工程管理专业英语课件

工程管理专业英语SpecializedEnglishforConstructionManagement莫懿懿Email:myy_11@工程管理专业英语SpecializedEnglishfo什么是专业英语？普通英语

(CommonorOrdinalEnglish)——通用、普遍的基础词汇以及听说读写科技英语

(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)专业英语

(EnglishforSpecialScienceandTechnology)隶属于科技英语是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法，特别注意客观事实和真理，表达准确(accuracy)、精炼(conciseness)和正式(formal)。是结合各自专业的科技英语有很强的专业性、涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系，专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的词汇特点，语法特点、修饰特点和翻译特点等等。什么是专业英语？普通英语(CommonorOrdina2学习本课程的目的(Mainpurpose)BasedontheexistingknowledgeofConstructionManagementandEnglish,throughthecourse,youwillbeableto:ExpandthevocabularyofSpecializedEnglishforConstructionManagementImprovetheabilitytoreadandunderstandEnglishJournals/PapersforConstructionManagementImprovetheabilityofSpecializedEnglish-ChinesetranslationforConstructionManagement.学习本课程的目的(Mainpurpose)Basedon3学习要求遵守上课纪律，不要迟到、早退授课方式：朗读专业单词、翻译、小组讨论考核方式：出勤+随堂练习+期末PPT成绩评定：平时成绩30%+考试成绩70%相互沟通学习要求遵守上课纪律，不要迟到、早退4Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑项目的类型WordsandExpressionintersectvi.相交，交叉，横断takeshape成形，形成，具体化，体现refineryn.精炼厂，炼制厂intimatelyadv.密切地transcendvt.超过，胜过inlargemeasure在很大程度上，大部分high-risen.高楼，大厦condominiumn.共管，共有房产townhousen.市内住宅，城内住宅Unit1TypesofConstructionP5Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑项目的类型Field-labor-intensive现场劳动密集型的Accountfor占，说明Fiscal财政的Skyscraper摩天大楼Sophistication老于世故，老练，复杂Oligopoly垄断，求过于供Footpath人行道，小路Pipeline管道，管线Earthmover重型推土机Crane起重机Unit1TypesofConstructionP6Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑项目的类型WarmUpQuestions1.Whyisresidentialconstructionindustrydominatedbylargenumbersofverysmallfirms?2.Givesomeexamplesofprojecttypesofthatofficeandcommercialbuildingconstructionmayencompass.3.Whatarethemajordistinctionsofheavyconstructioncomparedtoofficeandcommercialbuildingandresidentialhousingconstruction?4.Whatarethemajordistinctionsofindustrialconstructionincontrastwiththebasicmaterialscharacteristicofheavyengineeringconstruction?Unit1TypesofConstructionP7Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑项目的类型humanendeavor人类活动Educationalphilosophiesandpracticestakeshapeinthearchitectureofschoolsandcolleges,whilegovernmentsandcorporationexpresstheir“images”withstructuresthathousetheirofficesandproductionfacilities.教育理念和实践在学校建筑中得以体现，而政府与企业则通过容纳其办公室和生产设备的建筑物来体现他们的“形象”。Itisdifficult,ifnotimpossible(=ifpossible如果可能的话),tocategorizeneatlysogreataspectrumofproject.ifnotimpossible双重否定表示强烈肯定，否定句型表达肯定句型。aspectrumof

n.系列，范围frustratevt.阻碍，挫败

arbitraryadj.武断的，主观的transcendtheboundary超越边界outnumbervt.在数量上超过parallelvt.与…相似，类似Unit1TypesofConstructionP8Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑项目的类型Thelatter(condominium),inparticular,aretechnologicallyless

closelyrelatedtoresidencesthan

tothefollowingdescriptionofnonresidentialbuildingconstructionandaresometimesincorporatedaspartofmultipurposecommercialdevelopment.尤其是后者，即共管式住宅,它们与住宅的技术关联性不如以下描述的非住宅类建筑那样密切相关（becloselyrelatedto），有时被合并为多功能商业发展的一部分。

