新目标英语总复习资料精品讲义全

.PAGE.新目标初中英语总复习资料精品讲义八种动词时态,有的只要求达到理解层次,有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的,而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现,而是时态的综合运用,尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法.现以冠词为例：1.Johnwasgiven_______orangebagforhisbirthdaybut______bagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,the2.There's________oldtreenear_______house.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,a3.Thereis___800-metre-longroadbehind___hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the4._______good,kindgirlsheis!A.HowB.WhataC.WhatD.Howa5.________badweather!Ihopeitwon'tlastlong.A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa6._______theyarelisteningtotheteacher!A.HowcarefulB.WhatcarefulC.HowcarefullyD.Whatcarefully由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样,象宾语从句的语序、代词的格、主谓语一致、动词和介词的搭配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等,无一不在考查之列。所有这一切语言基础知识,我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析,展开讨论,分层展示难易对比,系统归纳。对于语言基础知识是这样处理,那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例：Apoorfarmerhadneverlefthissmallvillage.Afterhe<1>alotofmoney,hedecidedtospendaholidayinanexpensivehotel<旅馆>inabigtown.<2>lunchtimecameonhisfirstdaythere,hewenttoeatintherestaurant<餐馆>ofthehotel<3>hisnewclothes.Theheadwaiter<服务员><4>himtothetable,tookhisorderandwentaway.Whenheturnedand<5>thefarmeragain,hehada<6>!Thefarmerhadtied<系>histableclothroundhis<7>.Theheadwaitertoldanotherwaitertogotothefarmerand<8>himthatpeople<9>dosuchathinginhisrestaurant.Sothewaiterwenttothefarmerandsaidina<10>voice<声音>,"Goodmorning,sir.Wouldyoulikeahaircut?"1.A.lentB.madeC.paidD.gave2.A.DuringB.ThoughC.WhenD.Because3.A.forB.withC.onD.inantedB.putC.showedD.brought5.A.lookedatB.watchedC.sawD.found6.A.lookB.restC.tableclothD.surprise7.A.armB.neckC.handD.head8.A.askB.tellC.taughtD.told9.A.can'tB.don'tC.won'tD.mustn't10.A.friendlyB.tiredC.sadD.ter要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案,使补足后的短文意思通顺,结构完整。对此,考生必须通篇考虑,不能拿来就做,那样必然顾此失彼,前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考完型还侧重于语法,这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。在解这类题时,必须掌握"词感现象",注意学会区分"干扰项"。所谓词感,"thesenseofword"是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强,在解题时会较为容易地找到它与情景的关系。词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异,也并不注重词的搭配与组合,它较多地强调选用恰当的词,以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三个作为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文,就会语感流畅,句意明确。这儿举例的目的是想说明,我从一个较高的立意来对中考题型,特别是完形、阅读等,进行分析、探讨,借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。词汇〔一这一讲里,主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法,特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词,我们必须掌握名词的数,名词的格。单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a1.复数的构成方法：<1>一般在复数名词后加s,如：dog--dogs。<2>以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如：watch--watches。<3>以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es,如：country--countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s。如：monkey--monkeys。<4>以o结尾的名词,只有potato<土豆>,tomato<西红柿>加es构成复数。<5>以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es,如：knife--knives。