液压修井解决方案介绍

液压修井解决方案介绍2Introductionto

HydraulicWorkover

Solutions

液压修井解决方案介绍

3HistoryofHydraulicWorkover

液压修井的历史HydraulicWorkover“HWO”isawellworkoverperformedusingahydraulicworkover(snubbing)unittorunand/orpulltubulars–withorwithoutsurfacepressurepresentonthewellhead.液压修井是一项对油气井进行的服务，在井口有压或者无压的情况下用液压修井机（带压作业机）进行起下管柱。

HydraulicWorkoverTechniquesinusesince1920’s液压修井技术自从1920年就开始存在了。

FirstHydraulicUnitsdevelopedin1959第一套带压作业机开发于1959年。4DefinitionofSnubbing带压作业的定义 Snubbingistheprocessofrunningandpullingtubing,drillpipe,orcasingwithsurfacepressurepresentonthewellhead.带压作业是指在井口存在压力的情况下，起下油管，钻杆或者套管的作业过程。

Snubbingalsodescribesaforce-balancecondition(orthe“pipe-light”condition)whereanexternalforceisrequiredtopreventtheworkstringfrombeingforceoutofthehole.带压作业也可以被描述成一种力平衡（或者叫轻管柱）的条件，就是需要外力的作用下防止管柱被顶出井眼。

Insomesituations,HydraulicWorkover(HWO)mayalsobeusedtotriptubularsintoandoutofwellswithnoexistingoranticipatedsurfacepressure.在另外一些情况下，液压修井服务也可以用于在井口无压力的情况下起下管柱。5ReasonsforUtilizingHWO选择液压修井的原因WhenCTorWirelineisincapableofperformingthetask连续油管或者电缆作业因能力限制而无法完成的作业Whenreservoirdamageisanticipated储层的伤害无法预知Whenplatforminfrastructureisinadequate作业平台的辅助设施不充分Costconsiderations作业费用考虑HPHT/CriticalDeviation-EmergencyWork高压高温/斜度井-应急作业6BenefitsofHWOServices液压修井的优势Operationsarecompletedwhileunderpressure,welldoesnotneedtobekilled.作业过程可以允许井口有压力，不必压井。ReducesCostsbyeliminatingneedforkillfluidsEliminatesriskofdamagingproducingformationwithkillfluids不需要压井液而减少作业费用消除了压井液对储层的伤害的危险Compactsize,mobile,fastrigup/rigdown小型化，移动性，快速装拆设备Reducesoverallcosts减少了总成本Wellremainsinproduction油气井依然可以生产Versatile-Rotationalabilityallowsdrilling/milling多用途-设备具有转盘，因此可以进行钻/磨作业7MisconceptionsforUsingHWOServices

液压修井服务的误读For“LastDitch”effortonproblem/criticalwellsinemergencysituations.是疑难井紧急处理的最后防线

Canbeusedforallapplications-routineorcritical.所有情形下均可以启用液压修井服务-日常作业或者紧急情况

Foronly“live”wellremedialservices.液压修井仅针对井口有压力的井进行修井服务

Canbeusedon“live”or“dead”wells.对井口有压或者无压的井均可进行服务Foronlyhighpressureapplications.仅对高压井进行液压修井服务。

Canbeusedonlowpressureapplicationsaswell.也可以被用作低压井的修井服务。Veryexpensive.非常昂贵

Canbeaverycosteffectivetool.可以是一项非常性价比高的修井工具8SafetyConsiderationsForHWO液压修井安全因素的考虑ThoroughPre-JobPlanning十分详细的作业前计划RequiredEmployeeTraining&PPE需要对作业人员进行培训和安全教育PerformPreventiveMaintenanceServicetoEquipment对设备进行定期检修LocationSafetyMeetingsConducted井场安全会议LocationStandardsAdheredTo遵守井场规则EngineeringCalculationsConsidered工程计算LocationLayoutofEquipment井场设备布置图9HydraulicWorkoverUnit液压作业机 ConventionalStandAloneHydraulicWorkoverunitsareselfcontainedoperatingsystemsconsistingofmodularequipmentgroupsthatareeasilytransportedandriggedup.传统的独立式液压作业机是一种由不同的设备模块组成的自我运行系统，而且运输和安装都很容易。10WorkBasketandcontrolpanel工作篮和控制面板HydraulicJackassembly液压举升机TravelingSlips移动卡瓦RotaryTable转盘GuideTubes导管StationarySlips固定卡瓦Hydraulicpowerpack,accessories,andhydraulichoses液压动力源，附件和液压管线Circulatingswivel,kellyhose,andpumps旋转循环头，水龙带和泥浆泵BOPStack防喷器组ComponentsofHWOUnit带压作业机的组成

