高考英语阅读标题、主旨大意专项练习

高考英语阅读理解标题主旨大意专项练习10/101 ThefirstorganizedsystemforsendingmessagesbeganinEgyptaround1500B.C.ThissystemdevelopedbecausethepharaohsfrequentlyneededtosendmessagesupanddowntheNileRiverinordertokeeptheirempirerunningsmoothly.Later,thePersiansdevelopedamoreefficientsystemforsendingmessagesusingmenandhorses.MessagecarriersrodealongtheroadsystemstretchingfromoneendofthePersianEmpiretotheother.Alongtheseroads,freshmenandhorseswaitedatspecialstationstotakeandpassalonganymessagesthatneededtosent.Thestationswhereriderspassedmessagesbackandforthwerebuilt23kilometersapart,sothemenandhorseswereabletotravelquicklybetweenthem.TheRomanslatertookuptheideaandimproveditbyusingamoreadvancedandextensiveroadsystem.InChina,however,KublaiKhanhadbuiltuphisownsystemfordeliveringmessages.ThissystemworkedinthesamebasicwayastheRomansystem.ThedifferencewasthatKublaiKhankept300,000horsesalongtheroadsofhisdeliverylines.Therewereover10,000stationswhereamessagewouldbepassedfromoneridertoanotherwithafreshhorse.Inthisway,KublaiKhancouldreceivemessagesfromanywhereinthecountryinonlyafewdays.Itwasnotuntilthe1500sthatawell-organizedpostalsystemappearedagaininEurope.OnefamilythevonTaxisfamily,gainedtherighttodelivermailfortheHolyRomanEmpireandpartsofSpain.Thisfamilycontinuedtocarrymail,bothgovernmentandprivate,throughoutEuropeforalmost300years.In1653,aFrenchman,RenouarddeVelayer,estabLishedasystemfordeliveringpostinParis.Postalchargesatthattimewerepaidbytherecipient,butdeVelayer'ssystemwasuniquebyallowingthesendertopre-paythecharges,inasimilarwaytothemodernstamp.Unfortunately,deVelayer'ssystemcametoanendwhenjealouscompetitorsputlivemiceinhisletterboxes,ruininghisbusiness.Eventually,government-controlledpostalsystemstookoverfromprivatepostalbusinesses,andbythe1700sgovernmentownershipofmostpostalsystemsinEuropewasanacceptedfactoflife.Thethingthatalltheseearlysystemshadincommonwasthattheywerequiteexpensiveforpublicuse,andwereintendedforusebythegovernmentandthewealthy,However,in1840,aBritishschool-teachernamedRolandHillsuggestedintroducingpostagestamps,andapostalratebasedonweight.Thisresultedinloweringpostalrates,encouragingmorepeopletousethesystemtostayintouchwitheachother,HisideahelpedtheBritishpostalsystembegintoearnprofitsasearlyas1850.SoonafterthatmanyothercountriestookupMr,Hill'sidea,andletterwritingbecameaccessibletoanyonewhocouldwrite.Today,theRolandHillawardsaregiveneachyearto“encourageandrewardfreshideaswhichhelppromotephilately”(stampcollecting).1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?A.HowinternationalletterstravelB.Asurprisingmethodfordeliveringmail.C.Thehistoryofpostalsystems.D.Changesinthemethodsofcommunication.2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutRenouarddeVelayeristrue?A.Hissystemwasagovernment-controlledsystem.B.Hiscompetitorsdestroyedhisbusiness.C.Hissystemlastedforhundredsofyears.D.Inhissystem,thepersonwhoreceivedtheletterpaidthepostagefees.3.Whichofthesystemsmentionedinthepassagewasmostlikethepostalsystemtoday?A.Egyptian.B.Chinese.C.DeVelayer's.D.VonTaxis's.4.WhatwasRolandHill'sgreatestachievement?A.Hemadeletterwritingaccessibletotheaverageperson.B.HemadealotofmoneyfortheBritishpostalsystem.C.Hemadestampcollectingapopularhobby.D.Hewonanawardforletterwriting.2 