysthroughtimeandspaceputusindifferentscalesofstudy.seepowersoftenvideoandwebsites().eachscalewithinbighistorybringsnewthingsintofocus,evenwhileithidesotherthings.丘咆惶满恰落抄监寇债傍槽糠饮伺有钱仟瘤矩媒惋袋跋耽霞拱赊析袱认淮cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史movingacrossscalesmontessoritimelines:clockofeons-4.5billionyears–earthtimelineoflife-500millionyears-lifetimelineofearlyhumans-2millionyears-homotimelineofmodernhumans-200,000years-homosapienstimelineofcivilizations-10,000years-civilizations袋跌懦雇毫输贩那姑羞荣磺镍皆炭座坝铜穴柱暇斌啮乱侩蟹售切隋磊裔硒cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago具诉哪钳荔壹破淤蚂饿溺计斩联世勃弄酿鸽阿皋央徒战杨掸篷磊炯碳瘴莽cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya虚瓮姚苦袭舔砸瘦划猴贰漆琐螟插充惰作潘陵撂慌对祟扫诅惯翼阀消扑去cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars猖贪裴筹掏垮瘫努高箕突孟颖瓮侍羹曳蒋延机桩崇寒常胚熙囤缄拇荒在犯cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya浩彝涯秽坷自稿规茬政炭迅照受忽蹦钻抿很钒咖念儒崎仔化什砒欺偶梯劳cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya慧饶姑率顷容小沙罪叔若屉徽晦臭羚圣毗闯炮柴酋酋抵卓拣邹仪皂赤差踞cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya6.creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago今卒棉碴饯疏柬概龄随琴嘻番簿打欧敏棋悦晨阂涅蔼倡肉沽帝存常锹氰送cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya6.creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago7.creationofagriculture– 11,000yearsago蒙喝雇莽闪楼愁炸丙糖沙瞅项审湘窝绚霖燕噎副屉鼎珊诚稼埠呀狡扇奄霍cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya6.creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago7.creationofagriculture-11,000yearsago8.creationofthemodernrevolution曲甫韭沽粗匪录啼访霞喇轮樊故鄙价语反邑渔狐奈撑靴索固玄绿能叶措监cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)褐戚逞易娄笔甥渺疾维凤絮炬痰袜韧暑秆巡职策足郑杏掸憎背蒙芜郝修译cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponents琳享望脂关惭薛樟园策吴镣诫伟载酒谐计埂喜酬松迭轻跳凛浅卞淳名讽篙cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponentscomplexentitieshavecertainstability惯剔陀傣眶讫啊矫辅笼朵汹蹲圾蓬坠皮诽瑚詹岩衡丧太肢同镜醚血冒罕空cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponentscomplexentitieshavecertainstabilityenergyflowsareneededtobindsimplecomponentsintocomplexstructures约例恤椿蹈钝卢转冶智瞅月裴券灵辙点侠慑绩疤撰搀插蹬花更陇喀连胡衣cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史simplicityandcomplexityover13billionyears,theupperlevelofcomplexityappearstohaveincreased,eventhoughtheuniverseasawholeistendingtowardentropy.夹妈驾颅殷磊雨贿婶堡民敛硅重槐笑熔险兰牢园咐岂顿伍媚枕犹不耪梭砚cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史simplicityandcomplexityover13billionyears,theupperlevelofcomplexityappearstohaveincreased,eventhoughtheuniverseasawholeistendingtowardentropy.astronomerericchaissonhasestimatedtheamountofenergy(inergs)flowingthroughagivenamountofmass(ingrams)inagivenamountoftime(seconds)-energyflowincreasesascomplexityincreases.擦案租毫迷淳诗让橇蜒耸店屠矛勿膝叫旱仰龋漠幽套喧石至簿败付霓弓禽cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史ericchaisson

complexstructuresenergyrate(ergs/gram/second) galaxies 1 stars 2 planets 75 plants 900 animals 20,000 humanbrain 150,000 modernsociety 500,000唯桩哑尼挽霸喷嘲脑邻铀住密佰葵夏聘邵沁椿珊雀继程盗碘他谓滁蚀旷婚cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold1-thebigbangbeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergywithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflight

败谆刺乞帘字焰摔圃氓雪速每炮棒渔钻贯秒洁瞎貉装铝悔曙栏征漳徐扎以cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold1-thebigbangbeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergywithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflightwithinseconds,quarkswereformedinpositiveandnegativeform,thenprotonsandelectrons.环娶摹畦疙褐驯染掖狡功藉泳瞳仔晤楞规潘押蝉蓉茁抽蜗珍忍嫉贼挡菏相cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold1-thebigbangbeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergywithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflightwithinseconds,quarkswereformedinpositiveandnegativeform,thenprotonsandelectrons.about380,000yearslater,universecooledenoughsothatprotonsjoinedwithelectronstoformfirstatomsofhydrogen.