托福综合写作模板总结、词汇总结

综合写作题型分类：单话题类 /双话题类话题分类：生物生态类 /商业经济/文学艺术/化石考古/燃料能源多样化表达：阅读：Thereading,thepassage,theauthor,thearticle听力：Thelistening,thelecture,thelecturer,theprofessor,thespeaker认为：believe,hold,suggest,support,pointout,advocate( 提倡，主张，通常不用于反对意见 ),claim反驳：Criticizevt.批评criticismn.（crisisn.危机）Argue,challenge,doubt,disagree,refute,?.Isquestionable.但是：However,although,ontheotherhand,incontrast,while,增加：Increase(n&vt),boost(boosttheeconomy)(n&vt 使增长；推动；改进；使兴旺),maximize/maximization,addtosth(globalwarming)Improve/improvement,enhance/enhancement,heightenfortify/fortification(vt 使强化，使振作 ),advance(vi&vt&n)expansion(usedinsize,number,amount),amplify( 扩大声音、增强，加剧),enlarge（及物&不及物，扩大；～ onsth进一步说明，详述）thrive降低：Decline(vi&n),decrease,minimize/minimization,reduce/reduction,cutdown,shrink(vi&vt)/shrinkageDamage,impair(vt, 损害，削弱),causedamageto,harm,hurtDestroy,destruction,dogreatdamageto,doharmto,ruin,catastrophicdamage ，thedisastrousconsequence ，endanger（vt危及，危害）影响：aftermath 后果，余波 the~of(animportantevent)affect副词：definitely，totally（disagreewith），strongly（influencedby）其他：Utility 用途Alternative/substitute ：analternativetosth 某事物的替代品； alternativesth 备用，可替代sthsbsubstituteonethingforanother/onethingsubstituteforanother 取代，替换asubstituteforsth 替代品生物生态类：物种数量骤降 /骤增分析原因：假说分析Hypothesis,explanation,cause,theoryPredator,predation,pollution,climatechange,habitat,insect,humanactionatlong-termenvironmentalexpense （Itexposesthefallacyofshort-termindustrialgainatlong-termenvironmentalexpense 这暴露了以长久的环境破坏为代价换取短期工业利益的错误。 ）分析影响：生态问题Ecosystem,localspecies,foodchain,thenumberofA=Apopulationnative：意含对当地生态系统重要的、必不可少的inevitable/unavoidable/inescapableindispensableendangered/scarcespeciesgeneticallydiverse( 多样化的)/geneticdiversity解决方案：生态保护Pesticide,assistedmigration,geneticmodification措施：waystoaddressthedeclineofthreesolutionsmentionedinthereadingpassageinanattempttodosth,sbdosthpresentthreesolutions/measures模板开头段Thereadingandthelisteningpresentoppositeviewsonthehypothesisofseaotterdecline （主题）.Thereadingadvocatesthepollutiontheory （观点 A）whilethelisteningstressesonthepredationhypothesis （观点B）.*观点将原文的内容写全Thepassageandthelisteningmaterialholdcontraryopinionsonsalvagelogging.Thepassageholdsthatitbenefitsbothadamagedforestandtheeconomywhilethelisteningarguesitcancauselong-termenvironmentaldamageanditseconomicbenefitsarealsoquestionable.Thespeakerandtheauthorholddivergentattitudestowardthefutureofcharitablegiving.Throughrelevantreasonsandexamples,thelecturerrefutesthepessimisticviewpointsstatedinthereadingmaterial.主体段First,thepassagesupportsthepollutiontheorybecause( 理由A1),whichmightleadto （进一步原因A1）。However，thespeakerchallengesthat(理由B1)，so(进一步原因A1)seemimplausible.Ontheotherhand,thisstrengthensthe( 观点B)becauseif(观点下的事实、推论，即对观点的另一种表述 )，（观点下的进一步原因 B1）Second,thelecturedisagreeswiththeclaiminthereadingpassagethat(理由A2)and(进一步原因 A2-反面*).Shearguesthat 用(观点B解释理由A2**).（进一步原因B2），therefore（理由B2）.当阅读中出现反面的进一步原因/表达反驳的细节时，应该写入而非省略，否则直接写听力的对应细节显得唐突。观点重申，使逻辑更完整。主体段落应该包括各自的观点和听力的反驳理由。Finally,althoughtheauthorbelieves( 理由A3)couldbecausedby 进(一步原因A3),theprofessorchallengesthat( 理由A3)canbebetterexplainedby(观点B)because 理(由B3)+（进一步原因 B3）.First,theprofessorpointsoutthaturbangrowth,whileharmfultosometypesofbirds,couldprovidehabitatsformanyothertypes.Asamatteroffact,??This,however,contradictsthestatementinthereadingthat ??带有让步的反驳Second, the professor explains that ? won’t?as the readingillustrates. ?? contributeto ? .,makingitunnecessaryto ??陈述两者关系Third,whileconvincedoftheharmfulnessof?.usedtobirdsconcludedinthepassage,theprofessordoesn’thinkitwillbeaprobleminthefuture,inthat??..,andaretherefore?.带有让步的反驳First,althoughthewriterpointsoutthat ?? ..,thelecturechallengesthat ?? .Thesecondreasontheauthorgivesisthat ?? (by ? ..,becauseHowever,theprofessorarguesthat ??Finally,thespeakerrefusestheviewpointinthepassagethat ??believesthat ? ..;According