Therearemanywayswecanenjoysport–watchingitonTVorasmartphone,attendinganeventatastadiumorevenplayingthegame.Butforthosewhoenjoygettingcompetitivewiththeircomputergaming,therearerealistic-lookinggameswithlifelikegraphicstobeplayedwithoutleavinghome.It’sthistypeofsport–ifthat’swhatwecancallit–thathasbecomebigbusiness.Andinterestinithasgonetoanewlevel. Initially,grabbingajoystickorcontrollerandplayingagamewasasolitaryactivity.Butaround20yearsagocomputersbecamecheaperandtheinternetbecamefaster,whichmadeitmucheasierformorepeopletogetinvolvedwithcomputergaming.Thisledtogamersconnectingwitheachotheraroundtheworld,sotheycouldgohead-to-headonline.Italsobecameaspectatorsport,withpeoplewatchingothersplay.Thewholeexperiencehasbeengiventhename‘esports’–electronicsports. Now,hugeesportstournamentstakeplaceallovertheworldinbigarenaswithlargecrowds.Die-hardenthusiasts,whohavebecomefirst-rateplayers,arenowwell-known-someplaytogetherinteams.Itstopstarscanearnmillionsofdollarsayear,withoutevenbreakingintoasweat!Andfansfromaroundtheworldtuneintowatchtheactiononline.Theglobalaudienceisnowestimatedatmorethan200millionandgrowing.Annualrevenuesfromesports,currentlyaround650milliondollarsforevents,continuetorisewithbillionsmoregeneratedthroughvideogamessales. Famousfootballclubsarenowtryingtogetinontheaction.England’sFootballAssociationforexamplelauncheditsfirstesportsteamthisyear,knownastheeLions.ItrecruitedFifa19playerstorepresentthemattheinauguralFifaeNationsCup.MarkBullingham,theFA'schiefcommercialandfootballdevelopmentofficer,said"TheFApridesitselfonbeingamodern,innovativeorganisationthatstrivestoengageandinspireallgenerationsoffootballfans."Butwhilethisvirtualversionoffootballmightgiveaspiringfootballersachancetogetclosertotherealgame,somemightarguethelackofphysicalactivitymeansitshouldn’tbecalledasport–andthebiggestwinnersarethecompanieswhopromoteandsellesports.1.Whatmakescomputergameslooksorealistic?A.Lifelikeimages.B.Smart-photosC.E-sportsD.Televisions2.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthesecondparagraph?A.Thebenefitsbroughtbythee-sports.B.Themethodsofplayingthee-sports.C.Thedevelopmentofthee-sports.D.thedefinitionofthee-sports.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"ascend"meaninparagraph3?A.riseB.remainC.advocateD.decrease4.AccordingtoMarkBullingham,whatishisattitudetothee-sports?A.indifferentB.positiveC.doubtfulD.objective3 Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges. DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember. “That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,”shesaid.They’retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformationfromanotheranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid. Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signalling:“Climbonme.”Theyoungsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmother'sbackandtheytravelofftogether.“Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物种)outtherethatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat'snotuniquetohumans,”saidDrHobaiter. DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere“аlittledisappointing”. “Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,”shesaid.“Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalsconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains.”1.WhatdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A.Memorizingspecificwords.B.Understandingcomplexinformation.C.Usingvoicestocommunicate.D.Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.2.WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A.Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlyconducted.B.Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C.Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D.Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“gulf”inthelastparagraphmean?A.Difference.B.Conflict.C.Balance.D.Connection.4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB.ChimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC.Chimpanzees:thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD.Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslated4.Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere'sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia(失智症）inlaterlife,andistheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDr.HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit'spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular(心血管的）fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.”Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeak(最大值的）cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Atotalof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscategory,definedasapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems. Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness.“However,thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant.”Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.27.Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A.Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B.Exercisessuitableforthemiddle-aged.C.Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D.Advantagesofsportywomanoverman28.Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomantodobicycleexercise?A.Topredicttheirmaximumheartrate.B.ToassesstheircardiovascularcapacityC.TochangetheirhabitsofworkingoutD.Todetecttheirpotentialhealthproblems29.WhatdoweknowaboutDr.Horder'sstudy?A.Itaimedtofindacurefordementia.B.Datacollectionwasalengthyprocess.C.Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D.Theresultswerefarfromsatisfactory.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementiaB.Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC.FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD.BikingImprovesWomen'sCardiovascularFitness5 StudentsfromNewZealandhavedevelopedsustainablematerialsmadefromtheleavesofatreelocaltoNewZealand,thecabbagetree,andaplantwhoseseedsareofteneaten,flax.Sustainablematerialsareproductsthataremadethatlimittheirharmtotheenvironmentandtheamountofresourcestheytake.Theysupportalong-termecologicalbalance. ThesustainablematerialtheNewZealandstudentsdevelopedcouldsoonbeusedtomakehigh-performanceoutdoorsportingequipmentlikeskis,kayaks,andskateboards.Theirplanistoreplacethetraditionalmaterialsthatareusedlikefiberglassandcarbonfiber. Skateboardsneedtobestrong.BenScalesandWilliamMurrellaretwostudentsatNewZealand'sUniversityofCanterbury.Theybelievetheycanmakethemevenstrongerbyusingfiberfromplants.Afterexperimentingintheirat-homeworkshops,theycreatednew,naturalcompositematerial,ormaterialmadeupofdifferentitems.Theirfirstexperimentalproductisaskateboard.Itismadeupof25percentfiberfromaplantcalledharakekeand75percentrecycledpolylacticacid,whichisplasticmadefromcornstarch.Theysaidthematerialisgoodtomakeaskateboardbecauseitcantaketheforceandshocksskateboardsreceivebetterthanwhatskateboardsarenowmadefrom:woodorcarbon-fiber. ThefiberistakenfromtheHarakekeplant,whichisanativeflaxplantinNewZealand.Thefiberismixedwithdifferentresins,whichisaproductthatcomesfromsometreesthatcanbeusedtocoverasurfaceorholdobjectstogether.Leavesfromthecabbagetreearealsoanimportantpartintheirmaterial.Theplanistousethesesustainablematerialstomakeskis,snowboards,andkayaks.Theseoutdoorsportingitemsarecurrentlymadefromunnaturalmaterialslikefiberglassandcarbonfiber.Ifthosestudentsaresuccessful,theycouldbringnewlifetotheflaxfiberindustry.28.Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A.Thecabbagetreeandtheflaxaresustainable.B.Sustainablematerialshavemanybenefits.C.Anewsustainablematerialhasbeendeveloped.D.Asustainablematerialhasbeenusedinsomeequipment.29.Whatdoweknowaboutthenewly-developedsustainablematerial?A.Itisanaturalcompositematerial.B.Ithasnoharmtotheenvironment.C.Ithasbroughtanewstarttotheflaxfiberindustry.D.Itcanbeusedtomakethestrongestskateboard.30.Whyisthematerialgoodtomakeaskateboard?A.Itisnaturalandcheap.B.Itisrecyclableandnew.C.Itissustainableandstrong.D.Itisenvironmentallyfriendlyandunique.31.