固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件

固定资产、自然资源、无形资产固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件1Plantassetsaretangibleresourcesthatareusedintheoperationsofabusinessandarenotintendedforsaletocustomers.Plantassetsaresubdividedintofourclasses:

1Land土地

2Landimprovements土地附着物

3Buildings建筑物

4Equipment设备PLANTASSETS固定资产Plantassetsaretangiblereso2Plantassetsarerecordedatcostinaccordancewiththecostprinciple.Costconsistsofallexpendituresnecessarytoacquiretheassetandmakeitreadyforitsintendeduse.Thesecostsincludepurchaseprice,freightcosts,andinstallationcosts.Expendituresthatarenotnecessaryshouldberecordedasexpenses,losses,orotherassets.DETERMININGTHECOSTOFPLANTASSETSInvoicePlantassetsarerecordedatc3Costismeasuredbythecashpaidinacashtransactionorbythe

cashequivalentprice

whennon-cashassetsareusedinpayment.Thecashequivalentpriceisequaltothe

fairmarketvalue市场公允价值oftheassetgivenup

orthe

fairmarketvalueoftheassetreceived,whicheverismoreclearlydeterminable.MEASUREMENTOFPLANTASSETCOST固定资产成本的计量Costismeasuredbythecashp4ThecostofLandincludes:1）cashpurchaseprice2）closingcostssuchastitleandattorney’sfees3）realestatebrokers’commissions4）accruedpropertytaxesandotheronthelandassumedbythepurchaser.Allnecessarycostsincurredinmakinglandready foritsintendedusearedebitedtotheLand account.LANDThecostofLandincludes:LAN5Sometimespurchasedlandhasabuildingonitthatmustberemovedtomakethesitesuitableforconstructionofanewbuilding.Inthiscase,alldemolitionandremovalcostslessanyproceedsfromsalvagedmaterialsarechargeabletotheLandaccountSometimespurchasedlandhasa6Thecostof

landimprovements

includesallexpendituresnecessarytomaketheimprovementsreadyfortheirintendedusesuchas:1parkinglots,paving2fencing,and3lighting.LANDIMPROVEMENTSThecostoflandimprovements7Thecostofbuildingsincludesallnecessaryexpendituresrelatingtothepurchaseorconstructionofabuilding.Whenabuildingispurchased,suchcostsincludethepurchaseprice,closingcosts,andrealestatebroker’scommission.BUILDINGSThecostofbuildingsincludes8Coststomakethebuildingreadyforitsintendeduseconsistofexpendituresforremodelingandreplacingorrepairingtheroof,floors,wiring,andplumbing.Whenanewbuildingisconstructed,costconsistsofthecontractpricepluspaymentsforarchitects’fees,buildingpermits,interestpaymentsduringconstruction,andexcavationcosts.BUILDINGSCoststomakethebuildingrea9Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice,salestaxes,freightcharges,andinsurancepaidbythepurchaserduringtransit.Costincludesallexpendituresrequiredinassembling,installing,andtestingtheunit.Recurringcostssuchaslicensesandinsuranceareexpensedasincurred.EQUIPMENTThecostofequipmentconsists10Thecostofequipmentconsistsofthecashpurchaseprice,salestaxes,freightcharges,andinsuranceduringtransitpaidbythepurchaser.Italsoincludesexpendituresrequiredinassembling,installing,andtestingtheunit.However,motorvehiclelicensesandaccidentinsuranceoncompanycarsandtrucksareexpensedasincurred,sincetheyrepresentannualrecurringexpendituresthatdonotbenefitfutureperiodsThecostofequipmentconsists11固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件12固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件13Depreciationistheprocessofallocatingtoexpensethecostofaplantassetoveritsuseful(service)lifeinarationalandsystematicmanner.Costallocationisdesignedtoprovideforthepropermatchingofexpenseswithrevenuesinaccordancewiththematchingprinciple.DEPRECIATION折旧Depreciationistheprocessof14Duringanasset’slife,itsusefulnessmaydeclinebecauseofwearandtearorobsolescence.Recognitionofdepreciationdoesnotresultintheaccumulationofcashforthereplacementoftheasset.Landistheonlyplantassetthatisnotdepreciated.DEPRECIATION折旧Duringanasset’slife,itsus15Threefactorsthataffectthecomputationofdepreciationare:1Cost:allexpendituresnecessarytoacquirethe asset andmakeitreadyforintendeduse.2Usefullife使用寿命:estimateoftheexpectedlifebasedon needforrepair,servicelife,andvulnerabilitytoobsolescence.3Salvagevalue残值:estimateoftheasset’svalueatthe endofitsusefullife.FACTORSINCOMPUTINGDEPRECIATIONThreefactorsthataffectthe16methodsofrecognizingdepreciation1Straight-line直线法2Unitsofactivity产量法3Declining-balance余额递减法.Eachmethodisacceptableundergenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.Managementselectsthemethodthatisappropriateinthecircumstances.Onceamethodischosen,itshouldbeappliedconsistentlymethodsofrecognizingdepreci17USEOFDEPRECIATIONMETHODSINMAJORU.S.COMPANIES82%Straight-line4%Decliningbalance5%Units-of-activity9%OtherUSEOFDEPRECIATIONMETHODSIN18Underthe