Thereareafewverylargefirms,butasarulethelowcapitalandtechnologyrequirementsinthissectoroftheindustrymeansthatitischaracterized(以…为特征)bylargequantitiesofverysmallfirms.有一些大型企业，但是通常（一般）由于该行业较低的资金和技术要求，占主导地位的还是大量小型企业。amongotherthings除此之外，除了别的以外businessfailure经营失败independentcontractor独立承包商developer-builder开发-建造商Unit1TypesofConstructionP9Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑项目的类型massproduction批量生产thefinancingofconstructedfacilities兴建设施的融资generalcontractor总承包商bespecializedin专门从事于labor-and-materialintensive劳动力与材料密集型speculativehousing投机性住oligopoly垄断，求过于供interstateadj.【主美】州与州之间的utilitarianstructure功利性（实用性）的结构publiclyfinanced公共资金undercontractwith根据合同与competitiveopenbidding

竞争性公开招标Unit1TypesofConstructionP10Unit1TypesofConstructionProject

建筑项目的类型dominatevt.在…占主要地位，支配…andtypicallyallphaseoftheprojectarehandledbythesamefirmonanegotiateddesign-constructor“turnkey”contractualarrangement,withconsiderableoverlapbetweendesign,procurement,andconstruction.…通常项目各阶段的工作由同一企业依据谈判的设计建造或交钥匙合同安排来承担，因而设计、采购与施工各工作之间有相当多的重叠。keypatent核心专利privatelyfinanced私人融资hoistingandmaterial-handlingequipment起重和材料处理设备Unit1TypesofConstructionP11开心连线Single-familyhomeGardenapartmentRecreationalfacilitiesRetailchainstoresMultiunittownhouseWarehouseLightmanufacturingplantSkyscraperCondominiumHigh-riseapartment多单元城内住宅独户住宅花园式住宅仓库共管式建筑娱乐场所摩天大楼高层公寓零售连锁店轻工制造厂房开心连线Single-familyhome多单元城内住宅12英汉互译EarthmoverCraneTruckTurnkeycontractualarrangementFossil-fuelProfessionalconsultantUrbanrapidtransitsystemDisposalsystemPowerline土方岩石钢材混凝土木材管道开发建造商分包商商业用房建设业主设备密集型英汉互译Earthmover土方13ListeningPractice:Yours2012VocabularyCurator管理人员，馆长Splititupinto裂开，分裂Archiven.档案馆，资料库，文件Archaeology考古学Vibrant明亮的，色彩鲜艳的，充满生机的Perimeter周围，周边，边界Spiral螺旋（形），螺线ListeningPractice:Yours201214Yours2012ListentothevideoandpleaseanswerthequestionsbelowHowmanycategoriesistheexhibitionsplitupinto?Howmuchhasbeenspentonremovingwastefromthesite?HowmanyseatsarethereinthemainOlympicStadium?WhatmaterialhasusedtomakeuptheViewTube?Yours2012Listentothevideo15Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理对土木工程的重要性standaloneadj.独立的，单独Alogicalquestionishowarethesemanagers,whorequiresbusinessskills,developedfromapoolofcivilengineerswhoaretrainedastechnicalexperts?whorequiresbusinessskills定语从句修饰thesemanagers;whoaretrainedastechnicalexperts?修饰apoolofcivilengineersapoolof大量的，众多的On-the-jobtraining在职训练，岗位训练Trainingin-house机构内部进行的训练，内部训练Thisisconfirmedbythefactthat…这个事实已经被证实…(引导同位语从句，补充说明fact的内容)Homeoffice公司总部Well-honed技巧纯熟的Unit2EmergingRoleofManage16Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理对土木工程的重要性Thelocalmanagerisfrequentlyrequiredbytheclienttohavepowerto