2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep,fish--fishChinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有：<1>tooth--teeth,foot--feeth<2>man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen请区别：German<德国人>—Germans<3>child—children4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people<人>,clothes<衣服>,trousers<裤子>glasses<眼镜>,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。如：Myclothesare<be>newerthanyours.5.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如：news<消息>,maths<数学>,physics<物理>Nonewsisgoodnews.6.可用howmany,many,afew,few,alotof,lotsof,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。Howmanyarethereinyourpencil-box?<knife>不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water,rice,fish,meat,等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。如：Somebread__________overthere.<be>3.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用apieceof,acupof等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达"两片面包"这样的意义,bread仍为不可数名词,不加s,而piece则可加s。即：twopiecesofbread请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示,如：三箱苹果threeboxesofapples例：1、Thesetwopiecesofbread__________overthere.<be>2、CouldIhavethree___________,please？A.pieceofbreadB.pieceofbreadsC.piecesofbreadD.piecesofbreads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法,在名词后加"'s"。如：Tom→Tom's译为"…的",若遇上以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加"'"即可。如：Teachers'Day,twoweeks'holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加's。如：Children'sDay关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点：1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如：myaunt's我姑姑家。gotothedoctor's去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加's如：LucyandLily's露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组：agirloffive一个五岁的女孩afriendofmine我的一个朋友eg;Thewhiteshirtisandblueoneis.A、Kate,myB.Kate's,mineC.Kate,mineD.Kate's,my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的,也是简单的部分,所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法,归纳起来,同学们应该掌握以下几点：1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前,如：anhour,anEnglishcar.请区别：ausefulmachine3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：thesun,themoon,theearth5.定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：thefirst,thebest,inthesouth6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数。如：TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如：inthebox,behindthechair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：<1>在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：insummer,inAugust请区别：inthespringof1945.<这里表示特指,故加the><2>一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：havebreakfast,playfootball<3>一些固定词组中,如：gotobed,gotoschool,bybus,atnight.9.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别：infrontof在…前面inthehospital在医院里inthefrontof在…范围内的前部inhospital<生病>住院练习:There's_________800-metre-longroadbehind_________hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词,以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查,中考常采用单选题及听力题,这些题型归纳起来,应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：1,2,3特殊记,加th从4起<first,second,third,fourth>8少t,9去e,千万别忘记<eighth,ninth>逢5逢12,ve变f<fifth,twelfth>20到90,y要变ie<twentieth,ninetieth>若是几十几,前基后序别倒位<ninety-first>2.hundred,thousand,million在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。