独立主格结构课件

AbsoluteConstruction

独立主格结构AbsoluteConstruction一、独立主格结构的构成：英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式：一、独立主格结构的构成：1.名词或代词+现在分词名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如：Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Sheranuptome,herhairflyinginthewind.她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。1.名词或代词+现在分词Allthistime,theywerefastasleep,allofthemknowingnothingaboutwhathadhappened.那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。Allthistime,theywerefast2.名词或代词+过去分词名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作。如：Thisdone,wewenthome.做完此事，我们就回家了。Shegazed,herhandsclaspedtoherbreast.她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。2.名词或代词+过去分词Arthurgone,hewouldonlybeallowedtomakevisitslikeotheracquaintances.阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。Asyetfewhavedonetheirfullduty,presentcompanyexcepted.迄今全部完成任务的人很少，在座的人除外。Hiscupbroken,heusedhisbowlinstead.茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。Arthurgone,hewouldonlybe3.名词或代词+不定式名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末。如：

Ahousetobebuilt,wemustsaveeverycent.由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。NowhereisLiLei,WeiFangtocometomorrow.现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。3.名词或代词+不定式Wedividedthework,hetocleanthewindowandItosweepthefloor.

我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。Heisleavingfortheconferencenextweek,allexpensestobepaidbyhiscompany.他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。Wedividedthework,hetocle4.名词或代词+形容词或副词形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.他坐在前排，嘴半开着。Thegroundmuddy,weshouldbecareful.地面泞泥，我们应该小心。

Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.4.名词或代词+形容词或副词Thepeople,theirlivelihoodsecure,nowhavetheleisuretotakeupsports.现在人民生活有了保障，就有时间参加体育活动了Shesatatthetable,collaroff,headdown,andpeninposition,readytobeginthelongletter.

她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。Thepeople,theirlivelihoods5.名词或代词+介词短语介词短语也是用来说明代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：Thesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.

士兵们端着枪冲了进来。Hewaswaiting,hiseyesonherback.他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。5.名词或代词+介词短语Theoldwomansatdown,tracesoftearsstillonhercheeks.老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。Glassesinhand,heaskedwherehisglasseswere.手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。

Theoldwomansatdown,traces二、独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。二、独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时1.作时间状语Schoolover,thestudentswenthome.放学后，学生们都回家了。Theceremonyended,thegamesbegan.仪式结束后，比赛开始了。1.作时间状语Schoolover,thestude2.作条件状语Itbeingfinetomorrow,we’llgoboating.如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。LiLeicoming,itisnotnecessarytoaskWuDong.如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。2.作条件状语Itbeingfinetomorrow3.作原因状语Themeetingbeingputoff,weneedn’thurry.由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr.Libeingill,MissYangwillgiveusthislessoninstead.李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。3.作原因状语Themeetingbeingput4.作伴随状语Mr.Licomeshere,

abookinhishand.

李先生手里拿着书过来了。Asmileonherface,sheaskedwhatshecoulddoforus.她面带微笑问我们要什么。4.作伴随状语Mr.Licomeshere,

ab表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with复合结构。with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with复合结构。wThemurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback.beingtied B.havingtiedC.tobetied D.tied.Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraised.Themurdererwasbroughtin,w1.当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制。注意:Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.(hand前不能加his)1.当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.

独立主格结构课件2.当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。

Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.2.当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.

3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式4.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：1.Afterclasswasoverthestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.Classbeingover/Classover,thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。

4.独立主格与状语从句的转换2.Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.

=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.3.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.

=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.2.Thetestfinished,webegan5.独立主格的时态问题独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

5.独立主格的时态问题1.Weather___,we'llgooutforawalk.A.permittedB.permittingC.permitsD.For

本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we'llgooutforawalk.