to

the

writer,

?? is..associatedwith

??

..becauseof??? To.rebutthisidea,theprofessorclaimsthatcontrarytotheviewinthepassage,will ?? .Second, thepassage saysthat?? ,whilethe

?? .Thistendency,lecturer arguesthatthismaygiveriseto(引起，导致，发生

)??

.,.which

contradicts

thepointmadeinthepassage.Finally,opposingtheauthor'sbeliefthattheprofessorcontendsthateventhoughp

????

incur.greaterdeclines,,theywill ?? ..Thus,

? ..Mine:Thespeakerandtheauthorholddivergentattitudestoward(Topic).Theauthorholdsthat ?? whilethespeakerargues

??主体段阅读详写时，首句单独写阅读观点而不写成从句。Accordingtothewriter, ?? ..isassociatedwith ?? ..becauseofTorebutthisidea,theprofessorclaimsthat ?? This.tendency,contrarytotheviewinthepassage,will ?? .Thesecondreasontheauthorgivesisthat ?? (by ? ..,becauseHowever,theprofessorarguesthat

??First,thepassagesupportsthepollution theorybecause(理由A1),?..;whichmightleadto （进一步原因 A1）。However，thespeakerchallengesthat(理由B1)，so(进一步原因A1)seemimplausible.Ontheotherhand,thisstrengthensthe( 观点B)becauseif 观(点下的事实、推论，即对观点的另一种表述 )，（观点下的进一步原因 B1）主体段阅读不详写时， 首句可将阅读的观点写成从句阐述听力观点的从句。Second,thelecturedisagreeswiththeclaiminthereadingpassagethat.ShearguesthatFinally,thespeakerrefusestheviewpointinthepassagethatShebelievesthatFinally,althoughtheauthorbelieves( 理由A3)couldbecausedby(进一步原因 A3),theprofessorchallengesthat 理(由A3)canbebetterexplainedby(观点B)because 理(由B3)+（进一步原因 B3）.First,althoughthewriterpointsoutthatthat??.

?? ..,thelecturechallengesSecond,thepassagesaysthat??,whilethelecturerarguesthatthismaygiveriseto(引起，导致，发生)??,whichcontradictsthepointmadeinthepassage.Finally,opposingtheauthor'sbeliefthat ?? .incurgreaterdeclinetheprofessorcontendsthateventhough ?? ,theywill ?? .Thus, ? ...Second,the professor explainsthat ? won’t?asthereadingillustrates. ?? contributeto ? .,makingitunnecessaryto ??针对某问题的措施类的讨论（提出——反驳其无效） ：ThenumberofTotteyainFloridaisnowdecreasingandthepassagepresentsthreesolutions/measures/optionstosavethemfromextinction.However,thelecturerarguesthatthesesolutionswon ’tleadtosatisfactoryconsequencesatall.Firstly/secondly/Lastbutnotleast,theprofessorargues/claimsthat措施1asthereadingmentionsisunlikelytosuccess/unrealistic/won’tbeagoodmethod （either）.ShetakesBlackLocusasanexample.ThefirstoptiontheauthorcomesupwithistoreestablishTotteyainitsoriginatedplace,wherethewetandcoolmicroclimateissuitableforTotteyatogrow.However,theprofessorchallengesthatTotteyawillunlikelytosurvivebecause 。。。。。。 ConsideringtheglobalwarmingandthedroughtofFlorida,itisimpossiblefor/However,theprofessorchallengesthatTotteyawill

。。。to。。。unlikelytosurvive.Sheclaimsthat

,thus?? itisimpossiblefor 。。。to。。。Second,thelecturequestionstheoption