straight-linemethod,depreciationisthesameforeachyearoftheasset’susefullife.Itismeasuredbythepassageoftime.Inordertocomputedepreciationexpense,itisnecessarytodeterminedepreciablecost.Depreciablecostisthetotalamountsubjecttodepreciationandiscomputedasfollows:Depreciablecost=Costofasset-salvagevalueSTRAIGHT-LINE直线法Underthestraight-linemethod19$13,000-$1,000=$12,000$12,000÷5=$2,400CostSalvageValueDepreciableCostDepreciableCostUsefulLifeDepreciationExpense$13,000-$1,000=20BookValue=cost–accumulateddepreciation=13000–2400=10600BookValue=cost–accumulate21固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件22Undertheunits-of-activitymethod,servicelifeisexpressedintermsofthetotalunitsofproductionorexpectedusefromtheasset,ratherthantime.Theformulasforcomputingdepreciationexpenseare:

1DepreciableCost÷TotalUnitsofActivity =DepreciationCostperUnit

2DepreciationCostperUnitXUnitsofActivityDuringtheYear=DepreciationExpenseUNITS-OF-ACTIVITY工作量法Undertheunits-of-activityme23Inusingthismethod,itisoftendifficulttomakeareasonableestimateoftotalactivity.Whentheproductivityofanassetvariessignificantlyfromoneperiodtoanother,thismethodresultsinthebestmatchingofexpenseswithrevenues.UNITS-OF-ACTIVITY工作量法Inusingthismethod,itisof24$12,000÷100,000miles=$0.12$0.12×15000=$1,800DepreciableCostTotalunitsofactivityDepreciableCostperunitDepreciableCostperunitUnitsofyearDepreciationExpense÷×$12,000÷100,000miles=25BookValue=cost–accumulateddepreciation=12000–1800=10200BookValue=cost–accumulate26DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Thedeclining-balancemethodproducesadecreasingannualdepreciationexpenseoverthe usefullifeoftheasset.Thecalculationofperiodicdepreciationisbased onadecliningbookvalue(costlessaccumulated depreciation)oftheasset.DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Thede27DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Annualdepreciationexpenseiscalculatedbymultiplyingthebookvalueatthebeginningofthe yearbythedeclining-balancedepreciationrate.Thedepreciationrateremainsconstantfromyear toyear,butthebookvaluetowhichtherateisapplieddeclineseachyear.DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Annual28Thebookvalueforthefirstyearisthecostoftheassetsinceaccumulateddepreciationhasazerobalanceatthebeginningoftheasset’susefullife.Insubsequentyears,bookvalueisthedifferencebetweencostandaccumulateddepreciationatthebeginningoftheyear.DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Thebookvalueforthefirsty29Theformulaforcomputingdepreciationexpenseis:

BookValueatBeginningofYearXDecliningBalanceRate=AnnualDepreciationExpenseThismethodiscompatiblewiththematchingprinciplebecausethehigherdepreciationinearlyyearsismatchedwiththehigherbenefitsreceivedintheseyears.DECLINING-BALANCE余额递减法Theformulaforcomputingdepr30double-declining-balancemethod双倍余额递减法Unliketheotherdepreciationmethods,salvagevalueisignoredindeterminingtheamounttowhichthedecliningbalancerateisapplied.Acommonapplicationofthedeclining-balancemethodisthedouble-declining-balancemethod双倍余额递减法,inwhichthedeclining-balancerateisdoublethestraight-linerate.IfBarb’sFloristsusesthedouble-declining-balancemethod,thedepreciationis40%(2Xthestraight-linerateof20%).double-declining-balancemetho31$13,000x40%=$5,200BookValueatBeginningof1styearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=13000–5200=7800$13,000x40%32$7800x40%=$3120BookValueatBeginningof2ndyearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=7800–3120=4680$7800x40%=33$4680x40%=$1872BookValueatBeginningof3rdyearDecliningBalanceRateDepreciationExpenseBookValue=4680–1872=2808$4680x40%=34固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件35Ifwearandtearorobsolescenceindicatethat annualdepreciationisinadequateorexcessive,a changeintheperiodicamountshouldbemade.Whenachangeismade,