11Workbasket工作篮Theworkbasket,locatedontopofthejack,isusedasaworkplatform.Controlsforthejack,travelingandstationaryslips,BOPs,andcounterbalancearelocatedintheworkbasket.工作篮位于举升机顶部，是操作手的工作平台。控制面板可以控制举升机，移动及固定卡瓦，防喷器组和绞车，位于工作篮内。12ControlPanel控制面板Typicallytherearetwocontrolpanels,oneforthejackoperatorandoneforthehelper.Theoperatorcontrolstheverticalmovementofthejackandtheoperationoftheslips.Thehelperoperatesacounterbalancethatliftsandlowersjointsofpipetoandfromthebasket.通常来讲，有两种控制面板，一种是举升机操作手的，一种是操作手助手用的。操作手的控制面板是用来控制举升机上下移动的，助手来控制绞车，在工作篮上吊放油管用。13TravelingandStationaryslips移动固定卡瓦 TravelingSlips–locatedonthetravelingassembly,whichmovesverticallyupanddownasthecylinderrodsareextendedandretracted移动卡瓦组，液压缸的伸缩控制移动卡瓦组的上下。

StationarySlips–attachedtothebaseofthejackandareusedtoholdthepipewhilethetravelingslipsarenotengaged固定卡瓦组，装在举升机的底座上，在移动卡瓦开启的时候，用来抓住管柱。14Hydraulicjack–oneormorehydrauliccylindersconfiguredtomovethepipeintoandoutofthehole液压举升机-通过配置的一个或者多个液压缸来起下管柱GuideTube–placedintheboreofthejacktoprovidethelateralsupportnecessarytopreventbucklingoftheworkstring导管-位于举升机的通孔中，为放置管柱的弯曲，为其提供横向支撑。HydraulicJackAssembly液压举升机15Hydraulicallydrivenandusedformillingandfishingoperations液压驱动的转盘，可以进行钻/磨服务RotaryTable转盘16Powertongs–riggedupinthebaskettomakeuppipeconnections液压钳位于工作篮之上，用来上卸扣PowerTongs液压钳17Thepowerpack,locatedonthegroundordeck,suppliesthehydraulicpressurenecessarytooperatethejack,BOPs,rotary,counterbalanceandpowertongs.动力源位于地面或者平台甲板上，为操作举升机，防喷器组，转盘，绞车和动力钳的操作提供必需的液压压力。Hydraulicpowerpack,accessories,andhydraulichoses液压动力源，附件和液压管线

18Acirculatingswivelisplacedontopofthetubingandallowsfluidtobepumpedthroughthetubingduringmillingorwashoutoperations循环旋转头位于夹持的油管顶部，在磨/洗作业中允许修井液在油管内循环Theswivelisconnectedtothepumpswithflexiblehoseorchicksanlines.循环旋转头用高压胶管或者硬管线与泥浆泵连接CirculatingSwivel,KellyHoseandPumps旋转循环头，水龙带和泥浆泵19HydraulicWorkover“BasicJack”液压修井机的基本部件TRAVELINGHEADW/ROTARYANDTRAVELINGSLIPS移动头包括转盘和移动卡瓦POWERTONGSUPPORTARM液压钳臂POWERTONGS液压钳TELESCOPINGTUBINGGUIDE可伸缩导管STATIONARYSNUBSLIPS固定卡瓦组STATIONARYHEAVYSLIP固定卡瓦STRIPPERBOWL自密封头WORKWINDOW工作窗JACKFRAME举升机架BASKETRISER工作篮下部短节TELESCOPINGGINPOLEW/DUALCOUNTERBALNCEWINCH桅杆包括多用绞车GUYWIRES绷绳GUYWIRES绷绳WORKBASKET工作篮2021CuddHWOStandAloneUnits卡德独立式带压作业机HighAvailableLift/SnubCapacity-to600,000lb.最大起/下能力可达600,000lbHighAvailableRotaryTorqueCapacity-to20,000lb/ft最大转盘扭矩可达20,000lb/ftCompact(smallerfootprint)小型化（更小的作业半径）HandlesWidestRangeofTubulars-3/4”-133/8”VerticalRU可以夹持的管柱大小从3/4’’到133/8’’，竖直升降Unitcanoperateasstandalone设备可以独立作业UnitcanoperateasRigAssist设备可以辅助修井机作业Advantages优势22HWOStandAloneUnitSpecs独立式作业机的参数23CuddRackJackSystem卡德快速起立型设备DualKelly

