TED演讲：越有钱越无情(中英对照版)解析

越有钱越无情It'samazingwhatariggedgameofMonopolycanreveal.Inthisentertainingbutsoberingtalk,socialpsychologistPaulPiffshareshisresearchintohowpeoplebehavewhentheyfeelwealthy.(Hint:badly.)Butwhiletheproblemofinequalityisacomplexanddauntingchallenge,there'sgoodnewstoo.(FilmedatTEDxMarin.)一个被操纵的大富翁游戏能告诉我们的东西竟然有那么多！在这个有趣且发人深省的演讲中，社会心理学家保罗-皮夫分享了他对于“人感到富有时如何表现”的研究结果（暗示：很坏）。在面对异常复杂、异常严峻的不平等问题的同时，我们也听到了好的消息。。（摄于TEDx加州马林县）PaulPiffstudieshowsocialhierarchy,inequalityandemotionshaperelationsbetweenindividualsandgroups.Whyyoushouldlisten:PaulPiffisanAssistantProfessorofPsychologyandSocialBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.Inparticular,hestudieshowwealth(havingitornothavingit)canaffectinterpersonalrelationships.HissurprisingstudiesincluderunningriggedgamesofMonopoly,trackinghowthosewhodriveexpensivecarsbehaveversusthosedrivinglessexpensivevehiclesandevendeterminingthatrichpeopleareliterallymorelikelytotakecandyfromchildrenthanthelesswell-off.Theresultsoftendon'tpaintaprettypictureaboutthemotivatingforcesofwealth.Hewrites,"specifically,Ihavebeenfindingthatincreasedwealthandstatusinsocietyleadtoincreasedself-focusand,inturn,decreasedcompassion,altruism,andethicalbehavior."Whatotherssay:“Whenwasthelasttime,asPiffputsit,thatyouprioritizedyourowninterestsabovetheinterestsofotherpeople?Wasityesterday,whenyoubarkedatthewaitressfornotdeliveringyourcappuccinowithsufficientpromptness?Perhapsitwaslastweek,when,latetowork,youzoomedpastamomstrugglingwithastrolleronthesubwaystairsandjustifiedyourheedlessnesswitharuthlessbutinarguablearithmetic:Today,the9a.m.meetinghasgottocomefirst;thatlady'sstrollercan'tbemyproblem.Piffisoneofanewgenerationofscientists—psychologists,economists,marketingprofessors,andneurobiologists—whoareexploitingthismomentofunprecedentedincomeinequalitytoexplorebehaviorslikethose.”—LisaMiller,NewYorkMagazine演讲稿正文Iwantyouto,foramoment,thinkaboutplayingagameofMonopoly,exceptinthisgame,thatcombinationofskill,talentandluckthathelpearnyousuccessingames,asinlife,hasbeenrenderedirrelevant,becausethisgame'sbeenrigged,andyou'vegottheupperhand.You'vegotmoremoney,moreopportunitiestomovearoundtheboard,andmoreaccesstoresources.Andasyouthinkaboutthatexperience,Iwantyoutoaskyourself,howmightthatexperienceofbeingaprivilegedplayerinariggedgamechangethewaythatyouthinkaboutyourselfandregardthatotherplayer?我想让大家花一点时间，想想一下自己正在玩大富翁游戏。只不过在这个游戏里面，那些帮助你赢的游戏的因素，比如技巧、才能和运气在此无关紧要，就像对于人生一样，因为这个游戏被操纵了，而你已经占了上风，你有更多的钱，有更多在棋盘上移动的机会以及更对获得资源的机会。