2017年6月四级真题第2套

2017年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第二套）Writing(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanadvertisementonyourcampuswebsitetosellabicycleyouusedatcollege.Youradvertisementmayincludeitsbrand,specifications/features,conditionandprice,andyourcontactinformation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.ListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Question1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Themajorityofdriversprefertodriveandparkthemselves.Humandriversbecomeeasilydistractedortiredwhiledriving.Mostdriversfeeluncertainaboutthesafetyofself-drivingcars.Mostdrivershavetestdrivencarswithautomaticbrakingfeatures.A)Theirdriverswouldfeelsafeaftergettingusedtotheautomaticfeatures.Theywouldbeunpopularwithdriverswhoonlytrusttheirownskills.Theirincreasedcomfortlevelshaveboostedtheirsales.Theyarenotactuallyassafeasautomakersadvertise.Question3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)TheftsofsnowmobiledogsinAlaska.Aseriesofinjuriestosnowmobiledrivers.AttacksonsomeIditarodRacecompetitors.AseriousaccidentintheAlaskasportsevent.A)Hestayedbehindtolookafterhisinjureddogs.HehaswontheAlaskaIditarodRacefourtimes.HereceivedaminorinjuryintheIditarodRace.HehasquitthecompetitioninAlaskaforgood.Question5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Itsankintotheseaduetooverloading.ItranintoNicaragua’sBigCornIsland.Itdisappearedbetweentwolargeislands.Itturnedoverbecauseofstrongwinds.A)13.25.3032.A)Hehashelpedwiththerescueeffort.Heisbeinginvestigatedbythepolice.Hewasdrownedwiththepassengers.Heisamongthosepeoplemissing.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversationyouwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Question8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Atashoppingcentre.Atacommunitycollege.Atanaccountancyfirm.AtanITcompany.A)Helpingoutwithdatainput.Arranginginterviews.Sortingapplicationforms.Makingphonecalls.A)Heenjoysusingcomputers.Heneedsthemoneybadly.Hewantstoworkinthecitycentre.Hehasrelevantworkingexperience.A)Purchasesomebusinesssuits.Learnsomecomputerlanguage.Improvehisprogrammingskills.Reviewsomeaccountancyterms.Question12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Theyarekeenonhightechnology.Theyarepoorattechnologyskills.TheyoftenlistentoNationalPublicRadio.Theyfeelsuperiorinscienceandtechnology.A)Japanese.Germans.Poles.Americans.A)Emailing.Texting.Science.Literary.A)Itisundergoingadrasticreform.Itlaysemphasisoncreativethinking.Ithasmuchroomforimprovement.Itprioritizestrainingofpracticalskills.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Question16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theyhavesmallroots.Theygrowwhiteflowers.Theytastelikeapples.TheycomefromCentralAfrica.A)Theyturnedfromwhitetopurpleincolor.Theybecamepopularontheworldmarket.Theybecameanimportantfoodforhumans.Theybegantolooklikemodern-daycarrots.A)Theywerefoundquitenutritious.Therewereseriousfoodshortages.Peoplediscoveredtheirmedicalvalue.Farmmachineshelpedlowertheirprices.Question19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Shecouldupdateherfamilyanytimesheliked.Shecouldcallupherfamilywheneversheliked.Shecouldlocateherfriendswherevertheywere.Shecoulddownloadasmanypicturesassheliked.A)Shelikedtoinformherfriendsabouthersuccess.Sheenjoyedreadingherfriends’statusupdates.Shefeltquitepopularamongthem.Shefeltshewasateenageragain.A)Shecouldbarelyrespondtoallher500Facebookfriends.Shespentmoretimeupdatingherfriendsthanherfamily.ShecouldbarelybalanceFacebookupdatesandherwork.Shedidn’tseemtobedoingaswellasherFacebookfriends.Question22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theyhavestrongmuscles.Theylivealongerlifethanhorses.Theyeatmuchlessinwinter.Theycanworklongerthandonkeys.A)ItwasapetofaSpanishking.ItwasboughtbyGeorgeWashington.ItwasbroughtoverfromJapan.ItwasdonatedbyaU.S.Ambassador.A)Theymetandexchangedideasonanimalbreeding.Theyparticipatedinamule-drivingcompetition.Theyshowedandtradedanimalsinthemarket.Theyfedmuleswiththebestfoodtheycouldfind.A)Thewideruseofhorses.Thearrivaloftractors.Ashrinkinganimaltrade.Agrowingdonkeypopulation.