典型例题：1.Weather___,we'llgooutfo2.____,wewenthome.A.OurhomeworkfinishedB.OurhomeworkhavingbeenfinishedC.OurhomeworkfinishingD.Ourhomeworkbeenfinished2.____,wewenthome.3.Themeeting____,hewentbacktohiscompany.A.overB.beenoverC.wasoverD.havebeenover3.Themeeting____,hewentba4.Time____,weshallvisitthezoo.A.beenpermittingB.permittingC.permittedD.havingbeenpermitted4.Time____,weshallvisitthe5.____,heputonhiscoat.ItbeingcoldB.ItcoldC.BeingcoldD.Ithavingbeencold5.____,heputonhiscoat.6.Helefttheroom____.A.withthedoorclosingB.withthedoorclosedC.withthedoorbeingclosed6.Helefttheroom____.PracticeTime1.Ihavealotofbooks,halfof________novels.A.which

B.that

C.whom

D.them2.________moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.because B.as C.With D.SincePracticeTime3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostof________carryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.A.them B.who

C.whom D.which3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpa4.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allof________over600yearsold.A.whichB.that C.them D.it4.Thelargestcollectionever5.Thecave______verydark,helitsomecandles_______light.A.was;given B.was;togiveC.being;given D.being;togive5.Thecave______verydark,6.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand________agunandhisface________withsweat.Aheld;covered

B.holding;covering

C.holding;covered

D.held;covering6.Thesoldierrushedintothe7.Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair_________.A.flowedinthebreeze

B.wasflowinginthebreeze C.wereflowinginthebreeze D.flowinginthebreeze7.Thegirlinthesnapshotwa8.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_____fortheday.A.finishing B.finished C.hadfinished

D.hadbeenfinished8.Thechildrenwenthomefrom9.OnSundaystherewerealotofchildrenplayinginthepark,_________parentsseatedtogetherjoking.A.their

B.whoseC.which

D.that9.OnSundaystherewerealot10.TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,oneaToyota,________LandRoverofthelatest.A.another B.other C.theother D.theothers10.TheSmithsarerichandth11.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_______attheendoflastMarchA.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched11.Thecountryhasalreadysen12.____foralongtime,thefieldsarealldriedup.A.TherehasbeennorainB.HavingnorainC.TherehavingbeennorainD.Therebeingnorain12.____foralongtime,th13..Moreandmoreadvancedfarmmachines____,theagriculturalproductionincreasedtremendously.A.usingB.havingusedC.havingbeenusedD.tohavebeenused13..Moreandmoreadvancedfa14.____afineday,wedecidedtogoforapicnic.A.HavingbeenB.BeingC.WhatD.Itbeing14.____afineday,wedeci15.Allflights____becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.A.hadbeencancelledB.werecancelledC.havebeencancelledD.havingbeencancelled15.Allflights____because1—5DCACD6—10CDBAD11—15BCCDD1—5DCACD6—10CDBAD

AbsoluteConstruction

独立主格结构AbsoluteConstruction一、独立主格结构的构成：英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式：一、独立主格结构的构成：1.名词或代词+现在分词名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如：Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Sheranuptome,herhairflyinginthewind.她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。1.名词或代词+现在分词Allthistime,theywerefastasleep,allofthemknowingnothingaboutwhathadhappened.那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。Allthistime,theywerefast2.名词或代词+过去分词名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作。如：Thisdone,wewenthome.做完此事，我们就回家了。Shegazed,herhandsclaspedtoherbreast.她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。2.名词或代词+过去分词Arthurgone,hewouldonlybeallowedtomakevisitslikeotheracquaintances.阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。Asyetfewhavedonetheirfullduty,presentcompanyexcepted.迄今全部完成任务的人很少，在座的人除外。Hiscupbroken,heusedhisbowlinstead.茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。Arthurgone,hewouldonlybe3.名词或代词+不定式名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末。如：

Ahousetobebuilt,wemustsaveeverycent.由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。NowhereisLiLei,WeiFangtocometomorrow.现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。3.名词或代词+不定式Wedividedthework,hetocleanthewindowandItosweepthefloor.

