高三英语二轮复习 阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解

科普知识型阅读理解.专题导读专题八

│专题导读科普类文章是高考阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下特点：

.专题导读专题八

│专题导读

1．文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中常用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。

2．句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。

3．常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。.真题典例专题八

│真题典例

【2011·湖南卷】ArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct(不同的)species.ThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvardUniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephants—theAsianelephant，Africanforestelephant，andAfricansavannaelephant.OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons，theteam.专题八

│真题典例comparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.Therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies，butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies..专题八

│真题典例Previously，manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespecies，despitetheelephants’significantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2.5metres.Thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons，roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.HowevertheprooflayintheanalysisoftheDNA.AlfredRoca，assistantprofessorintheDepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofIllinois，said，“We.专题八

│真题典例nowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservationpurposes.Since1950，allAfricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals，theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”(

)1.Oneofthefossilsstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof________.A．theAsianelephantB．theforestelephantC．thesavannaelephantD．themastodonelephant.专题八

│真题典例(

)2.Theunderlinedword“divergence”inparagraph4means“________.”A．evolution

B．exhibitionC．separationD．examination(

)3.Theresearchers’conclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheAfricanelephant’s________.A．DNAB．heightC．weightD．population.专题八

│真题典例(

)4.WhatareAlfredRoca’swordsmainlyabout?A．TheconservationofAfricanelephants.B．ThepurposeofstudyingAfricanelephants.C．ThewaytodivideAfricanelephantsintotwounits.D．ThereasonforthedistinctionofAfricanelephants.(

)5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．Naturalists’BeliefsaboutElephantsB．AmazingExperimentsaboutElephantsC．AnUnexpectedFindingaboutElephantsD．ALongScientificDebateaboutElephants.专题八

│真题典例

【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种——非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。

1．D细节理解题。根据第三段“OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.”可判断选D。

2．C词义猜测题。根据第四段“ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在……”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选C。.专题八

│真题典例

3．A细节理解题。根据第三段“OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的DNA研究结果的基础上的，故选A。.专题八

│真题典例

4．A逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选A。

5．C主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选C。.专题八

│新题预测(一)ScientistsatHarvardUniversityandBatesCollegefindfemalechimpanzees(黑猩猩)appeartotreatsticksasdolls,carryingthemarounduntiltheyhavechildrenoftheirown.Youngmalesengageinsuchbehaviormuchlessfrequently.ThenewworkbySonyaM．KahlenbergandRichardW．Wrangham,describedthisweekinthejournalCurrentBiology,providesthefirstevidenceofawildnon­humanspeciesplayingwithdolls,aswellasthefirstknownsexdifferenceinawildanimal’schoiceofplaythings.新题预测.专题八

│新题预测Thetworesearcherssaytheirworkaddstoagrowingbodyofevidencethathumanchildrenareprobablybornwiththeirownideasofhowtheywanttobehave,ratherthansimplymirroringothergirlswhoplaywithdollsandboyswhoplaywithtrucks.Dollplayamonghumanscouldhaveitsoriginsinobject—carryingbyearlierapes(猿类),theysay,suggestingthattoyselectionisprobablynotdueentirelytosocialization.“Inhumans,thereareobvioussexdifferencesinchildren’stoyplay,andtheseareremarkablysimilaracrosscultures，”saysKahlenberg.“Whilesocializationbyeldersandpeershasbeentheprimaryexplanation,ourworksuggeststhatbiologymayalsohaveanimportantroletoplayinactivitypreferences.”.专题八

│新题预测In14yearsofdataonchimpanzeebehaviorattheKibaleNationalParkinUganda,KahlenbergandWranghamcountedmorethan100examplesofstick­carrying.Someyoungchimpanzeescarriedsticksintothenesttosleepwiththemandononeoccasionbuiltaseparatenestforthestick.“Wehaveseenjuvenilesoccasionallycarryingsticksformanyyears,andbecausetheysometimestreatedthemratherlikedolls,wewantedtoknowifingeneralthisbehaviortendedtorepresentsomethinglikeplayingwithdolls，”saysWrangham,aProfessoratHarvard.“Ifthedollhypothesis(假设)wasright,wethoughtthatfemalesshouldcarrysticksmorethanmalesdo,andthatthechimpanzeesshouldstopcarryingsticks.专题八

│新题预测whentheyhadtheirfirstchild.Wehavenowwatchedenoughyoungchimpanzeestoprovebothpoints.”(

)1.Whatdoesafemalechimpanzeedowithsticks?A．Shegivesthemtoherchildtoplaywith.B．Shetreatsthemasdolls.C．Shemakesusefultoolsfromthem.D．Shetreatsthemasweapons.(

)2.Whatcausesthedifferenttoyselectionofchimpanzees,accordingtothepassage?A．Sexdifference.B．Socialization.C．Environment.D．Culturaldifference..专题八

│新题预测(

)3.Wecaninferfromthefourthparagraphthat________.A．socializationhasnothingtodowithhuman’schoiceofplaythingsB．sexdifferenceistheonlyfactorinhuman’schoiceofplaythingsC．thebiologyfactormayalsoinfluencetoychoiceD．peoplechoosedifferenttoysindifferentcultures(

)4.Wranghamprobablybelievesthat________.A．observingsomanychimpanzeeshasbeenenoughforthemtomakeaconclusionB．thestudyproveshumanbeingshaveevolved(进化)fromchimpanzeesC．allchimpanzeestreatthesticksasdollsD．childrenplayingwithsticksareabnormal.专题八