彩冬阵吻睛嚼伶脱裹疚钎氟浚艳嫁佰殆旁耕洋陀菊谍媳第旨臣场钩王豹炽cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughouttheclouds层赶烦还滴庭溯亚罐你虽蓬矣饥郭衍螺娜位柞尖顿扭假烤势悄傲赌赊雍背cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsasgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincrease诗铅灯甥收傀迄活糕肾簧报券号世播墅稚凉曼梳亭祝隙挫脸涩缘逞笼倒祭cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsasgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincreaseat10milliondegreescelsius,hydrogennucleifuseintoheliumatoms,withthereleaseofmassiveamountsofenergy(//hydrogenbombs)睦劫嘴葵惯关獭池郡火玉涝辨诀形亚颗胚瞬垢劳蛀泳魔琉全炙凛躁聘锰佃cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsasgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincreaseat10milliondegreescelsius,hydrogennucleifuseintoheliumatoms,withthereleaseofmassiveamountsofenergy(//hydrogenbombs)whenthislevelofenergyisproducedbynucleosynthesis,astarisbornorlightsup杨妇们映悉寥邮叔够谬忆柳蒸亡升晰酱郸床牵涨践雹屯殿暗桩蝇炕矩数旗cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold2-starsandgalaxiesstarsgatherintoclusterscalledgalaxies煌斥假趣怂碧佬曾岛响钟直饥暑小钧研试驭兑庚庞慈挑可缕疯焰镊窘针羔cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold3-chemicalelementstheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:smallstarsburnhydrogenslowly,turningitintohelium,andlastalongtime(manybillionsofyears),eventuallyturningintoa“whitedwarf”敞弱蚜皑垂三吧蝉茧屡劈唯树薄笋乔勿陇许保聊圾恶台姨碍筋但家棍肌扛cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold3-chemicalelementstheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:amediumstar(likeoursun)burnsupitshydrogenandheliumandcollapsesinonitselfwhenitstartstorunoutoffuel,creatingelementsuptoiron(with26protons)andexpandingintoa“redgiant”什副症澄腿职祟造伏档姨铲塘袒乾倘驻狐稍达狙亏尹廖热汤冶看春论活盂cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold3-chemicalelementstheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:massivestarscreatemassiveexplosionscalled“supernovae,”andtheycreatetheremainingelementsoftheperiodictableastemperaturessoarto4billiondegreescelsius.theyonlylastaboutamillionyearsandendupasa“neutronstar”ora“blackhole”逃份弃遁医牙帛叉远时颗祈骚涯澄旁砷咐详辙酣略讥蝶稿抬点咕置跋搓颇cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold4-solarsystem/earthplanetarysystemslikeoursaretheresultofasupernovaexplosion,liketheonethatoccurred4.5billionyearsagoinourowngalaxy.渭碳真宅饥跃寓秘阵睹瓮厉捧旧鲜磐农希斤疤县维霄窥仪贫炔燃与违恳今cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold4-solarsystem/earthoursunwasformedfromthecollapsingcloudofhydrogen(70%),helium(27%),carbon,oxygenandnitrogen(1.5%),andtheremainingelementsoftheperiodictable(1.5%).檬项固供毅潜袒窜们泼涌依孪嫡除掣滚柿醋糖锻决撬勤尸劈贮桩撬炬解绑cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold4-solarsystem/earthearthandtheotherplanetswereformedfromtheleftoverdebris(0.1%ofthesolarnebula)drawnintospheresbytheforceofgravityandcollisions.衫噪砷镊睡钙助停友狱莲缓韵芜过餐挛还碾尊熔豁巫份炭杨肖裂厕噎梆算cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold4-solarsystem/earthhadeoneon,first500millionyears,wasa“hellish”timewhenearthwasbombardedwithcollisionsandinnerradioactivity,causingittomeltandformlayers.冲胀饰莫拧卷刑牧滑瞩蹈适辫阁择溢宰亭慑侄墟混售素狄氧屿骑蚕刘痕愤cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold4-solarsystem/earthhadeoneon,first500millionyears,wasa“hellish”timewhenearthwasbombardedwithcollisionsandinnerradioactivity,causingittomeltandformlayers.themoon,earth’ssatellite,waslikelyformedbyacollisionthatgougedouttheupperlayersoftheproto-earth(aboutthesizeofmarsbeforecollision).第臃屯酥典财烛稳槽推包椰蚌织户殖欺师退疫押伪贪映挞演雨石伍割挠骇cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold4-solarsystem/earththearchaeoneon,from4billionto2.5billionyearsago,broughtareductionincollisionsandtheformationofoxygenintheatmosphere.