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Themethodformakingbeerhaschangedovertime.Hops(啤酒花),forexample,whichgivemanyamodernbeeritsbitterflavor,area26recentadditiontothebeverage.Thiswasfirstmentionedinreferencetobrewingintheninthcentury.Now,researchershavefounda27ingredientinresidue(残留物)from5000-year-oldbeerbrewingequipment.WhileexcavatingtwopitsatasiteinthecentralplainsofChina,scientistsdiscoveredfragmentsfrompotsandvessels.Thedifferentshapesofthecontainers28theywereusedtobrew,filter,andstorebeer.Theymaybeancient“beer-makingtools,"andtheearliest29evidenceofbeerbrewinginChina,theresearchersreportedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.To30thattheory,theteamexaminedtheyellowish,dried31insidethevessels.Themajorityofthegrains,about80%,werefromcerealcropslikebarley(大麦)，andabout10%werebitsofroots,32lily,whichwouldhavemadethebeersweeter,thescientistssay.Barleywasanunexpectedfind:thecropwasdomesticatedinWesternEurasiaanddidn'tbecomea33foodincentralChinauntilabout2000yearsago,accordingtotheresearchers.Basedonthattiming,theyindicatebarleymayhave34intheregionnotasfood,butas35materialforbeerbrewing.arrivedI)relativelyconsumingJ)remainsdirectK)resources

L)stapleM)suggestL)stapleM)suggestN)surprisingO)testincludinginformrawH)reachedSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TeamSpiritTeamshavebecomethebasicbuildingblocksoforganisations.Recruitmentadvertisementsroutinelycallfor“teamplayers”.Businessschoolsgradetheirstudentsinpartontheirperformanceingroupprojects.Officemanagersknockdownwallstoencourageteambuilding.Teamsareasoldascivilisation,ofcourse:evenJesushad12co-workers.ButanewreportbyDeloitte,“GlobalHumanCapitalTrends”,basedonasurveyofmorethan7,000executiveinover130countries,suggeststhatthefashionforteamworkhasreachedanewhigh.Almosthalfofthosesurveyedsaidtheircompanieswereeitherinthemiddleofrestructuringorabouttoembarko〃(开始)it;andforthemostpart,restructuringmeantputtingmoreemphasisonteams.Companiesareabandoningconventionalfunctionaldepartmentsandorganisingemployeesintocross-disciplinaryteamsthatfocusonparticularproducts,problemsorcustomers.Theseteamsaregainingmorepowertoruntheirownaffairs.Theyarealsospendingmoretimeworkingwitheachotherratherthanreportingupwards.Deloittearguesthataneworganizationalformisontherise:anetworkofteamsisreplacingtheconventionalhierarchy(等级体制).Thefashionforteamsisdrivenbyasensethattheoldwayoforganisingpeopleistoorigidforboththemodernmarketplaceandtheexpectationsofemployees.Technologicalinnovationplacesgreatervalueonagility（灵活性）.JohnChambers,chairmanofCiscoSystemInc.,aworldwideleaderinelectronicsproducts,saysthat“wecompeteagainstmarkettransitions（过渡）,notcompetitors.Producttransitionsusedtotakefiveorsevenyears;nowtheytakeoneortwo.”Digitaltechnologyalsomakesiteasierforpeopletoco-ordinatetheiractivitieswithoutresortingtohierarchy.The“millennials”（千禧一代）whowillsoonmakeuphalftheworkforceinrichcountrieswereraisedfromnurseryschoolonwardstoworkingroups.Thefashionforteamsisalsospreadingfromtheusualcorporatesuspects（suchasGEandIBM）tosomemoreunusualones.TheClevelandClinic,ahospitaloperator,hasreorganiseditsmedicalstaffintoteamstofocusonparticulartreatmentareas:consultants,nursesandotherscollaboratecloselyinsteadofbeingseparatedbyspecialty（专业的）andrank.TheUSArmyhasgonethesameway.Inhisbook,TeamofTeams,GeneralStanleyMcChrystaldescribeshowthearmy’shierarchicalstructurehindereditsoperationsduringtheearlystagesofIraqwar.Hissolutionwastolearnsomethingfromtherebelsitwasfighting:decentralizingauthoritytoself-organisingteams.Agoodruleofthumbisthatassoonasgeneralsandhospitaladministratorsjumponamanagementbandwagon（追随一种管理潮流）,itistimetoaskquestions.LeighThompsonofKelloggSchoolofManagementinIllinoiswarnsthat,“Teamarenotalwaystheanswer—teamsmayprovideinsight,creativityandknowledgeinawaythatapersonworkingindependentlycannot;butteamworkmayalsoleadtoconfusion,delayandpoordecision-making.”ThelateRichardHackmanofHarvardUniversityonceargued,“Ihavenoquestionthatwhenyouhaveateam,thepossibilityexiststhatitwillgeneratemagic,producingsomethingextraordinary…Butdon'tcountonit.”Hackman（whodiedin2013）notedthatteamsarehinderedbyproblemsofco-ordinationandmotivationthatchipawayatthebenefitsofcollaboration.High-flyers（能干的人）whoareforcedtoworkinteamsmaybeundervaluedandfree-ridersempowered.Group-thinkmaybeunavoidable.Inastudyof120teamsofseniorexecutives,hediscoveredthatlessthan10%oftheirsupposedmembersagreedonwhoexactlywasontheteam.Ifitishardenoughtodefineateam’smembership,agreeingonitspurposeisharderstill.Profoundchangesintheworkforcearemakingteamstrickiertomanage.Teamworkbestiftheirmembershaveastrongcommonculture.Thisishardtoachievewhen,asisnowthecaseinmanybigfirms,alargeproportionofstaffaretemporarycontractors.Teamworkimproveswithtime:America’sNationalTransportationSafetyBoardfoundthat73%oftheincidentsinitscivil-aviationdatabaseoccurredonacrew’sfirstdayofflyingtogether.However,asAmyEdmondsonofHarvardpointsout,organisationsincreasinglyuse“team”asaverbratherthananoun:theyformteamsforspecificpurposeandthenquicklydisbandthem.Theleastthatcanbeconcludedfromthisresearchisthatcompaniesneedtothinkharderaboutmanagingteams.Theyneedtoridtheirmindsofsentimentalism（感情用事）:themostsuccessfulteamshaveleaderswhoareabletosetanoveralldirectionandtakeimmediateaction.Theyneedtokeepteamssmallandfocused:givingintopressuretobemore“inclusive”isaguaranteeofdysfunction.JeffBezos,Amazon’sboss,saysthat“IfIseemorethantwopizzasforlunch,theteamistoobig.”Theyneedtoimmuniseteamsagainstgroup-thin:Hackmanarguedthatthebestonescontain“deviant”（离经叛道者）whoarewillingtodosomethingthatmaybeupsettingtoothers.Anewstudyof12,000workersin17countriesbySteelcase,afurniture-makerwhichalsodoesconsulting,findsthatthebestwaytoensureemployeesare“engaged”istogivethemmorecontroloverwhereandhowtheydotheirwork—whichmaymeanliberatingthemfromhavingtodoeverythingincollaborationwithothers.However,organisationsneedtolearnsomethingbiggerthanhowtomanageteamsbetter:theyneedtobeinthehabitofaskingthemselveswhetherteamsarethebesttoolsforthejob.Team-buildingskillsareinshortsupply:Deloittereportsthatonly12%oftheexecutivestheycontactedfeeltheyunderstandthewaypeopleworktogetherinthenetworksandonly21%feelconfidentintheirabilitytobuildcross-functionalteams.Looselymanagedteamscanbecomehotbedsofdistraction—employeesroutinelycomplainthattheycan’tgettheirworkdonebecausetheyareforcedtospendtoomuchtimeinmeetingsorcompelledtoworkinnoisyoffices.Evenintheageofopen-planofficesandsocialnetworkssomeworkisbestlefttotheindividual.Successfulteamleadersknowexactlywheretheteamshouldgoandareabletotakepromptaction.Decentralisationofauthoritywasalsofoundtobemoreeffectiveinmilitaryoperations.Inmanycompanies,theconventionalformoforganisationisgivingwaytoanetworkofteams.Membersofpoorlymanagedteamsareeasilydistractedfromtheirwork.Teamworkismosteffectivewhenteammemberssharethesameculture.AccordingtoareportbyDeloitte,teamworkisbecomingincreasinglypopularamongcompanies.Someteammembersfindithardtoagreeonquestionslikemembershipandtheteam’spurpose.Somescholarsthinkteamworkmaynotalwaysbereliable,despiteitspotentialtoworkwonders.Toensureemployees’commitment,itisadvisabletogivethemmoreflexibilityastowhereandhowtheywork.Producttransitionstakemuchlesstimenowthaninthepast.