attorney,toensurethatallagreementsmadeinthefieldarelegallybinding.客户常常要求当地的经理具有代理人的权限，以确保现场签订的所有协议都具有法律约束力。Toillustratetheadditionalskillsrequiredofaprojectmanager,takethecasewhereacompanyhassubmitteditsqualificationsandhasbeeninvitedtosubmitatechnicalandfinancialproposalfordesigningahighwaybeforethetimestipulated.“toillustrate”引导一个目的状语，可以举例说明一个项目经理所需要的额外的技能，例如一个公司已经提交了它们的资质合格证，并被邀请在规定时间内提交一份设计一条高速公路的技术与财务计划书。adversarialrelationshipn.敌对关系，不良关系boringn.钻孔Unit2EmergingRoleofManage17Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理对土木工程的重要性Whenlocalfirmsinsistthattheyonlyparticipateasajoin-venturepartner,theprojectmanager’sproblemsincreasebecausethelocalfirmsnormallycannotprovideaperformancebond,liabilityinsurance,orevenameaningfulsetofaccountsthatwouldestablishtheirtruesalarycostsandoverhead.在当地公司坚持它们只能以合资伙伴参与，项目经理面临的问题就增加了，因为当地公司通常不能提供一份履约保证金、责任保险或者甚至是一套有意义的能建立它们真正的工资成本和日常开支的账户。Insummary,thepresentpaperisintendedtoshow……总之，本文旨在说明……acceleratevt.加速,促进，增加commandvt.赢得，拥有，掌握appreciablyad.明显的，可觉察到，相当的Unit2EmergingRoleofManage18Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理对土木工程的重要性ComprehensionExercisesPleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.Whyaremanagerialskillshighlydemandedincivilengineering?WhatarethemainsubjectsoneshouldlearninordertogetMPM(Master’sinProjectManagement)?Whyisitnecessarytoprovidealocalmanager?Whatkindofqualitiesshouldhe/she

possess?Besidesthenormalcivilengineeringtraining,whatisamoderncivilengineerrequiredtoknow?Unit2EmergingRoleofManage19Unit2EmergingRoleofManagementinCivilEngineering管理对土木工程的重要性AcademicWritingExerciseDuringthepasttwodecades/tenyears,XXXhavegrownsubstantially/decreasedincreasingly/increaseddramaticallyin….XXXhavebecomemoreandmoreimportant/lessimportant/crucialbecauseXXXisextremelycrucial/importantto….在过去的20年/10年里，???大幅度增长/减少，因为???变得越来越重要/不重要…由于???变得非常重要Unit2EmergingRoleofManage20Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何为项目管理Whiletherelevanttechnology,institutionalarrangementorprocesswilldiffer,themanagementofsuchprojectshasmuchincommonwiththemanagementofsimilartypesofprojectsinotherspecialtyortechnologydomainssuchasaerospace,pharmaceuticalandenergydevelopments.尽管相关的技术，组织机构的设置和进程不一样，但是建设项目的管理与其他专业技术领域的项目，例如航天，医药和能源发展，在管理上仍然有许多共同之处。Generally,projectmanagementisdistinguishedfromthegeneralmanagementofcorporationbythemission-orientednatureofaproject.一般而言，工程项目管理有别于一般企业管理的在于（在于）它是以目标（任务）为导向的本质特征。Bedistinguishedfrom表示“不同于，与……加以区别”以人为本？以教育为本？以素质教育为本？Unite3whatisProjectManage21Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何为项目管理Bycontrast,thegeneralmanagementofbusinessandindustrialcorporationsassume