在你想象这一经历的过程中，我想让大家问一下己，一个被操纵的游戏里面作为优势玩家的经历会如何改变你思考SoweranastudyontheU.C.Berkeleycampustolookatexactlythatquestion.Webroughtinmorethan100pairsofstrangersintothelab,andwiththeflipofacoinrandomlyassignedoneofthetwotobearichplayerinariggedgame.Theygottwotimesasmuchmoney.WhentheypassedGo,theycollectedtwicethesalary,andtheygottorollbothdiceinsteadofone,sotheygottomovearoundtheboardalotmore.(Laughter)Andoverthecourseof15minutes,wewatchedthroughhiddencameraswhathappened.AndwhatIwanttodotoday,forthefirsttime,isshowyoualittlebit^AEqnoAp;psos^§0比ojj“JaAEsIIUIHRlsAlmYW•^s^ssss・sm¥«嘤聚K葺Bflln!K18&«c・oslhsKSSS§£・dh.SSM_lsikn■fWKE^?nsKSSffll.isHSS—siu^seKKls^«H議KY^S屋001H»sffi^_ss>is•sapgqnspapTOJdaA*os・SBJalnB3uappa肚星asaipfl-aMEasngaq.sasBOamos.sf百nbpunosaaUOPJEd2^AEq2bfi.sobfiajsox・A1ES星jEipijoasuaaEaqaajaluasu-5kaqsaQUOI右jpQgEUIBJPpungqsoubaAales星‘pappjunalneOAaasb菖ApunflOSJadJa£oaaUESAauomSOSeSEqApua_uuosjadQuo・dnseaiMUJlpaluosJEaSJaAad2juaiBddEApp-Sbsis宦±os,AEAO“J3U弓£R諮川«c導槽III•qQmuosamaAEMAaa^比比om|Jflop-(sqsnEddannQAEqi“JaAad<PIH。gIK:槽农・qBaA“JaAad・00d0ag■:槽III•Sno-EasnoAQ.IV“JaAEsqQm*1益-sff•allojsnfEAadJoodtwoplayers.Therichplayerstartedtomovearoundtheboardlouder,literallysmackingtheboardwiththeirpieceashewentaround.Weweremorelikelytoseesignsofdominanceandnonverbalsigns,displaysofpowerandcelebrationamongtherichplayers.保罗.皮夫：所以，玩家们很快就意识到这个游戏明显有点奇怪一个玩家比另一个玩家明显有更多的钱。随着游戏慢慢展开，我们观察到两个玩家开始有一些明显不同的表现。富的玩家明显在棋盘上移动的声音更大，移动的时候几乎是在狠狠砸棋盘。我们看到富玩家们“霸主”信号、肢体动作，权力的显示以及相互庆祝。Wehadabowlofpretzelspositionedofftotheside.It'sonthebottomrightcornerthere.Thatallowedustowatchparticipants'consummatorybehavior.Sowe'rejusttrackinghowmanypretzelsparticipantseat.我们在旁边放了一碗椒盐卷饼，就在右下角，这使得我们可以观察玩家吃椒盐卷饼的行为。我们就是看看玩家吃了多少椒盐卷饼。RichPlayer:Arethosepretzelsatrick?富玩家：这些椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻吗？PoorPlayer:Idon'tknow.穷玩家：不知道啊。Okay,sonosurprises,peopleareontous.Theywonderwhatthatbowlofpretzelsisdoingthereinthefirstplace.Oneevenasks,likeyoujustsaw,isthatbowlofpretzelsthereasatrick?Andyet,despitethat,thepowerofthesituationseemstoinevitablydominate,andthoserichplayersstarttoeatmorepretzels.保罗・皮夫：好吧，不出所料，大家觉得有问题。起先他们好奇那一碗椒盐卷饼为什么会在那里。就像你刚才看到的，其中有一个甚至问：这碗椒盐卷饼与什么猫腻吗？但尽管如此，整个现场的主导形势还是不可避免的。那些富的玩家开始吃更多的椒盐卷饼。RichPlayer:Ilovepretzels.富玩家：我爱椒盐卷饼。(Laughter)(笑声)Andasthegamewenton,oneofthereallyinterestinganddramaticpatternsthatweobservedbegintoemergewasthattherichplayersactuallystartedtobecomerudertowardtheotherperson,lessandlesssensitivetotheplightofthosepoor,poorplayers,andmoreandmoredemonstrativeoftheirmaterialsuccess,morelikelytoshowcasehowwellthey'redoing.保罗・皮夫：游戏继续进行，我们发现了一个很明显的有趣现象就是富玩家开始对另一个玩家表现得不友好，对那些可怜玩家的贫穷困境越来越不敏感，开始越来越频繁的炫富，更喜欢展示他们正在做的一切。