│新题预测(

)5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.A．bothhumansandchimpanzeeschoosetheirplaythingsduetosexdifferenceB．differentfactorscausehumansandchimpanzeestochoosedifferentplaythingsC．onlyfemalechimpanzeeshaveplaythingsD．chimpanzeesusuallychooseplaythingsfortheirchildren.专题八

│新题预测

【解析】

本文是科普文。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。

1．B细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。

2．A细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。

3．C推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。

4．A推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。

5．A推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。.专题八

│新题预测(二)Wehavemettheenemy,andheisours.Weboughthimatapetshop.Whenmonkey­pox,adiseaseusuallyfoundintheAfricanrainforest,suddenlyturnsupinchildrenintheAmericanMidwest,it’shardnottowonderifthediseasethatcomesfromforeignanimalsishominginonhumanbeings.“Mostoftheinfections(感染)wethinkofashumaninfectionsstartedinotheranimals，”saysStephenMorse,directoroftheCenterforPublicHealthPreparednessatColumbiaUniversity..专题八

│新题预测It’snotjustthatwe’regoingtowheretheanimalsare;we’realsobringingthemclosertous.Popularforeignpetshavebroughtawholenewdiseasetothiscountry.AstrangeillnesskilledIsaksen’spets,andshenowthinksthatkeepingforeignpetsisabadidea.“Idon’tthinkit’sfairtohavethemaspetswhenwehavesuchalimitedknowledgeofthem，”saysIsaksen.“Lawsallowingtheseanimalstobebroughtinfromdeepforestareaswithoutstrictcontrolneedchanging，”saysPeterSchantz.Monkey­poxmaybethe_wake­up_call.Researchersbelieveinfectedanimalsmayinfecttheirowners.Weknowverylittleaboutthese.专题八

│新题预测newdiseases.Anewbug(病毒)maybekindatfirst.Butitmaydevelopintosomethingharmful.Monkey­poxdoesn’tlookamajorinfectiousdisease.Butitisnotimpossibletopassthediseasefrompersontoperson.(

)1.WelearnfromParagraph1thatthepetsoldattheshopmay________.A．comefromColumbiaB．preventusfrombeinginfectedC．enjoybeingwithchildrenD．sufferfrommonkey­pox.专题八

│新题预测(

)2.WhydidIsaksenadvisepeoplenottohaveforeignpets?A．Theyattackhumanbeings.B．Weneedtostudynativeanimals.C．Theycan’tliveoutoftherainforest.D．Wedonotknowmuchaboutthemyet.(

)3.Whatdoesthephrase“thewake­upcall”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．anewdiseaseB．aclearwarningC．adangerousanimalD．amorningcall.专题八

│新题预测(

)4.Thetextsuggeststhatinthefuturewe________.A．mayhavetofightagainstmorenewdiseasesB．mayeasilygetinfectedbydiseasesfromdogsC．shouldnotbeallowedtohavepetsD．shouldstopbuyingpetsfromAfrica(

)5.Thelastparagraphmeans________.A．weshouldhavelawstostophavingpetsathomeB．wildanimalsshouldn’tbeadoptedaspetsC．lawsshouldbepassedtoavoidpets’diseasesspreadingD．peoplewithpetsshouldbestayedathome.专题八

│新题预测

【解析】饲养宠物可能被传播疾病。猴痘本是非洲雨林中的一种疾病，现在突然出现在美国西部的孩子们身上。大多数人们认为只有人类才会感染的疾病其实就是来自动物。国家要制定严格的法律，以防止动物把疾病传播给人类。

1．D根据Wehavemettheenemy,andheisours.Weboughthimatapetshop.Whenmonkey­pox,adiseaseusuallyfoundintheAfricanrainforest,suddenlyturnsupinchildrenintheAmericanMidwest,it’shardnottowonderifthediseasethatcomesfromforeignanimalsishominginonhumanbeings.可推断，从宠物商店购买的动物身上携带疾病。.专题八

│新题预测

2．D根据AstrangeillnesskilledIsaksen’spets,andshenowthinksthatkeepingforeignpetsisabadidea.“Idon’tthinkit’sfairtohavethemaspetswhenwehavesuchalimitedknowledgeofthem，”可判断。

3．B根据上文，猴痘是一种从非洲的动物身上传播到人类身上的疾病，紧接着作者说这种没有经过严格控制的法律需要改变。最后又以猴痘为例，由此可判断“thewake­upcall”表示“一种警示”。

.专题八

│新题预测

4．A根据Weknowverylittleaboutthesenewdiseases.Anewbug(病毒)maybekindatfirst.Butitmaydevelopintosomethingharmful.可知新的病毒会转化成有害的东西，最后导致人与人的传播，因此我们必须与新的疾病作斗争。

5．C最后一段大意：我们必须改变不检疫而引进野生动物的规定，这样才能避免疾病的传播。..9、静夜四无邻，荒居旧业贫。。2023/1/112023/1/11Wednesday,January11,202310、雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人。。2023/1/112023/1/112023/1/111/11/20239:48:16AM11、以我独沈久，愧君相见频。。2023/1/112023/1/112023/1/11Jan-2311-Jan-2312、故人江海别，几度隔山川。。2023/1/112023/1/112023/1/11Wednesday,January11,202313、乍见翻疑梦，相悲各问年。。2023/1/112023/1/112023/1/112023/1/111/11/202314、他乡生白发，旧国见青山。。11一月20232023/1/112023/1/112023/1/1115、比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。。。一月232023/1/112023/1/112023/1/111/11/202316、行动出成果，工作出财富。。2023/1/112023/1/1111January202317、做前，能够环视四周；做时，你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。。2023/1/112023/1/112023/1/112023/1/119、没有失败，只有暂时停止成功！。