abroaderoutlookwithgreatercontinuityofoperations.相比之下，工商企业的一般管理承担着更大的操作连贯性和更广阔的前景。Workingknowledgen.应用知识[例]ShehasaworkingknowledgeofFrench.她的法语尚可应付工作。AworkingknowledgeofSpanish.足够运用的西班牙语的知识。Indispensableadj.必不可少的，必须的。Computerscience计算机科学；decisionscience决策科学管理学？Infact,modernmanagementpracticesandvariousspecialknowledgedomainshaveabsorbedvarioustechniquesortoolswhichwereonceidentifiedonlywiththesupportingdisciplines.事实上，现代管理实践和各种专业知识领域都吸收了许多一度被用于支持性学科的技术和工具.Unite3whatisProjectManage22Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何为项目管理Commonplace司空见惯的，常用的Specifically,projectmanagementinconstructionencompassesasetofobjectiveswhichmaybeaccomplishedbyimplementingaseriesofoperationssubjecttoresourceconstrains.Which引导定语从句，修饰前面的asetofobjectives，翻译时可作为并列句翻译。Subjectto为“使遭受，使服从，受制于”具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，这些目标通过在资源约束下执行一系列的项目实施行为得以实现。imposeonvt.把…强加于Theseconflictsshouldberesolvedattheonsetofaprojectbymakingthenecessarytradeoffsorcreatingnewalternatives.这些冲突应该在项目启动的时候就通过必要的折中权衡或者制造替代性的方案来解决。onsetn.开始，启动Unite3whatisProjectManage23Unite3whatisProjectManagement

何为项目管理TheProjectManagementInstitutefocusesonninedistinctareasrequiringprojectmanagerknowledgeandattention项目管理协会明确了项目经理需要要了解和关注的9个方面。focuson集中注意力于……Unite3whatisProjectManage24ListeningPractice:KungfuPanda

ListentothevideoandpleaseanswerthequestionsbelowWhatarethenamesoftheFuriousFive?WhatPo’sfatherwantedtodowhenhewasyoung?What’sthenameoftheplaceofchoosingtheDragonWarrior?ListeningPractice:KungfuPan25Unit4PreparationofBids

投标文件的编制TheStandardBiddingDocumentsforProcurementofWorks(SBDW)havebeenpreparedbytheWorldBanktobeusedfortheprojectsthatarefinancedinwholeorinpartbytheWorldBank(whichincludestheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment[IBRD]andtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation[IDA],hereinaftercalled“theBank”.SBDW——工程采购标准招标文件；IBRD——国际复兴开发银行；IDA——国际开发协会Unit4PreparationofBids

投标26Unit4PreparationofBids

投标文件的编制TherearemandatoryforuseinworkscontractswhichareestimatedtocostmorethanUS&10million(includingcontingencyallowance)unlesstheBankagreeswiththeuseofotherBankStandardBiddingDocumentsonacase-by-casebasis.mandatoryadj.义务的，强制的，命令的contingencyallowance应急准备金，应急费用对于成本估计超过1000万美元（含应急费用）的工程合同，必须使用该标准文件，除非世行同意在个别情况下使用其他银行的标准文件。Thefollowingprovisionsthataresomeabridgementfromthefirstpart,biddingprocedures,providesrelevantinformationtohelpbidderspreparetheirbids,andinformationisalsoprovidedonthesubmission,opening,andevaluationofbidsandontheawardofcontracts.Abridgement节选内容，摘要，节本下列条款为招标程序中的第一部分的节选内容，提供相关信息帮助投标者编制其投标文件，同时还提供关于投标文件文件的提交，开标和评标以及合同授予等方面的内容。Unit4PreparationofBids

投标27Unit4PreparationofBids

投标文件的编制TheBid,aswellasallcorrespondenceanddocumentsrelatingtothebidexchangedbytheBidderandtheEmployer,shallbewritteninthelanguagespecifiedintheBiddingDocument.exchangedbytheBidderandtheEmployer为定语修饰名词bid;specifiedintheBiddingDocument为后置定语修饰language.投标文件以及投标者和招标人之间来往的与标书有关的信件和文件，均应使用招标文件规定的（指定的）语言。SupportingdocumentsandprintedliteraturethatarepartsoftheBidmaybeinanotherlanguageprovidedtheyareaccompaniedbyanaccuratetranslationoftherelevantpassagesinthelanguagespecifiedintheBiddingDocument,inwhichcase,forpurposesofinterpretationoftheBid,suchtranslationshallgovern（管理，决定，支配）.thatarepartsoftheBid…为定语从句修饰主语supportingdocumentsandprintedliterature；inwhichcase引导定语从句。支持性文件和打印文献，作为投标文件的一部分可以使用其他语言；但相关段落必须使用招标文件所指定的语言进行准确翻译，在这种情况下，投标文件的翻译应以此译文为主。Unit4PreparationofBids