RichPlayer:Ihavemoneyforeverything.富玩家：我什么都买得起。PoorPlayer:Howmuchisthat?穷玩家：你有多少钱？RichPlayer:Youoweme24dollars.You'regoingtoloseallyourmoneysoon.I'llbuyit.Ihavesomuchmoney.Ihavesomuchmoney,ittakesmeforever.富玩家：你还欠我24块。你很快就要输光了。我要买它，我太多钱了那么多花都花不完的钱。RichPlayer2:I'mgoingtobuyoutthiswholeboard.富玩家2：我要把整个棋盘都买下来。RichPlayer3：You'regoingtorunoutofmoneysoon.I'mprettymuchuntouchableatthispoint.富玩家3：你很快就要没钱了。我已经差不多不可战胜了。Okay,andhere'swhatIthinkwasreally,reallyinteresting,isthatattheendofthe15minutes,weaskedtheplayerstotalkabouttheirexperienceduringthegame.AndwhentherichplayerstalkedaboutwhytheyhadinevitablywoninthisriggedgameofMonopoly--(Laughter)—theytalkedaboutwhatthey'ddonetobuythosedifferentpropertiesandearntheirsuccessinthegame,andtheybecamefarlessattunedtoallthosedifferentfeaturesofthesituation,includingthatflipofacointhathadrandomlygottenthemintothatprivilegedpositioninthefirstplace.Andthat'sareally,reallyincredibleinsightintohowthemindmakessenseofadvantage.保罗・皮夫：下面是我觉得一个非常非常有有意思的现象。在15分钟要结束的时候，我们请玩家谈论他们在游戏中的经历。当玩家谈论他们在这个被操纵的游戏里面为什么必胜的时候（笑声）他们提到了自己为了买到不同地产和赢得游戏所作的努力而他们忽略了这个游戏一开始的不同形势也就是投掷硬币随即决定了他们哪一个获得优势，而这对我们理解大脑如何看待优势提供了非常好的启发。NowthisgameofMonopolycanbeusedasametaphorforunderstandingsocietyanditshierarchicalstructure,whereinsomepeoplehavealotofwealthandalotofstatus,andalotofpeopledon't.Theyhavealotlesswealthandalotlessstatusandalotlessaccesstovaluedresources.AndwhatmycolleaguesandIforthelastsevenyearshavebeendoingisstudyingtheeffectsofthesekindsofhierarchies.Whatwe'vebeenfindingacrossdozensofstudiesandthousandsofparticipantsacrossthiscountryisthatasaperson'slevelsofwealthincrease,theirfeelingsofcompassionandempathygodown,andtheirfeelingsofentitlement,ofdeservingness,andtheirideologyofself-interestincreases.Insurveys,wefoundthatit'sactuallywealthierindividualswhoaremorelikelytomoralizegreedbeinggood,andthatthepursuitofself-interestisfavorableandmoral.NowwhatIwanttodotodayistalkaboutsomeoftheimplicationsofthisideologyself-interest,talkaboutwhyweshouldcareaboutthoseimplications,andendwithwhatmightbedone.我们可以用这个大富翁的游戏作比喻来理解我们的社会以及社会分层，也就是有的人有大量的社会财富和地位而很多人没有，他们仅有很少的财富和地位以及很少获得宝贵资源的机会。我和我的同事在过去的7年里一直在做的就是研究这些不同层次的影响。全国范内的大量研究都表明，当一个人的财富增加时，他们的同情心和同理心下降，而他们的优越感增加，也更注重个人利益。在调查中，我们发现，富有的人更可能把贪婪定义为好的，把对个人利益的追求定义为有利的，道德的。今天我想谈的就是这种个人利益思维的影响，谈谈为什么我们应该关注这些影响以及我们能做些什么。