如：fivehundredpeople.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s,构成复数形式。hundredsof数以百计的,成百上千的thousandsof数以千计的,成千上万的millionsof数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词the连用。练习:=1\*GB3①Henryhaslearnedeight_________Frenchwordsthisyear.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredofD.hundredsof=2\*GB3②The_________lessonisthemostdifficultoneinBookTwo.<twenty>另外,同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法<钟点＋分钟>如：4:30fourthirty4:45fourforty-five4:15fourfifteen倒读法<分钟＋to／past＋钟点>如：4:30halfpastfour4:15fifteenpastfour／aquarterpastfour4:45fifteentofive／aquartertofive练习题:1.Atthebeginningofthe_____<twenty>century,theworld'spopulationwasabout1700million.2.Arethese_____<watch>yours?Yes.3.Youdon'tlookwell.You'dbettergotothe______<doctor>atonce.4.Wouldyougiveme________,please?A.twopapersB.twopieceofpaperC.twopiecesofpaperD.twopiecesofpapers5.Therearethree_____andseven____inthepicture.A.monkeys,sheepsB.monkeys,sheepC.monkies,sheepD.monkies,sheeps6.Alotof____aretalkingwithtwo_______.A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.German,FrenchmenD.Germans,Frenchmen7.June1is__.A.theChildren'sDayB.theChildrens'DayC.Children'sDayD.Childrens'Day8.__________peoplewentouttoseewhathadhappened.A.ThousandsofB.ThreethousandofC.ThousandofD.Threethousands9.Wehavebeenintheschoolfor______.A.threeandahalfmonthB.threeandahalfmonthsC.threemonthandahalfD.threemonthsandhalf10.__________Englishis___________usefullanguage.A.A,anB./,aC.The,anD.A,/11.Johnwasgiven_______orangebagforhisbirthdaybut______bagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,the12.There's________oldtreenear_______house.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,a13.Thereis________800-metre-longroadbehind_________hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the四.代词=1\*GB3①人称代词:主格:单数I、you、he、she、it复数we、you、they宾格:单数me、you、him、her、it复数us、you、them=2\*GB2⑵物主代词:形容词性my、your、his、her、its、our、your、their名词性mine、yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs=3\*GB3③反身代词:myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语,相当于一个形容词,名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语,相当于一个名词。2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如：⑴Thesebooksaren'tours.Oursarenew.<这里ours=ourbooks>⑵Thisisnotourroom.Oursisoverthere.<这里ours=ourroom>3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属如：asisterofhis他的一个妹妹afriendofmine我的一个朋友4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为："第二人称,第三人称,第一人称"。如：You,sheandIallenjoythemusic.5.关于反身代词,同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime<过得很愉快>byoneself=alone<单独、独自>helponeselfto…<随便吃/喝些...>learnsth.byoneself=teachoneselfsth.<自学>练习题1.-Whosetrousersarethese?-_____,Ithink.A.TheyB.TheirC.TheirsD.Them2.Nobodytaught___English.Hetaught____.A.him,himselfB.his,himselfC.him,byhimselfD.his,his〔二修饰可数名词manyfew表否定意义afew表肯定意义修饰不数名词muchlittle表否定意义alittle表肯定意义few和little与quite或only连用时,常加不定冠词a.如:Therearequiteafewnewbooksinthelibrary.