投标28Unit4PreparationofBids

投标文件的编制LetterofBid投标函pricedBillofQuantities

已标价的工程量清单BidSecurity投标保证金Writtenconfirmation

authorizingthesignatoryoftheBidtocommittheBidder委托投标人进行投标文件签署书面授权确认文件TechnicalProposal技术标Conformto遵守，符合，顺应ItemsagainstwhichnotrateorpriceisenteredbytheBidderwillnotbepaidforbytheEmployerwhenexecutedandshallbedeemedcoveredbytheratesforotheritemsandpricesintheBillofQuantities.投标人没有填入单价和价钱的项目在实施过程中招标人将不予支付，并视为此项目已包括在其他项目单价和工程量清单的价格中。Unit4PreparationofBids

投标29Unit4PreparationofBids

投标文件的编制BidsshallremainvalidfortheperiodspecifiedintheBiddingDocumentafterthebidsubmissiondeadlineprescribedbytheEmployer.在招标人规定投标文件提交截止日期后，投标文件应在招标文件规定的期限内保持有效。Heshallextendhisbidsecurityfortwenty-eightdaysbeyondthedeadlineoftheextendedvalidityperiod.Beyond超出…之外投标人需要延长投标保证金超出延长后的投标有效截止日期的28天。UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheBiddingDocument,theBiddershallfurnishaspartofitsbid,abidsecurityinoriginalformandintheamountandcurrencyspecifiedintheBiddingDocument.除非招标文件另有规定，投标人必须提供招标文件中规定的投标保证金的表格，金额和币种作为投标文件的一部分。Unit4PreparationofBids

投标30Unit4PreparationofBids

投标文件的编制ThebidsecurityofthesuccessfulbiddershallbereturnedaspromptlyaspossibleoncethesuccessfulBidderhassignedtheContractandfurnishedtherequiredperformancesecurity.一旦中标人签订了合同并按规定提交履约保证金后，中标人的投标保证金在将尽快退还。Intheeventofanydiscrepancybetweentheoriginalandthecopies,theoriginalshallprevail.Intheeventof如果…发生，万一如果正文和副本内容不符，以正本为准。TheoriginalandallcopiesofthebidshallbetypedorwritteninindelibleinkandshallbesignedbyapersondulyauthorizedtosignonbehalfoftheBidder.所有投标文件的正本和副本都必须打印或用不褪色的墨水书写，并经由正式授权的签署人代表投标者签名。Unit4PreparationofBids

投标31Unit4PreparationofBids

投标文件的编制TranslatethefollowingintoChineseLetterofbidBillofQuantitiesalternativebidsTechnicalProposalBidSecuritytheBidingDocumenttheperiodofvalidityofbidstheInternationalDevelopmentAssociationPerformancesecurityevaluationofbidTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish开标单价现金流量杂项开支破产者交易线性规划项目风险管理预订目标竞争性招标Unit4PreparationofBids

投标32Unit5SubmissionandOpeningofBids

投标文件的提交和开标dulyad.以适当方式，按时的bearvt.注明Ifallenvelopesarenotsealedandmarkedasrequired,theEmployerwillassumenoresponsibilityforthemisplacementorpremature

openingofthebid.如果投标文件密封袋没有按照规定密封和标记，招标人将不承担投标文件错放和提前开封的责任。Theemployermayextendthedeadlineforthesubmissionofbidsbyamendingthebiddingdocument,inwhichcaseallrightsandobligationsoftheemployerandbidderspreviouslysubjecttothedeadlineshallthereafterbesubjecttothedeadlineasextended.subjectto使服从，受制于；inwhichcase引导定语从句招标人也可以修改招标文件，延长提交招标文件的截止日期，在这种情况下，投标双方在原投标截止日期前所承担的权利和义务都将适用于延长后的新的投标截止日期。Unit5SubmissionandOpening33Unit5SubmissionandOpeningofBids