Someofthefirststudiesthatweraninthisarealookedathelpingbehavior,somethingsocialpsychologistscallpro-socialbehavior.Andwewerereallyinterestedinwho'smorelikelytoofferhelptoanotherperson,someonewho'srichorsomeonewho'spoor.Inoneofthestudies,webringinrichandpoormembersofthecommunityintothelabandgiveeachofthemtheequivalentof10dollars.Wetoldtheparticipantsthattheycouldkeepthese10dollarsforthemselves,ortheycouldshareaportionofit,iftheywantedto,withastrangerwhoistotallyanonymous.They'llnevermeetthatstrangerandthestrangerwillnevermeetthem.Andwejustmonitorhowmuchpeoplegive.Individualswhomade25,000sometimesunder15,000dollarsayear,gave44percentmoreoftheirmoneytothestrangerthandidindividualsmaking150,000or200,000dollarsayear.我们在这一领域最初做的一些研究，观察了助人行为，社会心理学家称之为亲社会行为。我们很想知道什么人更倾向于给其他人提供帮助，富人还是穷人。其中一个研究，我们把一个社区的富人和穷人都带到了实验室，给了每个人十美元。我们告诉他们，他们可以把这十块钱给自己用，也可以把其中一部分拿出来分享。如果他们愿意的话，跟一个陌生人分享，一个永远不会再相见的陌生人。我们观察人们给了多少。那下年收入为25000甚至低于15000美元的人，而那些收入为15万甚至20万的人比起来多给了44%。We'vehadpeopleplaygamestoseewho'smoreorlesslikelytocheattoincreasetheirchancesofwinningaprize.Inoneofthegames,weactuallyriggedacomputersothatdierollsoveracertainscorewereimpossible.Youcouldn'tgetabove12inthisgame,andyet,thericheryouwere,themorelikelyyouweretocheatinthisgametoearncreditstowarda$50cashprize,sometimesbythreetofourtimesasmuch.我们还让人们玩游戏，看看什么人更可能为了赢得一个奖品而作弊。其中一个游戏，我们其实操纵了电脑使得某些数字不可能出现。这个游戏里面你不可能超过12。然而，越富有的人，越有可能在这个游戏中作弊去争取那个最终能够赢取50美元现金的分数，可能性甚至高达3到4倍。Werananotherstudywherewelookedatwhetherpeoplewouldbeinclinedtotakecandyfromajarofcandythatweexplicitlyidentifiedasbeingreservedforchildren--(Laughter)—participating--I'mnotkidding.IknowitsoundslikeI'mmakingajoke.Weexplicitlytoldparticipantsthisjarofcandy'sforchildrenparticipatinginadevelopmentallabnearby.They'reinstudies.Thisisforthem.Andwejustmonitoredhowmuchcandyparticipantstook.Participantswhofeltrichtooktwotimesasmuchcandyasparticipantswhofeltpoor.我们还做了另一个实验，观察人们是否会从糖罐里面拿糖。糖罐上清楚地写着：给小朋友预留（笑声）我是认真的，我知道这听上去像我在讲笑话，我们明确的告诉了参与者，这一罐糖是给隔壁发展中心的小朋友准备的，他们在实验中，这是给他们的。然后我们观察这些参与者拿了多少糖果，那些感觉富有的参与者多拿了两倍的糖果。We'veevenstudiedcars,notjustanycars,butwhetherdriversofdifferentkindsofcarsaremoreorlessinclinedtobreakthelaw.Inoneofthesestudies,welookedatwhetherdriverswouldstopforapedestrianthatwehadposedwaitingtocrossatacrosswalk.NowinCalifornia,asyouallknow,becauseI'msurewealldothis,it'sthelawtostopforapedestrianwho'swaitingtocross.Sohere'sanexampleofhowwedidit.That'sourconfederateofftotheleftposingasapedestrian.Heapproachesastheredtrucksuccessfullystops.IntypicalCaliforniafashion,it'sovertakenbythebuswhoalmostrunsourpedestrianover.(Laughter)Nowhere'sanexampleofamoreexpensivecar,aPrius,drivingthrough,andaBMWdoingthesame.Sowedidthisforhundredsofvehiclesonseveraldays,justtrackingwhostopsandwhodoesn't.Whatwefoundwasthatastheexpensivenessofacarincreased,thedriver'stendenciestobreakthelawincreasedaswell.Noneofthecars,noneofthecarsinourleastexpensivecarcategorybrokethelaw.Closeto50percentofthecarsinourmostexpensivevehiclecategorybrokethelaw.We'verunotherstudiesfindingthatwealthierindividualsaremorelikelytolieinnegotiations,toendorseunethicalbehavioratworklikestealingcashfromthecashregister,takingbribes,lyingtocustomers.