System双水龙带系统24CuddRackJackSystem卡德快速起立系统25CuddRackJackSystemLayout快速起立系统的简图26CuddRackJackSystem卡德快速起立系统CoiledTubing

Drilling连续油管钻通能力RACKJACKDrilling快速起立系统的钻通能力MarginofOverpull最大拉力0-30,000lbs70-130,000lbsHydraulics*液压系统压力4700psi2400psiRotation旋转能力Notpossible6000-20000ft-lbsBuckling管柱弯曲>1000lbsWOB>4000lbsWOBJarPlacement震击器的放置OnlyaboveBHAOptimallyplacedComponentWeight模块的重量Lessthan35tonsLessthan11tons2”CTvs.23/8”or27/8”

*@2bbl/min27Applications应用 FishingorMillingInsideTubingorCasing在油套管内打捞或者钻磨Cleaningoutformationplugsinproductiontubing,liner,orcasing清油管，衬管或者套管内的储层附近的砂塞DrillingoutCementandBridgePlugs钻磨水泥塞和桥塞WashingoutFracMaterials清洗压后管柱PressureControl/Wellkilling压控/压井CirculatingOutHeavyMudorFluids循环清除高密度泥浆和修井液RunningandPullingRetrievablePlugsforSelectiveTreatments下或起可回收桥塞，用于分层作业AcidizingandWashing酸化和冲洗作业RemovingIceandHydratesfromChristmasTreeorTubing清采油/气树或者油管内的冰堵或者水合物RunningMacaroniTubingtoPumpNitrogeninWellswhereDepthandPressurearetooGreatforCoiledTubing在连续油管不可及的深度或者作业压力情况下，带压作业机可以下小口径油管泵注氮气作业CompletingUnderPressure带压完井GravelPacking(SandConsolidation)填砂SqueezeCementingorPluggingBack挤注水泥或者回堵PluggingandAbandoning打塞或者油气井废弃服务28

SolidsRemoval固体颗粒清除

Washingsandbridges洗砂塞Washingproppantmaterials冲洗支撑剂沉淀Foam/Nitrogenwashes二氧化碳泡沫/氮气冲洗Washingwithformationcompatiblefluids用与储层配伍的修井液冲洗作业Washingoutpluggeddrillstrings冲洗卡堵的钻井作业管柱De-scalingoperations清垢29Drilling–ExtendedReach钻井-大位移井作业Drillingoutfromundersurface(completewellborepackage)传统钻井作业（包括完井作业）Conventionalsidetrack传统开窗侧钻Throughtubingsidetrack过油管开窗侧钻Re-entry二次钻井Underbalanceddrilling欠平衡钻井Drillingintoundergroundblowout井喷井补救钻井30

WhenCTorWirelineisIncapableoftheTask当连续油管或者电缆作业能力不可及

Wherehighwellpressuresriskcollapse/burstofCT当连续油管作业时遇到外挤或者内压过高风险时Whenhighpumprates/pressuresarerequired需要高泵注排量/压力作业时Wheresurfacerotationisrequired当需要地上扭矩作业时Wherehightensile(H2S

resistant)jointedpipeisrequired当需要高强度（抗硫化氢）管柱作业时Inhorizontal&highlydeviatedwells在水平井和大斜度井作业时31

