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MODERNOPERATINGSYSTEMS

ThirdEdition

ANDREWS.TANENBAUM

Chapter11

CaseStudy2:WindowsVistaTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-1.MajorreleasesinthehistoryofMicrosoftoperatingsystemsfordesktopPCs.HistoryofVistaTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-2.DECOperatingSystemsdevelopedbyDaveCutler.2000s:NT-basedWindows(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-3.TheWin32APIallowsprogramstorun

onalmostallversionsofWindows.2000s:NT-basedWindows(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-4.SplitclientandserverreleasesofWindows.2000s:NT-basedWindows(3)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-5.Comparisonoflinesofcodeforselected

kernel-modemodulesinLinuxandWindows(fromMarkRussinovich,co-authorofMicrosoftWindowsInternals).WindowsVistaTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-6.TheprogramminglayersinWindows.ProgrammingWindowsVistaTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-7.ThecomponentsusedtobuildNTsubsystems.ProgrammingWindowsVista(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-8.Commoncategoriesofkernel-modeobjecttypes.TheNativeNTApplication

ProgrammingInterface(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-9.ExamplesofnativeNTAPIcallsthatusehandlestomanipulateobjectsacrossprocessboundaries.TheNativeNTApplication

ProgrammingInterface(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-10.ExamplesofWin32APIcallsandthe

nativeNTAPIcallsthattheywrap.TheWin32Application

ProgrammingInterfaceTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-11.TheregistryhivesinWindowsVista.HKLMisashort-handfor

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.TheWindowsRegistry(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-12.SomeoftheWin32APIcallsforusingtheregistryTheWindowsRegistry(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-13.Windowskernel-modeorganization.OperatingSystemStructureTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-14.SomeofthehardwarefunctionstheHALmanages.TheKernelLayerTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-15.dispatcher_headerdatastructureembeddedinmanyexecutiveobjects(dispatcherobjects).DispatcherObjectsTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-16.SimplifieddepictionofdevicestacksfortwoNTFSfilevolumes.I/Orequestpacketpassedfromdownthestack.TheDeviceDriversTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-17.Thestructureofanexecutiveobjectmanagedbytheobjectmanager.ImplementationoftheObjectManagerTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-18.Handletabledatastructuresforaminimaltableusingasinglepageforupto512handles.Handles(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-19.Handletabledatastructuresfora

maximaltableofupto16millionhandles.Handles(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-20.Theobjectproceduressupplied

whenspecifyinganewobjecttype.TheObjectNameSpace(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-21.Sometypicaldirectoriesintheobjectnamespace.TheObjectNameSpace(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-22.I/Oandobjectmanagerstepsfor

creating/openingafileandgettingbackafilehandle.TheObjectNameSpace(3)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-23.Somecommonexecutiveobjecttypes

managedbyobjectmanager.TheObjectNameSpace(4)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-24.Therelationshipbetweenjobs,processes,threadsandfibers.Jobsandfibersareoptional;notallprocessesareinjobsorcontainfibers.ProcessesandThreadsinWindowsVista(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-25.BasicconceptsusedforCPU

andresourcemanagement.ProcessesandThreadsinWindowsVista(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Job,Process,Thread,andFiberManagementAPICalls(1)ActualsearchpathforfindingprogramtoexecuteburiedinlibrarycodeforWin32,butmanagedmoreexplicitlyinUNIX.Currentworkingdirectoryiskernel-modeconceptinUNIXbutuser-modestringinWindows.UNIXparsescommandlineandpassesanarrayofparameters,Win32leavesargumentparsinguptoindividualprogram.WhetherfiledescriptorscanbeinheritedinUNIXispropertyofhandle.InWindowsitispropertyofbothhandleandparametertoprocesscreation.Win32isGUI-oriented,newprocessesdirectlypassedinformationabouttheirprimarywindowTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Job,Process,Thread,andFiberManagementAPICalls(2)WindowshasnoSETUIDbitaspropertyofexecutable,oneprocesscancreateaprocessthatrunsasadifferentuser,aslongasitcanobtainatokenwiththatuser’scredentials.ProcessandthreadhandlereturnedfromWindowscanbeusedtomodifythenewprocess/threadinmanysubstantiveways.UNIXjustmakesmodificationstonewprocessbetweenforkandexeccalls.Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-26.SomeoftheWin32callsfor