我们还研究了汽车，不只是汽车，而是不同类型汽车的司机谁更倾向于做一些违法的事情。其中一个实验，我们观察了，司机在碰到行人（我们安排的）过马路时的停车行为。在加州，大家都知道，因为我相信我们都有这样做，法律规定碰到行人要过马路，我们必须停车。下面我告诉大家我们是怎样做的，左侧是我们的研究人员装作一个行人，她正要过马路，这时候红色的卡车停了下来，当然这是在加州。很快一辆巴士呼啸而过，差点要撞到我们的行人——（笑声）——这是一辆比较贵的车，一辆普锐斯开过来，一辆宝马车也一样。几天内，我们测试了几百辆车记录谁停了谁没有停。我们发现，随着车价的增加司机违法的倾向也增加了。而在我们的廉价车系里，没有一辆车作出违法行为。而在我们的昂贵车系里，有接近50%的车都违法了。我们还做了其他研究并发现，越有钱的人越有可能在谈判中说谎，赞同工作中的不道德行为。比如从收银台偷现金，受贿，忽悠顾客等。NowIdon'tmeantosuggestthatit'sonlywealthypeoplewhoshowthesepatternsofbehavior.Notatall.Infact,Ithinkthatweall,inourday-to-day,minute-by-minutelives,strugglewiththesecompetingmotivationsofwhen,orif,toputourowninterestsabovetheinterestsofotherpeople.Andthat'sunderstandablebecausetheAmericandreamisanideainwhichweallhaveanequalopportunitytosucceedandprosper,aslongasweapplyourselvesandworkhard,andapieceofthatmeansthatsometimes,youneedtoputyourowninterestsabovetheinterestsandwell-beingofotherpeoplearoundyou.Butwhatwe'refindingisthat,thewealthieryouare,themorelikelyyouaretopursueavisionofpersonalsuccess,ofachievementandaccomplishment,tothedetrimentofothersaroundyou.HereI'veplottedforyouthemeanhouseholdincomereceivedbyeachfifthandtopfivepercentofthepopulationoverthelast20years.In1993,thedifferencesbetweenthedifferentquintilesofthepopulation,intermsofincome,arefairlyegregious.It'snotdifficulttodiscernthattherearedifferences.Butoverthelast20years,thatsignificantdifferencehasbecomeagrandcanyonofsortsbetweenthoseatthetopandeveryoneelse.我并不是说只是有钱人会表现出类似的行为，完全不是。事实上，我觉得我们每个人在我们日常的分分秒秒中都要跟这些动机作斗争。什么时候以及是否把我们的利益置于他人的利益之上。这很容易理解，因为美国梦告诉我们每个人都有同等的机会可以成功，发达，只要我们足够努力。而这也意味着有的时候字需要把自己的利益置于你周边人的利益和幸福之上。但我们发现的是，你越有钱，则越有可能一种个人的成功。个人的成果和成就，这可能是建立在对旁人的损害之上。这里我为大家画出了在过去20年里，每个1\5和最高5%人口的平均家庭收入。1993年，每个1\5之间的收入差距还是相当大的，我们不难看出其中的差别。但是在过去的20年里面，这种巨大差距最终成为了顶层人群与其他所有人之间的鸿沟。Infact,thetop20percentofourpopulationowncloseto90percentofthetotalwealthinthiscountry.We'reatunprecedentedlevelsofeconomicinequality.Whatthatmeansisthatwealthisnotonlybecomingincreasinglyconcentratedinthehandsofaselectgroupofindividuals,buttheAmericandreamisbecomingincreasinglyunattainableforanincreasingmajorityofus.Andifit'sthecase,aswe'vebeenfinding,thatthewealthieryouare,themoreentitledyoufeeltothatwealth,andthemorelikelyyouaretoprioritizeyourowninterestsabovetheinterestsofotherpeople,andbewillingtodothingstoservethatself-interest,wellthenthere'snoreasontothinkthatthosepatternswillchange.Infact,there'severyreasontothinkthatthey'llonlygetworse,andthat'swhatitwouldlooklikeifthingsjuststayedthesame,atthesamelinearrate,overthenext20years.