PlugandAbandonment注塞和井报废处理作业

Pull/fishexistingcompletions起完井管柱或者打捞目前管柱内的落鱼Set/squeezecementplugs挤/座灰塞SetCIBP座复合桥塞Cut/pullcasing切/起套管Milloutcementplugsunderpressure带压磨铣灰塞32CompletionOperations,Live/Dead,

SingleorDual完井作业，带压/无压，单根或者立柱

Runningbitandscraperassembly下钻头和刮削工具Millingcement钻灰塞Tubingconveyedperforatingguns下射孔枪Settingpacker(s)坐桥塞Runcompletionstring(s)下完井管柱Gravelpackingandothersandconsolidationtask填砂和其他填砂作业33RecompletionsandWorkover,

LiveorDeadWell重新完井和修井，带压/无压

Pull/fishexistingcompletions起完井管柱或者打捞落鱼Millpackers磨铣封隔器Pump/squeezecement泵注/挤注作业Straddleassemblies隔跨作业Repaircasingproblems套管修补作业Runbit&scraperassembly下钻头和刮削器Tubingconveyedperforatingguns下射孔枪SetPackers坐封隔器Runcompletionstrings下完井管柱Gravelpackingandothersandconsolidationtask填砂和其他填砂作业Run/pullESP起下电潜泵34MECHANICSOF

HYDRAULICWORKOVER液压修井机的机械原理介绍35MechanicsofHydraulicHWO液压修井机的机械原理Primarypressurecontrolduringhydraulicworkoveroperationsisprovidedbyaself-energizingstripperandthroughanassemblyofstrippingrams.带压修井作业中的最基本压力控制是通过自密封头或者是防喷器内部的密封工作闸板实现压控

Thestrippingramsconsistsoftwosetsoframs,oneontopoftheother.Thereareopenedoneatatimetoallowthecollaroftheconnectionsbetweenjointsofpipetopassthroughtherams.防喷器的密封工作闸板是由两块一上一下的闸板组成，当过结箍时，闸板打开，允许结箍通过闸板。Belowthestrippingramsarethesafetyrams,whichmayconsistofashear/blindblowoutpreventerandanannularBOP.在密封闸板下面时安全闸板，一般是由剪切/盲板密封闸板或者环形防喷器组成Thetertiarybarrier,ashear/sealBOP,sitsbelowthisdirectlyabovetheXmastree.第三封堵屏障，剪切密封闸板，位于采油气树之上。36MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液压工作机机械原理AHWOrig-upisaverytallstructure.ItconsistsofahydraulicallypoweredHWOunit,whichprovidestheforceonapipe,abovestringofmulti-layeredpressurecontrolcomponents.液压修井机完全装配好之后是一个非常高的结构。它是由液压驱动的作业机（为作业管柱提供动力）组成的，在层叠的防喷器组之上。AtthetopoftheHWOunitisthebasket,whichservesasthecontrolpostfortherig-up.Belowthebasketarethehydraulicjacks,whichpowersthepipeintoanoutofthehole.Itconsistsoftwomechanismsforapplyingforcetothepipeineitherdirection.Eachmechanismconsistsoftravelingandstationaryslips.Thetravelingslipsareusedtomovethepipe,whilethestationaryslipsareusedtoholdthepipewhilethetravelingslipsarerepositionedbetweenstrokes.在液压作业机顶部是工作篮，是控制单元所在。在工作篮之下，是液压举升机，起下作业管柱时提供动力。它是由两个机械机构来控制管柱上下的，每个机构都是由移动卡瓦和固定卡瓦组成的。一般来讲，移动卡瓦是用来上下移动管柱，固定卡瓦是用来夹持住管柱的，当固定卡瓦关闭时，移动卡瓦就在不同作业冲程中开关。37TheRotaryandTravelingSlipscanworksimultaneously.转盘和移动卡瓦可以同时工作。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液压修井机的机械原理38StationaryandTravelingSlipsarebothengagedatbeginningofsnubbingstroke.在开始作业时，移动和固定卡瓦都是关闭的。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液压修井机的机械原理39StationarySlipsaredisengaged固定卡瓦打开WithTravelingSlipsengaged,thehydrauliccylindersareextendedretracted-loweringthetubing-andcompletingthestroke.移动卡瓦关闭，液压缸回缩，油管被下压，完成第一作业冲程。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液压修井机的机械原理40Atcompletionofdownwardstroke,thestationaryslipsareengaged.完成第一下压冲程后，固定卡瓦关闭TheTravelingSlipsaredisengaged,thenthehydrauliccylindersareextendedtomakethenextstroke.移动卡瓦打开，液压缸上移去做下一冲程。MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液压修井机的机械原理41ProcessisrepeatedasthetubingissnubbedthroughtheBOPStripperramsorannular重复作业冲程，直到所有油管通过防喷器或者环形被下入井中MechanicsofHydraulicWorkover液压修井机机械原理42STEP1:Withtreevalveopen,BHAisloweredthroughsnubbingstack–AllBOPramsareopen.PV#1,PV#4,PV#7,PV#8areclosed步骤1：井口主阀打开，井下工具串通过防喷器组被下入，所有防喷器闸板打开，1号，4号，7号和8号阀关闭BOP#2StripperramsareclosedaroundtubingaboveBHA2号防喷器密封工作闸板关闭位置位于井下工具串之上的油管上。Tubingissnubbeduntiltooljoint/connectionisbetweenBOP#1ramsandBOP#2rams油管被下入知道结箍在1号和2号防喷器之间RamtoRam