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingisthenecessarypartinthematerial?A.FlaxfiberB.CarbonfiberC.TreesurfacesD.Fiberglass6 Transportationshapestheworld:alongwithcommunications,itformsaglobalnetthatconnectspersontoperson,citytocity,andcountrytocountry.Transportationroutesaswellasvehiclesarevitaltothefunctioningandspreadofeverycivilization. Acountry'seconomydependsonreliabletransportation.Citiesspreadoutalongroads,rivers,andrails,sodoesinformation.Untilthe20thcentury,theserouteswereconfinedtolandorwater.Withtheinventionofpoweredflight,theairbecameanopenroadaswell.Theearliestwayoftravellingwasundoubtedlybyfoot,andhumans'earliestmeansoftransportinggoodswascarryingloadsontheirbackorhead.By4000B.C.,peoplewereusingdomesticatedanimalsfortransport,amethodgreatlyimprovedinsomepartsoftheworldbytheinventionofthewheel,probablyfirstdevelopedaround3500B.C. Untilthe19thcentury,animalsweretheenginesoflandtransportation.Butwiththeinventionofthesteamengineandtheinternalcombustionengine,railroadsandautomobilesrevolutionizedtravelandtrade.Morethan600millioncarsandtruckstraveltheworldtoday. Waterhasalwaysbeenafastandefficientmodeoftravel,andeventodayitremainsaprimarymoverofheavygoods.Theimportanceofwaterwaystohumancivilizationcanbeseenonanymap:almostalloftheworld'smajorcitiesarelocatedoncoastlinesorrivers.Asearlyas7000B.C.,peoplewerebuildingcanoes;lone-distanceshipswerecommonby3000B.C.Untilthe1930s,shipswerethechiefmeansofoverseaspassengertravel. AlthoughtheMontgolfierbrotherstookflightinballoonsinthe18thcentury,airtravelwasnotpracticaluntiltheinventionofpoweredflightbytheWrightbrothersin1903.Withintenyears,thecommercialairtransportationbusinesshadbegun. Sincethe20thcentury,high-speedrailhasbecomeanotherconvenientwayoftravel.Today,two-thirdsoftheworld'shigh-speedrailtrackisinChina.whichmeasuresnearly30,000kms,andthisisexpectedtoreach38,000kmsby2025.1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Technologicaladvancementsintransportovertime.B.Theinfluenceofeconomicactivitiesontransportation.C.Therelationshipbetweentransportationandinformationflows.D.Reasonswhylandandseatransportationrouteswereimportant2.Whydoesthewritermentionthelocationoftheworld'smajorcities?A.Toencouragemorepeopletomovetobigcities.B.Toexplainwhyboatsandshipscontinuetobeirreplaceable.C.Torecommendwaterasaconvenientandcheapformoftransportation.D.Toemphasizethecontributionofwatertransporttohumandevelopment.3.Whatcanwelearnaboutairtravel?A.Balloonsusedtobeonepopularwayofairtravel.B.TheMontgolfierbrothersinventedpoweredflight.C.Theinventionofairplaneshelpedpopularizedairtravel.D.Airtravelbecamewidespreadsoonaftertheballoonwasinvented.4.Whatisthetotallengthofhigh-speedrailtrackintheworldtoday?A.About57,000kms.B.About45,000kmsC.About38,000kms.D.About30,000kms.7 Storiesaresharedinmanyways.Theyaredescribedinbooksandmagazines.Theyarereadaroundthecampfireatnight.Theyarerandomlydistributedfromstand-alonebooths.Butwhatelse? Torevive（复兴）literatureintheeraoffastnewsandsmartphoneaddiction,ShortEdition,aFrenchpublisherofshort-formliterature,hassetupmorethan30storydispensers（分发机）intheUSAinthepastyearstodeliverfictionatthepushofabuttonatrestaurants,universitiesandgovernmentoffices. FrancisFordCoppola,thefilmdirectorandwinemaker,likedtheideasomuchthatheinvestedinthecompanyandplacedadispenserathisCafeZoetropeinSanFrancisco.Lastmonthpubliclibrariesinsomeothercitiesannouncedtheywouldbesettingthemup,too.ThereisoneonthecampusatPennState.AfewcanbefoundindowntownWestPalmBeach,Fla.AndShortEditionplanstoannouncemore,includingattheLosAngelesInternationalAirport.“Everythingoldisnewagain,"saidAndrewNurkin,thedirectoroftheFreeLibraryofPhiladelphia,whichisoneofthelibrariesthatsetupthedispensers.