=用little,alittle,few,afew填空:1.IoftenstayathomebecauseIhave_______friendshere.2.Jim,don'tgoandgetsomewater.Thereis______waterintheglass.3.ThoughhelearnedFrenchonly________weeks.Hecanspeakverywell.4.Lilyhad_________breadbecauseshewashungryyesterday.〔三不定代词:something,anything,nothing.当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时,常后置。如：somethingnewThere's__________intoday'snewspaper.中考题A.importantanythingB.importantsomethingC.anythingimportantD.somethingimportant<四>另外,还要注意代词some,every,all,both,either,another1.some〔一些,某一般用于肯定句中注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。any〔任何多用于疑问句和否定句①Willyougivemesomewater?②Wouldyoulikesomemeat?③MayIasksomequestions?④CouldIhavesomeapples?2.every＋单数名词"每一个"强调共性,作定语,形式上为单数。each"每一个"强调个性,作定语、主语、宾语和同位语,常与of连用。如:Eachstudentwasaskedtotryagain.Eachofthemhasaniceskirt.Everychildlikesplayinggames.3.all"<全部>都"表示三者或三者以上,作同位语时,一般放在连系、助动词之后,行为动词之前。none"没有"表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of如：WeareallfromCanada.=AllofusarefromCanada.Noneofusis/areafraidofdogs.〔单、复数均可4.both"〔两者都",作主语时,看作复数；作定语时,后跟名词复数。either"两者中任何一个",作主语时,谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时,后跟名词单数。neither"<两者>都不",含有否定意义,用法同either。如：=1\*GB3①Theybothswimwell.＝Bothofthemswimwell.=2\*GB3②Therearetreesonbothsidesofthestreet.=Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.=3\*GB3③NeitherofusisgoingtoBeijingnextweek.=4\*GB3④Neitheranswerisright.5.another+单数名词,"另一个"one…theother"一个……,另一个……"theother+复数名词=theothers"其他的人或物"〔指确定范围内剩下的全部others"别人"<五>疑问代词5个"wh",即who,whose,whom,what,which这里,which是同学们不易掌握的内容,其实,同学们只须记住,对作定语的内容提问,常用which.例如:Iliketheredshirt.______________________doyoulike?练习:一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空,使句意通顺,语法完整6．Canyoucomewithus?<we>7．Theseskirtsarehers.Yoursareoverthere.<she>8．Pleasetakecareofyourselves,boysandgirls.<you>9．Idon'tthinkthisismyfrisby,thoughitlookslikemine.<I>10．Lookatthosebooks.Aretheyyours?<that>二、根据首字母填空11．Isthereanythinginterestinginthenewspaper?12．Sheaskedustohelpeachother.13．Theoldmancanneitherreadnorwrite.14．Nothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.15．Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish,Lucy.三、同义句转换16、A:Thechildrenplayedhappilyinthezooyesterday.B:Thechildrenenjoyedthemselvesinthezooyesterday.17、A:Hedoesn'tlikemutton,andshedoesn't,either.B:Neitherhenorshelikesmutton.18、A:AlltheAmericanpeopledon'tlikesandwiches.B:NotalltheAmericanpeoplelikesandwiches.19、A:Theydon'toftenhearthetwinssingthesongintheschool.B:Neitherofthetwinsisoftenheardtosingthesongintheschool.[ZK>]四、单项选择<C>20、-CanyouspeakChinese,Peter?-Yes,butonly.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afew<A>21、-DoyoulikeJane'snewskirt?-Yes,verymuch.I'llaskmumtobuyforme.A.oneB.itC.theotherD.a<B>22、Thecolorofherskirtisdifferentfromofmine.A.oneB.thatC.itD.this<B>23、Studentsareusuallyinterestedinsports.Somelikerunning,somelikeswimming.likeballgames.A.theothersB.othersC.theotherD.other<A>24、-I'llgivetheboystoeat.-Oh,Iknow,fishandchips.A.somethingEnglishB.EnglishsomethingC.anythingEnglishD.Englishanything<D>25、-ShallIhelpyouwiththeheavybox?-No,thanks,Icandoit.