HWOProcedures闸板对闸板作业工作程序43STEP2:CloseBOP#1stripperrams步骤2：关闭1号密封闸板STEP3:OpenHydraulicPV#1开1号阀STEP4:AllowpressureunderBOP#2stripperramstoequalizebelowBOP#1stripperrams2号防喷器下部的压力被1号防喷器之前的平衡防压管线放掉RamtoRam

HWOProcedures44STEP5:OpenBOP#2stripperrams步骤5：开2号闸板STEP6:Snubtubingintothewellboreuntiltooljoint/connectionisbelowBOP#2stripperrams下油管知道结箍到2号闸板之下STEP7:ClosePV#1关阀1RamtoRam

HWOProcedures45STEP8:CloseBOP#2stripperrams步骤8：关2号闸板STEP9:OpenPV#4andallowpressurebetweenBop#1ansBOP#2stripperramstobleedoff开4号阀，允许1号和2号防喷器之前的压力放掉STEP10:Allowpressuretobleedto-0-betweenstripperrams所有压力要放到0RamtoRam

HWOProcedures46STEP11:OpenBOP#1stripperrams步骤11：开1号防喷器STEP12:ClosePV#4步骤12：关阀4STEP13:Again,tubingissnubbeduntiljoint/connectionisbetweenBOP#1andBOP#2stripperrams步骤13，如同上述，下入油管直至结箍位于1号防喷器与2号防喷器之间REPEATTHEPROCESS重复以上步骤RamtoRam

HWOProcedures47ENGINEERING带压作业工程设计48Theory原理 Pressure–AreaCalculations压力-面积计算Tosnubpipeintoapressuredwell,adownwardforcegreaterthanthewellpressureforcemustbeappliedtothetubular.Thewellpressureforceisafunctionofthesurfacepressureandthesizeofthepipe.当下管柱时，作用在管柱上的下压力要比井口压力大。井口的压力要通过地表压力和管柱的型号大小来计算。49Theory 50EngineeringCalculationsForHWOApplications带压作业的工程计算Collapse/BurstCalculationsforTubing-BasedonAnticipatedCompressionandTensionLoads油管外挤和内压的计算-基于估计的压缩和拉伸的重量CriticalBucklingLoadLimitationsCalculated-BasedonUnsupportedLength&SnubForce临界压屈载荷计算，基于无支撑管柱的长度和下压力RequiredSnubbingForce需要的作业力的计算RequiredHydraulicSnub/LiftPressure-JackForces需要的液压下压和举升压力-举升机力的计算WellControlConsiderations井控的考虑51Calculations CalculateSnubForce计算下压力公式P=F/AF=PxAP=Pressure(psi)F=Force(lbf)A=Area(in2)52ExampleSnubForceCalculation