投标文件的提交和开标ABiddermaywithdraw,substitute,ormodifyitsbidafterithasbeensubmittedbysendingawrittennotice.投标人在提交投标文件后，可以书面形式撤回，替换或修改已提交的投标文件。Thecorrespondingsubstitutionormodificationofthebidmustaccompanytherespectivewrittennotice.投标文件相应的替换和修改必须附有相应的书面通知。Nobidmaybewithdrawn,substituted,ervaln.时间间隔，间隔从投标文件提交的截止日期到投标有效期期满为止，在此期间，投标文件不得撤回，替换或修改。Unit5SubmissionandOpening34Unit5SubmissionandOpeningofBids

投标文件的提交和开标Theemployershallopenthebidsinpublicinthepresenceofbidders’designatedrepresentativesattheaddress,dateandtimespecifiedinthebiddingdocument.specifiedinthebiddingdocument为后置定语，修饰名词address,dateandtime招标人应该按照招标文件规定的时间和地点在投标人指定代表出席的情况下公开开标。

Allotherenvelopesshallbeopenedonebyone,readingout:thenameofthebidder;thebidprice;thepresenceofabidsecurityandanyotherdetailsastheemployermayconsider。astheemployermayconsider为定语从句，修饰名词details.所以其他的信封应依次打开，并宣读投标人名称、投标报价、是否提交投标保证金和招标人认为适宜的其他细节。Unit5SubmissionandOpening35HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何从父母那里要钱WordsandExpressionsSolventadj.有偿化债务能力的Plasman.血浆Profitable

adj.有利可图spermdonation精子捐献homemadebrownies自制巧克力蛋糕cannedgoods罐装食物Broke（break过去式）没钱，破产，一文不值sheepishlyadj.羞怯的，怯懦的cafeteriafood餐馆食物reinforcevt.强调，加强replenishvt.补充，把…加满/v_show/id_XMzMwNDUxMzY=.htmlHowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP36HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何从父母那里要钱Soit’sonemonthintotheschoolyearandyou’vealreadyblownthroughtheentiresemester’sallowance（生活费）.You’regonna(=goingto)

needagoodstrategy.Step1:Don'tcallthem不要主动给父母打电话

Don’tcallthem—waitforthemtophone.Whentheycomplainthattheyneverhearfromyou,tellthemcallscostmoney.Tip1:Crunchsomepaperintothephoneasyou’rechatting.Whenasked,sayyou’rerollingpenniessoyoucanbuydinner.HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP37HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何从父母那里要钱Step2:Soundweak电话时听起来要很虚弱

Nexttimetheycall,soundweak.Whentheyshowconcern,tellthemyou’rejustalittletiredfromdonatingplasma（血浆）forcashthreetimesthisweek.Tip2:Ifyou’reaguy,addthatyou’relookingintothemoreprofitable（有利可图）spermdonation.Girls,say,“Hey,didyouguysknowIcouldget$5,000formyeggs?”HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP38HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何从父母那里要钱3:Askforcannedgoods要一些罐装的东西

Tellyourmomyou’dlovehertosendsomeofherhomemadebrownies—thenaskifshecouldtossinafewcannedgoodsaswell.Step4:Toobroke（break过去式，一文不值）tocomehome承认没钱回家

Gentlybreakittothemthatyouwon’tbecominghomefortheholidaysafterall.Whenpushed,sheepishly（羞怯的）admityoudon’thavethemoney.HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP39HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourParents

如何从父母那里要钱Step5:Haveresponseready想好“你是怎么花钱？”的回答

Haveagoodresponsereadywhentheyaskwhathappenedtoallyourmoney,like,“I’vebeeneatingoutalottoavoidtheE.Colitheykeepfindinginthecafeteriafood.”Step6:Reinforcegoodbehavior