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself<D>26、-Whattimeshallwemeetthisafternoon,3:00or4:00?-Idon'tmind.timeisOK.A.NeitherB.EachC.AnyD.Either<C>27、-Mybagisfull,whatabout?-isfull,too.A.you,YoursB.his,HeC.yours,MineD.hers,She<D>28、-I'vehadenoughbread,Wouldyoulike?-No,thanks.A.afewmoreB.onemoreC.anothermoreD.somemore<A>29、Therearemanytreesonsidesoftheriver.A.bothB.eitherC.neitherD.each<A>1、Hehastwobikes,oneisnew,isold.A.theotherB.otherC.theothersD.others<C>2、Withoutthesun,couldgrowintheworld.A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything<B>3、ofthemisgoingtoplaybasketballwithyouthisafternoon.A.AllB.NeitherC.SomeD.Both<B>4、-Canyoutellmewhatapandalookslike?-Look!Thisisapictureof.A.itB.oneC.twoD.some<B>5、Therearenotmanypearshere,butyoucantakeifyouwantto.A.fewB.afewC.alittleD.little二、形容词副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级：比较...,更...一些最高级：最...〔A1.构成：<规则情况>情况变化方法例词单音节词和少数双音节词:一般情况加er,estclever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e结尾加r,stnice-nicer-nicest重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加er,estbig-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加er,estearly-earlier-earliest部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more,mostslowly-moreslowly-mostslowly2.不规则变化,须熟记：good/well-better-bestmany/much-more-mostfar-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worstlittle-less-least<B>常见的使用情况1.as…as…和...一样〔中间用原级2.notas<so>…as和...不一样〔中间用原级3…than…...比...〔用比较级4.有范围修饰的用最高级如:in,of,among或用从句修饰的eg.⑴Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.⑵ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.5.比较级+and+比较级意为"越来越….eg:wetterandwettermoreandmorebeautiful6.The+比较级,the+比较级越…...就越…...eg:Themore,thebetter.越多越好<C>注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。2.可用much,alittle,even,still等修饰比较级。3.在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg:TheweatherhereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.<D>掌握三种同义句转换：1.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.=Heisthetallest<student>inhisclass.2.Thisfilmislessinterestingthanthatone.=Thisfilmisn'tasinterestingasthatone.=Thatfilmismoreinterestingthanthisone.3.IprefermathstoEnglish.=IlikemathsbetterthanEnglish.Whichdoyoulike_____,fish,meat_____eggs?A.best,orB.better,orC.best,andD.better,and此外,关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1.形容词修饰名词作定语,跟在连系动词之后作表语。2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough属例外词：形/副+enoughtodoenough+名词例如;Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她够上学的年龄了。3.区别几组易混淆的副词:也too用于肯定、疑问句also较为正式书面语either用于否定句已经already常用于肯定句、疑问句yet常用于否定句、疑问句不再no<notany>longer从时间上讲no<notany>more从动作上讲如此这样such修饰名词eg:suchabigboxso修饰形容词、副词eg:sobig单独、独自alone作表语=byoneself孤独的lonely可作表语、定语eg:Agroupofgirlsaresinginganddancing______overthere.<happy>练习题1.Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake._areclimbingthehill.A.OthersB.OtherC.AnotherD.Theother2.Thereisn't_____intoday'snewspaper.A.importantsomethingB.importantanythingC.anythingimportantD.nothingimportant3.-Whosewatchisthis,Mary?Isityoursister's?