事实是，顶层20%的人口拥有整个国家接近90%的财富。我们正在经历史无前例的经济上的不平等，而这不仅意味着财富更多的聚集在为数很少的一群人手里，还意味着美国梦对越来越多的人来说都变得越来越遥远。如果事实果真如我们发现的那样，你越有钱就越发觉得这些财富是你应得的，越会把自己的利益置于他人的利益之上，越会做那些利己的事情。那里没有理由可以相信这个现状会有所改变。事实上，我们有更多的理由认为情况会变得更糟糕。这时在接下来的20年内保持和原来一样、相同现行速率的情况。Now,inequality,economicinequality,issomethingweshouldallbeconcernedabout,andnotjustbecauseofthoseatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,butbecauseindividualsandgroupswithlotsofeconomicinequalitydoworse,notjustthepeopleatthebottom,everyone.There'salotofreallycompellingresearchcomingoutfromtoplabsallovertheworldshowcasingtherangeofthingsthatareunderminedaseconomicinequalitygetsworse.Socialmobility,thingswereallycareabout,physicalhealth,socialtrust,allgodownasinequalitygoesup.Similarly,negativethingsinsocialcollectivesandsocieties,thingslikeobesity,andviolence,imprisonment,andpunishment,areexacerbatedaseconomicinequalityincreases.Again,theseareoutcomesnotjustexperiencedbyafew,butthatresoundacrossallstrataofsociety.Evenpeopleatthetopexperiencetheseoutcomes.不平等，经济上的不平等，是我们每个人都要关心的问题，不仅是因为社会底层的人，而是因为经济不平等会让个人和集体都变得糟糕。不仅仅是底层的人，是每一个人。有很多来自世界各地的顶级实验室的非常有说服力的研究，展示了日益增加的经济不平等造成的影响范围。社会流动性，那些我们非常关心的东西，如身体健康、社会信任，都会随着不平等的增加而削弱。同样的，社会中消极的东西，比如肥胖、暴力、徒刑和惩罚都会随着经济不平等的增加而加剧。而这些后果，不是少数人所经历的而是会影响社会的各个阶层。即使是在顶层的人也要遭受这些后果。Sowhatdowedo?Thiscascadeofself-perpetuating,pernicious,negativeeffectscouldseemlikesomethingthat'sspunoutofcontrol,andthere'snothingwecandoaboutit,certainlynothingweasindividualscoulddo.Butinfact,we'vebeenfindinginourownlaboratoryresearchthatsmallpsychologicalinterventions,smallchangestopeople'svalues,smallnudgesincertaindirections,canrestorelevelsofegalitarianismandempathy.Forinstance,remindingpeopleofthebenefitsofcooperation,ortheadvantagesofcommunity,causewealthierindividualstobejustasegalitarianaspoorpeople.Inonestudy,wehadpeoplewatchabriefvideo,just46secondslong,aboutchildhoodpovertythatservedasareminderoftheneedsofothersintheworldaroundthem,andafterwatchingthat,welookedathowwillingpeopleweretoofferuptheirowntimetoastrangerpresentedtotheminthelabwhowasindistress.Afterwatchingthisvideo,anhourlater,richpeoplebecamejustasgenerousoftheirowntimetohelpoutthisotherperson,astranger,assomeonewho'spoor,suggestingthatthesedifferencesarenotinnateorcategorical,butaresomalleabletoslightchangesinpeople'svalues,andlittlenudgesofcompassionandbumpsofempathy.那我们该怎么办呢？这些带有延续性的，有害的消极影响看上去是什