告诉父母“他们是世界上最好的父母”

Whentheyinsistonreplenishingyouraccount,reinforcethisgoodbehaviorbytellingthemtheyarethebestparentsinthewholewideworld.HowtoGetMoneyoutofYourP40Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程费用的估算类型Apreliminaryestimateorconceptualestimateisbasedontheconceptualdesignofthefacilityatthestatewhenthebasictechnologiesforthedesignareknown.在设计的基本工艺已知的情况下，初步估算和概念估算要根据工程项目概念设计进行测算。Thedetailedestimateordefinitiveestimateismadewhenthescopeofworkisclearlydefinedandthedetaileddesigninprogress,sothattheessentialfeaturesofthefacilityareidentifiable.当工作范围已经确定，详细的设计正在进行中，并且项目的基本特征已经明确，这时就可作出工程项目详细的估算或确切的估算。Theengineer'sestimateisbasedonthecompletedplansandspecificationwhentheyarereadyfortheownertosolicitbidsfromconstructioncontractors工程师的估价通常根据完成的图纸和技术规范来进行，当他们被业主用来征求建筑承包商的投标。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates41Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程费用的估算类型Thelevelofdetailindecomposingthefacilityintotasksdependsonthetypeofcostestimatetobeprepared.工程项目分解为不同详细程度的任务取决于不同类型的工程费用估算的编制。Asthebridgetypeisselected,supposethate.g.thetechnologyischosentobeatiedarchbridgeinsteadofsomenewbridgeform,apreliminaryestimateismadeonthebasisofthelayoutoftheselectedbridgeformonthebasisofthepreliminaryorconceptualdesign.onthebasisof在…的基础上，本句为被动语态，主语为apreliminary,谓语为ismade。一旦桥梁类型确定后，假定选定了系杆拱桥而不是其他新型桥梁的技术方案，应以选定桥型的初步设计或概念设计进行初步预算。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates42Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程费用的估算类型ifageneralcontractorintendstousesubcontractorsintheconstructionofafacility,itmaysolicitpricequotationsforvarioustaskstobesubcontractedtospecialtysubcontractors.如果一个总承包商拟使用施工建设中的分包商，他将要求专业分包商对所分包的各个部分进行报价。Ifallorpartoftheconstructionistobeundertakenbythegeneralcontractor,abidestimatemaybepreparedonthebasisofthequantitytakeoffsfromtheplansprovidedbytheowneroronthebasisoftheconstructionproceduresdevisedbythecontractorforimplementingontheproject.If引导条件状语从句,主语为abidestimate,谓语为maybeprepared如果总承包商承担全部或部分建造工作，投标报价将根据业主提供的图纸的数量估计量或根据执行合同的承包商设计的完成项目的施工程序来确定。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates43Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程费用的估算类型Forexample,thecostofafootingofacertaintypeorsizemaybefoundincommercialpublicationsoncostdatawhichcanbeusedtofacilitatecostestimatefromquantitytakeoffs.例如，一种类型或尺寸的基础工程，其费用可以根据用于能加快计算工程量估计量的成本估算的费用数据文件来进行测算。However,thecontractormaywanttoassesstheactualcostofconstructionbyconsideringtheactualconstructionprocedurestobeusedandtheassociatedcostsiftheprojectisdeemedtobedifferentfromtypicaldesigns.By引导方式状语，if引导条件状语从句。但是，如果项目被认为不同于典型的设计，承包商将通过实际使用的施工程序和相关的费用来评估工程的实际成本。

Unit6TypesofCostEstimates44Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程费用的估算类型Consequently,thedetailedestimateisoftenusedatthebudgetestimatesinceitissufficientdefinitivetoreflecttheprojectscopeandisavailablelongbeforetheengineer’sestimate.主语为thedetailedestimate，谓语为isoftenused.Since….longbefore…为原因状语从句由于详细预算足以明确反映整个施工范围，并且早在造价工程师预算前就可以采用，因此详细概算常被用做概算。Arevisedestimatedcostisnecessaryeitherbecauseofchangeordersinitiatedbytheownerorduetounexpectedcostoverrunsorsavings.由于业主引起的订单变更或是意外的成本超支或节约，修订成本预算是必要的。Unit6TypesofCostEstimates45Unit6TypesofCostEstimates