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ShoppersintheUKarespendinglessmoneyontoiletpapertosavemoney,researchhasshown.Penny-pinchingUKconsumerschoosecheaperproductsfromdiscounterssuchasAldiandLidlratherthanluxuryalternatives.Thishaswiped6%offthevalueofthesofttissuepapermarketintheUK.Ithasshrunkfrom£1.19billionin2011to£1.12billionin2015,accordingtoanewreportfrommarketresearchcompanyMintel.Furthermore,thefutureofthemarketlooksfarfromrosy,withsalesexpectedtofallfurtherto£1.11billionin2016.Inthelastyearalone,despiteanincreaseintheUKpopulationandasubsequentriseinthenumberofhouseholds,salesoftoiletpaperfellby2%,withtheaveragehouseholdreducingtheirtoiletrollspendingfrom43£in2014to£41in2015.Overall,almostthreeinfivepeoplesaytheytrytolimittheirusageofpaper--includingfacingtissueandkitchenroll--tosavemoney.“Strength,softnessandthicknessremaintheleadingindicatorsoftoiletpaperquality,withjustasmallproportionofconsumerspreferringmoreluxuriousalternatives,suchasthosewithflowerpatternsorperfume,”saidMintelanalystJackDuckett.“Theseextrafeaturesaredeemedunnecessarybythemajorityofshoppers,whichprobablyreflectshowthesetypesofproductsaretypicallymoreexpensivethanregulartoiletpaper,evenwhenonspecialoffer.”Whileconsumersarespendinglessontoiletpaper,theyremainfussy--intheoryatleast—whenitcomestopaperquality.TopofBritons’stoiletpaperwishlistissoftness(57%)followedbystrength(45%)andthickness(36%).Onein10buyersranktoiletrollsmadefromrecycledpaperamongtheirtopconsiderations,highlightinghowoveralltheenvironmentismuchlessofaconsiderationforshoppersthanproductquality.Inachallengeormanufactures,81%ofpaperproductuserssaidtheywouldconsiderbuyingrecycledtoilettissueifitwerecomparableinqualitytostandardpaper.Themarketsalesoftoiletpaperhavedecreasedbecause.BritonshavecuttheirspendingonititspriceshavegoneupovertheyearsitsqualityhasseenmarkedimprovementBritonshavedevelopedthehabitofsavingWhatdoestheauthorthinkthefutureofthetissuepapermarketintheUK?Itwillexpandintime.Itwillremaingloomy.Itwillexperienceupsanddowns.Itwillrecoveraspopulationgrows.WhatdoesJackDuckettsayabouttoiletpaper?Specialofferswouldpromoteitssales.Consumersareloyaltocertainbrands.Luxuriousfeaturesaddmuchtotheprice.Consumershaveavarietytochoosefrom.WhatdowelearnaboutBritonsconcerningtoiletpaper?Theyareparticularaboutthequalityoftoiletpaper.Theyemphasizethestrengthoftoiletpaperthemost.Theyprefercheaptoiletpapertorecycledtoiletpaper.Theyrejectusingtoiletpaperwithunnecessaryfeatures.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?MoreandmoreBritonsbuyrecycledtoiletpapertoprotecttheenvironment.Toiletpapermanufacturersarefacingagreatchallengeinpromotingitssales.Toiletpapermanufacturerscompetewithoneanothertoimproveproductquality.EnvironmentalprotectionisnotmuchofaconcernwhenBritonsbuytoiletpaper.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“OneofthereasonsIfindthistopicveryinterestingisbecausemymomwasasmokerwhenIwasyounger,”saysLindson-Hawley,whostudiestobaccoandhealthattheUniversityofOxford.Bystudyingabout700adultsmokers,shefoundoutthathermomquittherightway—bystoppingabruptlyandcompletely.Inherstudy,participantswererandomly(随机地)assignedtotwogroups.Onehadtoquitabruptlyonagivenday,goingfromaboutapackadaytozero.Theothercutdowngraduallyoverthecourseoftwoweeks.Peopleinbothgroupsusednicotine(尼古丁)patchesbeforetheyquit,inadditiontoasecondformofnicotinereplacement,likegumorspray.Theyalsohadtalktherapywithanursebeforeandafterquitday.Sixmonthout,morepeoplewhohadquitabruptlyhadstuckwithit-morethanone-fifthofthem,comparedtoaboutone-seventhintheothergroup.Althoughthesenumbersappearlow,itismuchhigherthanifpeopletrywithoutsupport.Andthequitrateswereparticularlyconvincinggiventhatbeforethestudystarted,mostofthepeoplehadsaidthey’drathercutdowngraduallybeforequitting.“Ifyouaretrainingforamarathon,youwouldn’texpecttoturnupandjustbeablet