“Wewantpeopletobeeasilyexposedtoliterature.Wewanttoadvanceliteracyamongchildrenandinspiretheircreativity. Here'showadispenserworks：Ithasthreebuttonsontopindicatingchoicesforstoriesthatcanbereadinoneminute,threeminutesorfiveminutes.Whenabuttonispushed,ashortstoryisprinted.Thestoriesarefree.Theyarechosenfromacomputercategoryofmorethan100,000originalsubmissionsbywriterswhoseworkshavebeenevaluatedbyShortEdition'sjudges,andtransmittedoveramobilenetwork.Offeringscanbetailoredtospecificinterests,likechildren'sfictionorromance.ShortEditiongetsstoriesforitscategorybyholdingwritingcontests. ShortEditionsetupitsfirstboothin2016andhas150machinesworldwide.“Theideaistomakepeoplehappy,"saidKristanLeroy,directorofShortEdition,“Thereistoomuchunhappinesstoday.”1.Whatdoweknowaboutthestoriessentbydispensers?A.Theyareexpensive.B.Theyareshortinform.C.Theycanbereadonsmartphones.D.Theyaremainlytakenfrommagazineliterature.2.WherecanyoufindthepopularityofstorydispensersinAmerica?A.Inparagraph3.B.Inparagraph4.C.Inparagraph5.D.Inparagraph6.3.WhichisthemainpurposeofsettingupthedispensersaccordingtoAndrewNurkin?A.Togetridofpeople'ssmartphoneaddiction.B.Toreducethefinancialstressoflibraries.C.Tomakepeoplehaveaccesstoliterature.D.Toadvertisethenetworkliterature.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.OnlineReading:aVirtualTourB.ShortEdition,aFrenchPublisherC.EverythingOldWillBePopularAgainD.TasteofLiterature,atthePushofaButton89Coffeeisprobablytheworld'sleastexpensivesuccesspowertool.Coffeebuildsbetterteamsandincreasesyourleadershipability.Coffeealsoincreasesyourimmunity(免疫力).Unfortunately,wemaynotbeenjoyingthebenefitsorpleasuresofcoffeetoomuchlonger.Accordingtoecologists,there'sagoodchancethatin20or30years,thevarietiesofcoffeethatwedrinktodaywillbeextinct.Theproblem,ofcourse,isclimatechange.Successfulcoffeecultivation(培育)hasthreeconditions;awarm,highlystabletropical(热带的)climatewithanaltitudethatkeepsairtemperaturebetween18and20degreesCelsius;richsoilfullofnaturalnutrientsandenoughsunshine;anecologicalenvironmentthat'spestanddiseaseresistant.Coffeeisacropthatisonlygrowninathinbandcalledthecoffeebelt.Unfortunately,“thecoffeebelt"isextremelysensitivetoclimatechange,whichmakesscientistsratherworried.Iftheairistoocoldortoohot,itharmsthegrowthofthecoffeeplant.Moreover,climatechangecreatesenvironmentalstress,whichspreadsparasites,pestsandplantdiseases.Almostallthecoffeecultivatedintheworldtodayisoneoftwospecies,arabicaorrobusta,bothofwhichmightbewipedoutinthisway.Thereareotherspeciesofcoffee,andscientistsarehopingthat,ifworsecomestoworst,adifferentspeciescanreplacecoffee.Unfortunately,almostallofthesespeciesexistonlyinEthiopia,acountrythatclimatechangeisalreadyhappening.Thecountryfacesnumerousdevelopmentchallengesthatexacerbatetheharmcausedbyclimatechange,includingincreasesintemperature,unpredictabilityofseasonalrainandincreaseddroughtsandotherextremeevents.Inotherwords,evenasclimatechangethreatenscoffeeasitexiststoday,climatechangeisalsoeatingawayattherootsourcetowhichwemightturntoforreplacementspecies.28.WhatdoestheauthorwanttostressinParagraph1?A.Coffeewillbereplacedinthenearfuture.B.Coffeeisofgreatbenefittohealth.C.Coffeemakespeoplehardertogetsick.D.Coffeemaylosevarietyinafewdecades.29.Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutcoffee?A.Itmaybewipedoutbyadeadlydisease.B.Itwillbereplacedbyabettersubstitute.C.Itprobablycan'tadapttoclimatechange.D.Itmightbeseriouslyaffectedbypests.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exacerbate"inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Detect.B.Worsen.C.Substitute.D.Assess.31.What'sthebesttitleforthetext?A.TreasureYourTimewithCoffeeB.ClimateChangesCauseHugeEffectsC.ClimateDeterminesCoffeeQualityD.TreatYourselftoWonderfulCoffee

10TheSilkR