managingprocesses,threads,andfibers.SynchronizationTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Scheduling(1)Thefollowingconditionscausethecurrentlyrunningthreadtoexecutetheschedulercode:Thecurrentlyrunningthreadblocksonasemaphore,mutex,event,I/O,etc.Thethreadsignalsanobject(e.g.,doesanuponasemaphoreorcausesaneventtobesignaled).Thequantumexpires.Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Scheduling(2)Theschedulerisalsocalledundertwootherconditions:AnI/Ooperationcompletes.Atimedwaitexpires.Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-27.MappingofWin32prioritiestoWindowspriorities.Scheduling(3)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-28.WindowsVistasupports32prioritiesforthreads.Scheduling(4)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-29.Anexampleofpriorityinversion.Scheduling(5)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639MemoryManagement(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-30.Virtualaddressspacelayoutforthreeuserprocessesonthex86.Thewhiteareasareprivateperprocess.Theshadedareasaresharedamongallprocesses.Figure11-30.Virtualaddressspacelayoutforthreeuserprocessesonthex86.Thewhiteareasareprivateperprocess.Theshadedareasaresharedamongallprocesses.MemoryManagement(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-30.Virtualaddressspacelayoutforthreeuserprocessesonthex86.Thewhiteareasareprivateperprocess.Theshadedareasaresharedamongallprocesses.MemoryManagement(3)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-31.TheprincipalWin32APIfunctions

formanagingvirtualmemoryinWindows.AddressingLargePhysicalMemoriesTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-32.Mappedregionswiththeirshadowpagesondisk.Thelib.dllfilemappedintotwoaddressspacesatsametime.ImplementationofMemoryManagementTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-33.Apagetableentry(PTE)foramappedpageonthe(a)Intelx86and(b)AMDx64architectures.PageFaultHandling(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639PageFaultHandling(2)Eachpagefaultcanbeconsideredasbeinginoneoffivecategories:Thepagereferencedisnotcommitted.Attemptedaccesstoapageinviolationofthepermissions.Asharedcopy-on-writepagewasabouttobemodified.Thestackneedstogrow.Thepagereferencediscommittedbutnotcurrentlymappedin.Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-34.Windowsself-mapentryusedtomapthephysicalpagesofpagetablesandpagedirectoryintokernelvirtualaddresses,forthex86.PageFaultHandling(3)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639ThePageReplacementAlgorithmThreelevelsofactivitybytheworking-setmanagerPeriodicbasedonatimerNewactivityisaddedateachlevel:LotsofmemoryavailableMemorygettingtightMemoryistightTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-35.Someofthemajorfieldsinthe

pageframedatabaseforavalidpage.PhysicalMemoryManagement(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-36.Thevariouspagelistsandthe

transitionsbetweenthem.PhysicalMemoryManagement(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-37.NativeNTAPIcallsforperformingI/O.Input/OutputAPICallsTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-38.Asinglelevelinadevicestack.DeviceDriversTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-39.ThemajorfieldsofanI/ORequestPacket.I/ORequestPacketsTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-40.Windowsallowsdriverstobestackedtoworkwithaspecificinstanceofadevice.Thestackingisrepresentedbydeviceobjects.DeviceStacksTanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-41.TheNTFSmasterfiletable.FileSystemStructure(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-42.TheattributesusedinMFTrecords.FileSystemStructure(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-43.AnMFTrecordforathree-run,nine-blockstream.StorageAllocation(1)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.0-13-6006639Figure11-44.AfilethatrequiresthreeMFT

recordstostoreallitsruns.StorageAllocation(2)Tanenbaum,ModernOperatingSystems3e,(c)2008Prentice-Hall,Inc.A

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