-No,Mum.It'snot______.It's______.A.hers,myB.her,myC.Mine,hersD.hers,mine4..TheChangjiangRiveristhethird__riverintheworld.A.longB.longerC.longestD.thelongest5.Anelephantis_____thanahorse.A.morestrongB.muchstrongerC.themoststrongD.muchmorestrong6.Whichdoyoulike_____,tea,orangeorwater?A.goodB.WellC.BetterD.Best介词1．与形容词搭配的词组有：beafraidof〔怕beangrywith〔生某人的气beawayfrom〔不在某地bedifferentfrom〔与…不同begoodat〔善于begood/badfor<对…有益/有害>beinterestedin〔对…感兴趣belatefor〔迟到be/getreadyfor〔为作好准备besureof<对…有把握>beworriedabout〔为…感到担忧2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式1>Youmusttakegoodcareofher.2>Thankyouforteachingussowell.3．几组易混淆的介词A．"在...之后"in+一段时间〔用于一般将来时after+一段时间〔用于一般过去时after+一点时间〔常用于一般将来时如：Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.B．for+一段时间since+过去的一点时间这两者均用于现在完成时,具体在时态部分,我会继续向同学们讲解。C．bemadeof"用……制成"bemadein"由某地制造"bemadebysomebody"由某人制成"D．in,on,at表时间in"在某月<季节、年>等"eg:in1996,inJanuary,insummer固定词组：inthemorning,inaweek,inaminute,intime,intheendon"用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等"eg:onChristmasDay,onthenightofFebruary16at"用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中"固定词组：atseven,atthemoment,atnight,atlast,atfirst,atnoon,attimes,atonce,atthistimeoftheyear,atthebeginningof,attheendofthismonth,atthesametime注意：在表时间里,下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next,last,this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,one,every,all以及thedaybeforeyesterday和thedayaftertomorrow前不用介词。如:不能说intomorrow,只能说tomorrow在明天E.except+宾格/doingsomething"除…之外"〔不包括本身EveryoneisatschooltodayexceptLinTao.<同义句转换>=OnlyLinTaoisn'tatschooltoday.F．"用"通过交通工具byplane用语言inEnglish通过媒介on/overthetelephone,on/overtheradio,onTV用工具手段withapen,withone'shandsG．between"在~和~〔两者之间"between...and...,betweenthetwo...among在...之间<三者或三者以上>eg.Suespentovertwohours___herhomeworkyesterdayevening.A.onB.withC.atD.over连词1．并列连词both…and既~又~谓语用复数动词neither…nor既不~也不~含否定意义,〔就近原则谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。either…or…"或者…或者…""不是…就是…"and"和"连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。but"但是"表转折,不能与though同时出现在句中。or"或者"在否定句中,并列句中的列举常用or,而不用and。Eg:Ihavebrothersandsisters.<否>Idon'thavebrothersorsisters.=Ihavenobrothersandnosisters.2．引导宾语从句的连词陈述句：that可省略一般疑问句：if/whether"是否"特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词3．引导原因状从的有：because<不能与so同时出现在句中>4．引导时间状语从句的连词：A.when〔当…时候,assoonas…〔一…就,not…until〔直到…才,after〔在…之后,引导的主从复合句,主句为一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。Eg:Iwon'tleaveuntilhecomesback.B.since〔自从…以来引导的主从复合句,主句为现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。Eg：Wehaven'tmeteachothersincesheleftherelastyear.C.while〔当…时候,一边…一边…它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。Eg:MyfathercameinwhileIwasdoingmyhomework.5．引导条件状语从句的连词：if"如果",引导条件状从,主句用一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if"是否"相当于whether,引导宾语从句,时态根据语境确定eg:1>Idon'tknowifit＿＿＿＿<rain>tomorrow.2>Ifit______<rain>tomorrow,I_____________<notclimb>thehills.3>JoanandMaryhaven'tseeneachother_____theyleftschoolfiveyearsago.A.asB.beforeC.afterD.since构词法构词有法记无定法一、利用构词法记忆：1．合成法：note＋book→notebook,school＋yard→schoolyard,book＋mark→bookmark2．派生法〔即在词根上加前、后缀记忆：en－〔使……有＋courage→encourage；inter－〔onewithanother；facetoface＋view→interview；foreign＋er〔人→foreigner,play＋er〔执行动作的人→player,sharpen＋er〔执行动作的物→sharpener；library＋〔y→ian〔人→librarian；miss〔v．