我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。Heisleavingfortheconferencenextweek,allexpensestobepaidbyhiscompany.他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。Wedividedthework,hetocle4.名词或代词+形容词或副词形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.他坐在前排，嘴半开着。Thegroundmuddy,weshouldbecareful.地面泞泥，我们应该小心。

Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.4.名词或代词+形容词或副词Thepeople,theirlivelihoodsecure,nowhavetheleisuretotakeupsports.现在人民生活有了保障，就有时间参加体育活动了Shesatatthetable,collaroff,headdown,andpeninposition,readytobeginthelongletter.

她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。Thepeople,theirlivelihoods5.名词或代词+介词短语介词短语也是用来说明代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如：Thesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.

士兵们端着枪冲了进来。Hewaswaiting,hiseyesonherback.他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。5.名词或代词+介词短语Theoldwomansatdown,tracesoftearsstillonhercheeks.老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。Glassesinhand,heaskedwherehisglasseswere.手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。

Theoldwomansatdown,traces二、独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。二、独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时1.作时间状语Schoolover,thestudentswenthome.放学后，学生们都回家了。Theceremonyended,thegamesbegan.仪式结束后，比赛开始了。1.作时间状语Schoolover,thestude2.作条件状语Itbeingfinetomorrow,we’llgoboating.如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。LiLeicoming,itisnotnecessarytoaskWuDong.如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。2.作条件状语Itbeingfinetomorrow3.作原因状语Themeetingbeingputoff,weneedn’thurry.由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr.Libeingill,MissYangwillgiveusthislessoninstead.李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。3.作原因状语Themeetingbeingput4.作伴随状语Mr.Licomeshere,

abookinhishand.

李先生手里拿着书过来了。Asmileonherface,sheaskedwhatshecoulddoforus.她面带微笑问我们要什么。4.作伴随状语Mr.Licomeshere,

ab表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with复合结构。with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with复合结构。wThemurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback.beingtied B.havingtiedC.tobetied D.tied.Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraised.Themurdererwasbroughtin,w1.当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制。注意:Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.(hand前不能加his)1.当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.

独立主格结构课件2.当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。

Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.2.当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.

3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式4.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：1.Afterclasswasoverthestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.Classbeingover/Classover,thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。

4.独立主格与状语从句的转换2.Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.

=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.3.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.

=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.2.Thetestfinished,webegan5.独立主格的时态问题独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

5.独立主格的时态问题1.Weather___,we'llgooutforawalk.A.permittedB.permittingC.permitsD.For

本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we'llgooutforawalk.

典型例题：1.Weather___,we'llgooutfo2.____,wewenthome.A.OurhomeworkfinishedB.OurhomeworkhavingbeenfinishedC.OurhomeworkfinishingD.Ourhomeworkbeenfinished2.____,wewenthome.3.Themeeting____,hewentbacktohiscompany.A.overB.beenoverC.wasoverD.havebeenover3.Themeeting____,hewentba4.Time____,weshallvisitthezoo.A.beenpermittingB.permittingC.permittedD.havingbeenpermitted4.Time____,weshallvisitthe5.____,heputonhiscoat.ItbeingcoldB.ItcoldC.BeingcoldD.Ithavingbeencold5.____,heputonhiscoat.6.Helefttheroom____.A.withthedoorclosingB.withthedoorclosedC.withthedoorbeingclosed6.Helefttheroom____.PracticeTime1.Ihavealotofbooks,halfof________novels.A.which

B.that

C.whom

D.them2.________moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.because B.as C.With D.SincePracticeTime3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostof________carryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.A.them B.who

C.whom D.which3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpa4.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allof________over600yearsold.A.whichB.that C.them D.it4.Thelargestcollectionever5.Thecave______verydark,helitsomecandles_______light.A.was;given B.was;togiveC.being;given D.being;togive5.Thecave______verydark,6.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand________agunandhisface________withsweat.Aheld;covered

B.holding;covering

C.holding;covered

D.held;covering6.Thesoldierrushedintothe7.Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair_________.A.flowedinthebreeze

B.wasflowinginthebreeze C.wereflowinginthebreeze D.flo