误芽蜂粟桅奇羔狂标粱咕缄盅机工督搬鲤皆住降语滚乍棵箱待阉痞距厘垮cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold4-solarsystem/earththearchaeoneon,from4billionto2.5billionyearsago,broughtareductionincollisionsandtheformationofoxygenintheatmosphere.thecrustoftheearthisformedbyplatesthatshiftovergeologicaltime,formingsupercontinents(e.g.pangaea)andmountainranges.痈陀辉盼先郑镣纽嵌球故发邀还房琴询拯镀巷呀蔗膘蔼募巢堆盟蹭司汗惶cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifelifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)崖泛胖颖羚冰难驻毡王盖量讼运掏谱拔亦孺迄亏颓靡沼娃惊钠股泽扦墒蔓cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifelifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)reproduction(makecopiesofthemselves)匪闸式链褥媒剩旬拍苔此糙谷捂涤机玛福区邮赴你御昔彼煤颓义烤畏裴钵cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifelifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)reproduction(makecopiesofthemselves)adaptation(changetofitenvironment)darwinand“naturalselection”脑殷徐期暮样致探鼠题保弗韵苫盾佑瓷妨臭扯芋翁器韦翘沁琢蔽届志逗麦cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifeoriginsoflife:divineintervention炯岩睹搁贤席虹漫藤酸狈奇楞盎蚤槽吏郴掣叶鬼倚企缸禁钦情协酮此均遥cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifeoriginsoflife:divineinterventionextraterrestrialsource辣湍食酝退炼睛兑檬怔沸陛阐劈等揖诛称碉债爆循截芜召嘱尊阴旦尖生骄cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifeoriginsoflife:divineinterventionextraterrestrialsourcespontaneousgenerationchemicalevolutiontomega-molecules(aminoacids)dnathesoftwareforre-generationofcomplexity黔河珠哭碾驭缩纪阁币蔓姬妆亥姆末涎拼嫉税附莱阻垢橡描皂役谐脐牧岛cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:prokaryotesphotosynthesiseukaryotes(single-celled)sexualreproductionmulti-celledorganismsvertebrateslanddwellingamphibiansandreptilesmammals豁函将谍夫集偏膊帧哼玩符束楷树黍董圆脓脏诵铅免测的行澄旁删们蹋脊cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5–lifestagesofadaptationoflife:archaeoneonprokaryotes(3.8billionyearsago)-bacteriaverysimple,microscopicorganismsnonucleuswithincellmembranelivedinoceansoffchemicalsandotherprokaryotes杆吧隔术簇址冬曼裔缀串相锹频窍粥肪绚溯梅眺牢募啃蜒扭堡锭世疡绞稼cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:archaeoneonphotosynthesis(3.5billionyearsago)-algae(cyanobacteria)complexchemicalreactioncapturesenergyfromsunabsorbcarbondioxideandproduceoxygenasbyproductbuildupofoxygeninatmospherecreated“oxygenholocaust”butmadeproterozoiceonpossible杉柴簧欢疯撇徒毒证睛征僧堕韭熊踊入训挂盖箍押名矫堆蛹哺输述搜缠勒cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:proterozoiceoneukaryotes(1billionyearsago)-mergedtwoorganismsinsymbiosis-organelleshadowndna,including:chloroplasts(extractenergyfromsun)mitochondria(useoxygenforenergy)nucleuswithincellmembrane一曲馒呈宣眼趁食痢芳钨噶船瓶雁窘曰莱棵苑潦锚昆苫剐播同泻卜牙剧全cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:proterozoiceonsexualreproduction(1billionyearsago)-prokaryotessimplysplitintocloneseukaryotesexchangedgeneticinformation(sexual)acceleratedadaptationtoenvironment怯天滞楔躇铱传乍眉忱删齐铆淡抛逾涯捏金奸塔针何碟艰学屎禄昨碱结叛cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdna帛面去洼挚兽捐拧装虚挽闭远陨奈窿潦酮着胶贝忱褥缘靠询议瞎带涯到次cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdnavertebrates(500millionbce)-ordovicianperiodfrontandbackendsnervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctions愚给比白言鸵题摘监背珊掂释抓汽村弛蔓驱符脊骄备粕揍蔡瑚掩挠赫聋膀cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdnavertebrates(500millionbce)-ordovicianperiodfrontandbackendsnervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctionsland-basedorganisms(400millionbce)-devonianp.plantsandinsectswerefirstonlandamphibiansandreptiles痢俩裹目猫优疹扇栽拆愚掳巷力誊牧固樱刑罚哥妆笔殊择婶园珠呕记氖锐cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdnavertebrates(500millionbce)-ordovicianperiodfrontandbackendsnervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctionsland-basedorganisms(400millionbce)-devonianp.plantsandinsectswerefirstonlandamphibiansandreptilesmammals(250millionbce)-triassicperiodpermianextinction(250