带压作业计算举例Awellhas1200psisurfacepressure.Whatisthewellpressureforcewhenthesealis:井口压力1200psi，在以下密封的情况下，作业需要的力的计算Appliedtothetubebody作用于管体的Appliedtotheconnection作用于结箍的Workstring工作管串:1-1/4”3.02lb/ftCS-HydrilN-80TubeOD管体外径=1.660”ConnectionOD结箍外径=1.927”5354FrictionalForces摩擦力 ForceisrequiredtoovercomethefrictionalresistanceoftheBOP(orstrippingrubber)throughwhichthepipeisbeingmoved.ThemagnitudeofthefrictionalforcedependsonthepipesizeandsurfaceroughnessandtheBOPoperatingpressure.Becausethefrictionalforcealwaysactstoopposemotion,itactsupwardswhensnubbingintoawell.下压力和上提力都要克服夹持管柱的防喷器闸板的摩擦力。这个摩擦力的大小基于管柱的大小，表面粗糙程度和防喷器操作的压力。因为摩擦力是一种反作用力，所有下压时摩擦力是向上的。55TotalSnubForce总的作业力的计算 Theweightofthepipeitselfactsdownwardsandthereforehelpstolowerthepipeintothewell.Whenfirstsnubbingintothehole,theweightofthesnubbingstringisusuallynegligibleandmaygenerallybeignored.Therefore,themaximumrequiredsnubbingforceoccursaspipeisfirststartedinthehole.管柱自重是向下的，因此帮助了管柱的下入。当第一根管子入井时，一般管柱的重量是忽略不计的。因此，最大的下压力要用于第一根管子入井的情况下使用。

MaxSnubForce最大下压力(lbs)=WellPressureForce井口压力(lb)+FrictionForce摩擦力(lb)FMAXSNUB=FWP+FFRIC56TotalSnubForce 57Tri-axialStress三轴应力Thereismorethanonestressthatcanbeexertedonthetubing作用在管子上的力不止一种AxialStress(compressionortensile)轴向力（压缩或者拉伸）RadialStress(burstandcollapse)径向力（外挤或者内压）HoopStress(shear)虎克定律，剪切效应Torque扭矩58VonMisesDistortionEnergyTheory冯.米塞变形应力圆分析5960Buoyancy悬重Asmorepipeisrunintothehole,thebuoyedweightofthesnubbingstringincreases.Eventually,thebuoyedweightequalsthewellpressureforce.Whenthishappens,thepipewillnolongerbeforcedoutoftheholebythepressure-areaforce.Thisisgenerallyknownasbalancepoint.Atbalancepoint:当管柱不断被下入时，悬重逐渐在增加，当悬重等于井口压力时，管柱不再有被顶出的危险，这个时候我们称这个点为平衡点

Buoyedstringweight悬重平衡点(lb)=PressureAreaForce压力面积值(lb) W=FWP61RequiredHydraulicPressure需要的液压压力Thesnubbingandliftingforcesrequiredtorunandpulltheworkstringareproducedbyamultiplehydraulicjackcylinders.Whensnubbing,thecylindersarepressuredonthepistonrodside;whenpullingpipe,thecylindersarepressuredontheoppositeside.多液压缸的举升机为起下工作管柱提供下压和上提。当下管柱时，液压缸的切面被施压；当提出管柱时，液压缸的另一端切面会受力。

62RequiredHydraulicPressure需要的液压压力63PipeBuckling-Inelastic/Elastic管柱弯曲-非弹性/弹性变形Aftertherequiredsnubbingforceisestablished,itmustbeconfirmedthattheworkstringcansupportthiscompressiveloadwithoutbuckling.当需要的下压压力启动时，要确保工作管柱在这种下压力下能够被支撑住不弯曲。

Withincreasingcompressiveload,bucklingwillfirstoccurinthemaximumunsupportedlengthoftheworkstring.在逐渐增加的压缩负荷下，管柱弯曲首先会发生在工作管柱中最大无支撑长度部分。64PipeBuckling-Inelastic/Elastic管柱弯曲-弹性形变/非弹性形变65EngineeringCalculationsForHWOApplications