工程费用的估算类型TranslatethefollowingintoChineseScreeningestimatesPreliminaryestimatesDetailedestimatesSubcontractorquotationsQuantitytakeoffsBudgetestimateforfinancingTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish地基，基础参数，界限流动资金超支设计概算预算成本概念预算，概预算Unit6TypesofCostEstimates46MyfamilyareverytraditionalWarmup热身练习ComprehensionCompletethesentenceswiththesewords:traditionalembarrassedrichinterestedseriousworried1Ahenewbusiness.2Harrywantstohaveamore.......................relationshipwithBindyu.3HarrythinksBindyuis..........................byhim.4BindyutellsOliviasheis........................abouttakingHarryhome.5Harrydoesn’tthinkheis...................enoughforBinyu’sfamily.6Bindyuthinksherfamilyisvery...................Myfamilyareverytraditional47MyfamilyareverytraditionalIwanttospend...................I’dliketotakeourrelationship.......................Shedoesn’twant..........................LetherknowI........................Hewastalking.....................Hethinksyoudon’t.....................

A

wanthimtomeetyourfamily.Bmetomeetherparents.Cwaslookingforher!Daboutyou,actually.EmoretimewithBindyu.Fabitmoreseriously.GrammarMatchthesentencehalves.从A到F中选择可以填入1到6句中，每句限用一次Myfamilyareverytraditional48Myfamilyareverytraditional【Audioscript】Episode43:MyfamilyareverytraditionalOlivia:HeyHarry!How’sitgoing?Harry:Notbadthanks...Olivia:Areyouamillionaireyet?Harry:Eh?What?Oh...Fadi’s“FindLondon”business....Actuallyit’sgoingprettywell–we’vesetupawebsiteandnowwe’retakinglotsofenquiries,there’salotofinterest.ButI’monlyaninvestor,youknow–it’snotmyrealjob...Olivia:Soundsevenbetter-ifyoucanmakemoneywithoutworking!Harry:Yeah!Iguessthat’stheplan.That’sFadi’splananyhow!But–asyourfriendMagdasays–there’smoretolifethanmoney...Myfamilyareverytraditional49MyfamilyareverytraditionalOlivia:Well,that’scertainlytrue...Harry:Imean,IwanttospendmoretimewithBindyu–that’swhatmakesmereallyhappy...Olivia:Whydon’tyoujustgooutmoretogether?Harry:Well,weseeeachothermostdays...butit’snotthat...Olivia:Whatisitthen?Harry:I’dliketotakeourrelationshipabitmoreseriously...Olivia:But?Harry:Butshedoesn’twantmetomeetherparents...Olivia:Oh.Isee.Whynot?Harry:That’sjustit–Idon’tknowreally...Ithinkshe’sembarrassedbyme,orashamedofme...orsomething...Olivia:No!Thatcan’tbetrue!Whydoyouthinkthat?Myfamilyareverytraditional50MyfamilyareverytraditionalHarry:Idon’tknow–perhapsI’mnotrichenough,orsuccessfulenough...youknow,I’mjustanordinaryLondonguy...anyhow,Imustbeoffnow–ifyouseeBindyuletherknowIwaslookingforher!Olivia:Willdo!Bye!Bindyu:Heythere!Olivia:Hello!Oh…Harrywasjustinherelookingforyou...Bindyu:Iknewit...Imeanttocatchhim–butjustmissedhim!Olivia:Hewastalkingaboutyou,actually...Bindyu:Ohyeah?AllgoodthingsIhope...Olivia:Yes...but...Bindyu:But?Youmeanthere’sa“but”?Myfamilyareverytraditional51Myfamilyareverytr