＋ing→missing〔adj．,probable〔adj．＋〔ly→probably〔adv．,sad〔adj．＋ly→sadly〔adv．；compose〔v．＋〔e→ition→composition〔n．,inform〔v．＋〔ation→information〔n．3．转化法：know〔v．→knowledge〔n．二、意义关联帮你记忆：dictionary—words,umbrella—rain,library—book—shelf,kitchen—cook三、英英解释,温故知新：abroad—inortoanothercountry,overseas；interview—meetingwithsb．说说记忆单词的方法词是构成句子的重要元素,词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要地位。今天我们讲讲怎样记忆单词。一、把单词放入句子中,在一定的语言环境中记忆单词。如果一旦忘记词义,就回忆它所在的句子。很多成绩较好的同学都有一个体会,抓住对句子的理解和背诵这样一个关键,记忆单词一般来说是毫不费力的。二、将单词按归类的方法进行记忆。把同义词归成一类,如learn－－study,between－－among；反义词归成一类,如left－－right,high－－low,strong－－weak；或根据含义和用途把同一类型的词归成一类,如交通工具类：car,bus,ship,plane,truck,…学科类：maths,science,art,geography,…频度副词类：always,usually,often,sometimes,never,…等等。这样当遇到其中一个词时,头脑中出现的就是一组词,这样记忆单词的效率就会大大提高。同时,还可以掌握词与词之间的区别和各自特殊的用法,将平时极易混淆的单词清楚地区别开来。三、利用构词法记忆单词。比如happy〔幸福的,加前缀"un"成为unhappy〔不幸福的,改"y"为"i"加后缀"ness"则变成了名词：happiness〔幸福；"pea〔豌豆"与"nut〔坚果"可合成为"peanut〔花生"；when〔何时＋ever〔在任何时候＝whenever〔无论什么时候等等。四、根据记忆与遗忘的规律来记忆单词,即应及时在第二天、第三天甚至以后再读第一天记忆的单词,定期作阶级性的复习,同遗忘作斗争。要记忆单词就不能怕重复,重复也是记忆的一种好方法。五、初中阶段还有一个很实用的记忆单词的好方法就是根据音标即单词读音来记单词。只要你首先根据音标把一个单词读准、读对,那么就可根据其读音基本拼写出该单词。首先这要掌握一定的拼读规则。比如"dirty",根据音标我们就能拼写出d-ir－t－y〔在非重读音节中发［i］。这种方法对于记忆字母较多的单词尤其有效,如"contribution",根据音标我们可把它分成四部分来记忆：con－tri－bu－tion,这样就能较快地记住单词。以系统的方式来学习记忆知识能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背单词时我们一定要留心观察,寻找词与词之间的关系,这样将有助于我们记忆单词。总之,只要我们掌握一些科学的方法,并用心去记忆,就一定能记住英语单词。合成形容词英语中有许多种形式的合成形容词,仅在初中阶段需要学习使用的就达九种。现分述如下：1．数词＋单数名词。如：20－minute20分钟的It＇s20－minutewalk．步行20分钟的路程。second－class二等的That＇sthesecond－classroom．那是个二等房间。500－word五百字的Thisisa500－wordcomposition．这是一篇五百字的文章。2．数词＋单数名词＋形容词。如：8－year－old八岁的MrGreenhasan8－year－oldchild．格林先生有个八岁的孩子。3．数词＋名词的ed形式。如：three－legged三条腿的Tomboughtathree－leggedtableyesterday．昨天汤姆买了一张三条腿的桌子。4．形容词＋名词。如：round－trip来回的；往返的Doyouneedaround－tripticket﹖你想要一张往返的车票吗？part－time非全部工作时间的；兼职的Hefoundapart－timejob．他找到了一份额外的工作。5．形容词＋名词的ed形式。如：kind－hearted好心的FatherChristmasisverykind－hearted．圣诞老人的心肠非常好。6．名词＋过去分词。如：man－made人造的Chinahassentupmanyman－madesatellites．中国已发射了许多人造卫星。7．名词＋名词的ed形式。如：glass－topped带有玻璃罩的Iwanttoownaglass－toppedtable．我想要一张带有玻璃罩的桌子。8．副词＋过去分词。如：so－called所谓的Idon＇tlikethoseso－calledsingers．我不喜欢那些所谓的歌星。9．副词＋副词。如：so－so马马虎虎；不好不坏的MyEnglishisjustso－so．我的英语很一般。．Eg:ToanAmerican,aChineseisa______.<foreign>前缀例词派生词un-"不"happyunhappylikeunlikeusualunusualfriendlyunfriendlyim-"不"possibleimpossible后缀例词派生词-er"人"teach/play/cleanteacher/player/cleanerdrivedriver〔以e结尾,-rrunrunner〔重读闭音节,双写-er>winwinnertraveltraveller-or"人"inventinventorvisitvisitor-ly〔副词后缀badbadlyquickquicklycarefulcarefullyhappyhappilydeepdeeplyluckyluckilyusualusuallynoisynoisilyslowslowlyangryangrilystrongstronglyquietquietly特例：true-trulyterrible-terriblypossible-possibly-ful〔形容词后缀carecarefulhelphelpfuluseusefulforgetforgetful-y〔形容词后缀rainrainyluckluckycloudcloudynoisenoisy〔以e结尾,去e,加-ysnowsnowysunsunny〔双写,加-ywindwindy-ion〔名词后缀inventinventionoperateoperation-ness〔名词后缀busybusinessgoodgoodness一些特例：动词形容词动词现在分词转化为名词sleepasleepboatboatingdiedeadbuildbuildingenjoyenjoyablebeginbeginningcrosscrossing名词形容词meetmeetingfriendfriendlyturnturningsouthsouthernshopshoppingwoolwoolendangerdangerous动词过去分词转为形容词differencedifferentfryfriedworryworried动词名词breakbrokenknowknowledgeloselostflyflightpleasepleasedpleasepleasurecolourcoloured名词名词动词现在分词、过去分词转为形容词farmfarmer农夫followfollowinginterestinterested"感兴趣的"只作表语,仅用于beinterestedindevelopinteresting"有趣的"可作表语和定语developed"发达的"developing"发展中的"练习题1、Lucycanwritealetter___Japanesethoughshehaslearneditonlyafewmonths.A.fromB.toC.inD.with2、TheywillhaveanEnglishtest___twodays.A.forB.atC.inD.after3、WuDongwasborn___theeveningofApril2,1975.A.atB.inC.onD.to4、Ihaven'theard_______her_____shelefthome.A.from,sinceB.from,afterC.of,whenD.of,as5、Tomdidn'tknow___JackwouldleaveforBeijingtomorrow.A.howB.weatherC.whetherD.what6、Hisparentswere_________<happy>becausehehadfailedtheexamagain.7、Mrs.Greenlikedtostay_____<safe>atthesameplace.8、The_______<visit>fromFrancearegoingtovisitourschoolthisafternoon.思考题1、Thefarmerwas___tired___hecouldn'tfallasleep.A.very…toB.too…toC.so…thatD.neither…nor2、Workhard,___youwon'tcatchupwiththeothers.A.butB.andC.ifD.or3、Thegameisvery___andshe's___init.A.interesting,interestingB.interested,interestedC.interested,interestingD.interesting,interested重要的短语、句型和惯用法〔一1.geton/off<thebus>上/下车getup起床getreadyfor为...作准备getoneselfdressed自己穿衣服getwell<better>身体好getin进入,收集getsb.sth.=getsth.forsb.为某人买某物getonwellwithsb/sth.与某人相处很好,...进展顺利2.haveanaccident出事故haveagoodtime=enjoyoneself玩得很高兴haveacoldwetday天气又冷又湿haveacough咳嗽haveadrink<of>...喝一杯...haveatalk听报告havelunch吃午饭have...forlunch午饭吃...haveameeting开会havenoidea不知道havearest休息一下3.makeamistake犯错误mistakeAforB把A错认为Btakesth.bymistake错拿某物4.makefriendswith与...交朋友makefaces做鬼脸makeafire生火makeanexcuse找籍口makea...sound发...音maketea沏茶makeroomfor...为...找出空间makeit如期赴约makeateam组成一个队eg.Let'smakeithalfpastone.注意：时间前不用介词at5.turnsth.on/off打开/关掉...turnsth.up/down把...音量开大/小注意：当sth是代词时,常放中间6.trysth.on试穿〔衣、鞋、帽注意：当sth为it或them,常放中间tryout试验、尝试tryone'sbesttodosth.尽力干某事=doone'sbesttodosth.7.sendsb.away开除、解雇某人sendforsb.派人去请某人sendup发射8.hearfromsb收到...的来信hearof听说9.hurryoff匆匆离去,赶快去hurryup赶快10.getto+名词get+副词<不用to>reach+名词/副词arrivein/at+大/小地点〔后接副词,不用at/ineg.gettoShanghai、reachShanghai、arriveinShanghai到达上海eg.reachhome、gethome、arrivehome到家11.teachsb.English教某人英语teachoneself=learnsth.byoneself自学12.到...末为止bytheendof+过去时间〔用于过去完成时bytheendof+将来时间〔用于一般将来时attheendof+地点在...尽头intheend=atlast最后,终于13.hundredsof成百上千thousandsof成千上万的millionsof成百万的14.bepleasedtodosth很高兴地干某事bepleasedwithsth.为某事而高兴15.beusedfor被用来beusedas被当作beusedby被...所使用16.sofar到目前为止,用于现在完成时17.onaTuesdaymorning一个星期二的早上onthemorningofJune15th.1998在1998年6月15日早上18.keepsb.doingsth.让某人一直干某事keepdoingsth.继续做某事keepondoingsth.持续不断地做某事19.muchtoo+形容词／副词原级实在太...toomuch+不可数名词相当多的...eg.It's_______expensive.Ican'tbuyit.There's___________rainthisyear.20.thanksto...由于,多亏thankstoone'shelp=becauseofone'shelp由于某人的帮忙thanksforone'shelp谢谢某人的帮助21.befarawayfrom＋aplace/sb远离某地22.wearout穿坏、穿旧、用尽常用于被动语态。其P.P为wornsellout售完卖完23.two-monthholiday=twomonths'holiday二个月的假期24.fallasleep入睡〔进入状态gettosleep入睡〔还没睡着25.stopsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人干某事eg.Shestoppedthechildfromlistening.stopdoingsth.停止干某事,不再干某事stoptodosth.停止下来干另一件事。