mya)/pangaea(speciescompetition?)cretaceousevent(65mya)-asteroidimpactmammalsemergedasmostsuccessfulsurvivors圃滴召人荆犬撕道剁厄踪哩毛醚店藐惮赏徊谓共朋蓬春迭归荤银揣邦穿甲cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold6-humanspre-humanperiod-primateandhominineancestorsprimates(65millionyearsago)-monkeysandlemursgreatapes(18millionyearsago)-chimps,gorillas,orangutansfirsthominines(7millionyearsago)-bi-pedalaustralopithecines(4millionyearsago)homohabilis(2.3millionyearsago)-toolshomeergaster(akaerectus)(1.8millionyearsago)–fire棚罢蛇饼醉入粗呸暗堪佩呐光径幅樊愈姐性任崭仙川延帕絮坍膘桔贱豁肖cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold6-humanshumanhistory-truehumans(homosapiens)-250,000yapaleolithicera-hunter/gatherers-250,000yearsagoneolithicera-agriculture(threshold7)-10,000yearsagothemodernrevolution(threshold8)-1700ce饰辕诡烟酋辜乍喊绎孙导伶杂境灌翻羚屋多笺牧柬早庸井乘袋阅脖光凛棍cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.otherspeciesremainstable.酞驯价俺凝疥鬃邪诗雪擎巴雅驱鳞厚雌错遭宙刁宅森渴鲸崩协见陈谨雹析cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.otherspeciesremainstable.ericchaisson–(cosmicevolution)apesuse20,000ergs/sec/grammodernhumansuse500,000ergs/sec/gram掏首蘑果订浙恤雁桩闪区饼伯驮兢汰矗辣马樟穴峰汾恫跑泽咳茧拎穆烩谦cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.otherspeciesremainstable.ericchaisson–(cosmicevolution)apesuse20,000ergs/sec/grammodernhumansuse500,000ergs/sec/gramhumanshaveincreasedenergyconsumption/chimpshaven’thumansused5,000kilocaloriesperdayinpaleolithictimesmodernhumansuse230,000kilocaloriesperdaychimpshavestayedthesame.卷顷棉贡讣男途咸仔卞答吴腾碗贾箔莽久懊舔跨施皂搏鹰炬黍仔蝉丑运逸cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?thisadaptationismadepossiblebecausewehave“symboliclanguage”thatallowsustoexchangelargeamountsoflearnedinformation.鼓编稚鳞询矫愤硝栖怨缚纶差棘豁柱印乙夏端如孕跑狡巢交炮瘤陨黔纯舰cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?thisadaptationismadepossiblebecausewehave“symboliclanguage”thatallowsustoexchangelargeamountsoflearnedinformation.thisnewformofadaptationiscalled“collectivelearning,”anditgivesusahugeadvantageoverotherspeciesinsurvivingandextractingeverincreasingamountsofenergyfromtheenvironment.钙貌泻幢滤仕利呈闽蔼眠拦弃攘息交吏辑弹穷帛些铸铭警实级庞椎神书克cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold7-agricultureearlyagrarianera-10,000yearsago-developedindependentlyinsixpartsofworld:fertilecrescent(10,000yearsago)papuanewguinea(9,000yearsago)china(9,000yearsago)indusriver(9,000yearsago)sub-saharanafrica(5,000yearsago)centralamerica(5,000yearsago)-ton.america茨币竖伎汲崩揖贾逻踪粳妆鹃钓逆芳温自整黄牙垣烦酸咋魁午楚狂遏衅兄cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold7-agriculturelateragrarianera(civilizations)-5,000yearsagoriseofcitiesand“tribute-takingstates”societymorehierarchical(classes)warfare,monumentalarchitecture,religions,writing,tradecivilizationstrackedtheappearanceofagricultureinvariouspartsoftheworldgrowthinhumanpopulationcausedmalthusiancyclesbasedoninnovation/overexploitation版葡戒上举希蛤庄呈资匠蘑糊珐锨鞘爬乘刹敬刘缺枝我尧心晾诡冈沽庞帖cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold8-modernrevolutionfourkeychangessince1700ce:acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)傲敏嫌孽抽笔橇贝皋归却俺春供症属忿钝启慰闽晦魂跪芒掉圾卷浇涎簧乍cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold8-modernrevolutionfourkeychangessince1700ce:acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)formationoflarger,morecomplexsocieties(humanpopulationgrewfrom250millionin1000ad,to950millionin1800,to6billionin2000).疮锅啡衫增烩月钥澳蛆雨呛宦脊捶宝侄飘啪栓侩酌赊喳克闽瑶肪泣娠茨惯cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大历史threshold8-modernrevolutionfourkeychangessince1700ce:acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)formationoflarger,morecomplexsocieties(humanpopulationgrewfrom250millionin1000ad,to950millionin1800,to6billionin2000).integrationofthefourworldzones(transportationallowedsharingofgoods