带压作业不同应用的工程计算66CUDDWELLHISTORY’SCHINA卡德在中国的作业业绩CHANQINGOIL长庆油田苏里格气田InnerMongoliaOctober2003内蒙古，中国，2003年RemovalofRussianWellheadswhichmustbecompletelyremovedinordertopulltheproductiontubing.Thewellheadremovalwaspreviouslyonlypossibleby“killing”thewellwithaheavywork-overfluid.Theoperatingbudgetforthesewellsisquitelow;thereforeanytechnicalsolutionmustalsobeinexpensivetotheclient.Ourteamdesignedamethodtomeetthecriteriaandsuccessfullycompletedfourwells.换老式的俄式井口，为了提出生产管柱要求必须要完全去除井口。之前更换俄式井口的办法只有注入高密度的修井液压井，才能进行更换。这种作业费用非常低，因此要求作业的手段费用也不需要太高，卡德团队设计了一种作业方法，满足了甲方要求并成功的完成了作业。Asaresultofthisproject,CUDDhasatechnicalsolutionforchangingtheinfamous“RussianWellhead”withoutcausingsignificantformationdamagetosensitivegasformations;arealprobleminotherChineseoilfields.这个项目的结果就是，卡德在没有伤害长庆低渗敏感储层的情况下成功更换不出名的俄式井口的决方案非常成功，解决了中国油田面临的一些严重问题。CNPCTARIM中石油，塔里木油田WELLWC#1KUCHE,XINJIANGNORTHERNCHINA乌参1井，库车，新疆Highpressureparaffinremovalwith13500psicirculatingpressureand8000psiSICP.Currentlyplanningtwomorewellsfor2013.清蜡作业，13,500psi循环压力，关井压力8,000psi，2013年在准备再更多井的作业。EOGRESOURCESEOG能源（中国）YANTING,SICHUANCENTRALCHINA盐亭，四川，中国Recompleted5wellswith2-3/8”EUEtubingwith2000psiSICP.5口带压更换完井管柱作业，完井管柱为2-3/8’’外加厚油管，2000psi关井压力ConductedSnub/Fracwithexcellentresultforcustomer.成功完成带压作业辅助压裂，给客户带来极大效益。AdditionalSnub/FracsplannedforAugust20132013年8月即将进行下一次的带压作业辅助压裂作业。67DownholeToolsforHWO带压作业井下工具串Workingagainstpressurerequiresspecialtoolsinthesnubbingstring.Toenablemakingandbreakingofpipeconnectionsastheworkstringistrippedintoandoutofapressuredwell,fluidflowthroughthestringmustbeprevented.Thisisaccomplishedwithbackpressurevalveslocatedneartheendoftheworkstring.带压作业需要特殊的工具串进行作业。为了完成带压作业工作管柱的上卸扣，要防止工作液进入管柱。这需要用将单流阀安装在工作串的底部.68BackpressureValves单流阀 Backpressurevalves(BPVs)serveascheckvalvesintheworkstring.Theypermitfluidflowinonedirectiononly.TwotypesofBPVsaretypicallyusedinHWO:单流阀的原理是控制液体只能像一个方向流动，带压作业常用两种单流阀BallandSeatBPV球及球座配合型单流阀Flapper-typeBPV瓣阀ProfilenipplesprovideameasureofpressurecontrolredundancyincasetheBPVsshouldfail工作筒的布置69BottomholeAssembly(BHA)井下工具串TheBHAcanbedesignedforspecificapplications.井下工具串是为不同应用而设计的Overshotassemblieswhenconductingfishingoperations打捞筒是为打捞设计的Millsforworkingthroughdamagedwellboreorpipe钻磨头是为了在损坏的井眼或者钻杆内进行工作设计的Jarsandbumpersubsforstickyconditions震击器和伸缩节是为了解卡设计的SpecificallydesignedjetnozzlesforHPcleanoutsandscaleremoval特别设计的喷嘴是为高压冲洗和除垢设计的Pump-offassemblies泵通工具串