1thereisnocorrectionofpreviouslyrecorded depreciationexpenseand

2

depreciationexpenseforcurrentandfuture yearsisrevised.Todeterminethenewannualdepreciation expense,thedepreciablecostatthetimeofthe revisionisdividedbytheremainingusefullife.REVISINGPERIODICDEPRECIATION折旧的修正Ifwearandtearorobsolesce36Barb’sFloristsdecidesonJanuary1,2005toextendtheusefullifeofthetruckoneyearbecauseofitsexcellentcondition.Thecompanyhasusedthestraight-linemethodtodepreciatetheassettodate,andbookvalueis$5,800($13,000-$7,200).Thenewannualdepreciationis$1,600,calculatedasfollowsBarb’sFloristsdecidesonJan37

Ordinaryrepairs

areexpenditurestomaintainthe operatingefficiencyandexpectedproductivelifeoftheplantasset.TheyaredebitedtoRepairsExpense

asincurredandare oftenreferredtoasrevenueexpenditures收入性支出.EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFEOrdinaryrepairsareexpendit38Additionsandimprovementsarecostsincurredtoincreasetheoperatingefficiency,productivecapacity,orexpectedusefullifeoftheplantasset.1Theseexpendituresareusuallymaterialinamountandoccurinfrequentlyduringtheperiodofownership.2Sinceadditionsandimprovementsincreasethecompany’sinvestmentinproductivefacilities,theyaredebitstotheplantassetaffected,andarereferredtoascapitalexpenditures资本性支出.EXPENDITURESDURINGUSEFULLIFEAdditionsandimprovementsare39EliminatethebookvalueoftheplantassetatthedateofsalebydebitingAccumulatedDepreciationandcreditingtheassetaccountforitscost.DebitCashtorecordthecashproceedsfromthesale.Computegainorloss.PLANTASSETDISPOSALSEliminatethebookvalueofth40Ifthecashproceedsaregreaterthanthebookvalue,recognizeagainbycreditingGainonDisposalforthedifference.Ifthecashproceedsarelessthanthebookvalue,recognizealossbydebitingLossonDisposalforthedifference.PLANTASSETDISPOSALSIfthecashproceedsaregreat41GAINONDISPOSALOnJuly1,2002,WrightCompanysellsofficefurniturefor$16,000cash.Theofficefurnitureoriginallycost$60,000andasofJanuary1,2002,hadaccumulateddepreciationof$41,000.Depreciationforthefirstsixmonthsof2002is$8,000.TheentrytorecorddepreciationexpenseandupdateaccumulateddepreciationtoJuly1isasfollows:GAINONDISPOS42AccumulatedDepreciation=41000+8000=49000AccumulatedDepreciation=41043GAINONDISPOSALAftertheaccumulateddepreciationisupdated,againondisposalof$5,000iscalculated:Costofofficefurniture$60,000Less:Accumulateddepreciation$49,000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal$11,000Proceedsfromsale$16,000Gainondisposal$5,000GAINONDISP44固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件45

LOSSONDISPOSAL

Insteadofthesellingtheofficefurniturefor$16,000,Wrightsellsitfor$9,000.Inthiscase,alossof$2,000iscalculated:Costofofficefurniture$60,000Less:Accumulateddepreciation$49,000Bookvalueatdateofdisposal$11,000Proceedsfromsale$9,000Lossondisposal$2,000LOSSONDIS46固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件47Exchangesofplantassetscanbeforsimilarordissimilarassets.Inanexchangeofsimilarassets,thenewassetisthesametypeasandperformsthesamefunctionastheoldasset.Inexchangesofsimilarassets,itisnecessarytodetermine

1thecostoftheassetacquiredand

2thegainorlossontheassetgivenup.EXCHANGESOFPLANTASSETSExchangesofplantassetscan48Lossesontheexchangeofsimilarassetsarerecognizedimmediately.Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup.Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup.LOSSTREATMENTLossesontheexchangeofsimi49COMPUTATIONOFCOSTOFNEWOFFICEEQUIPMENTRolandCompanyexchangesoldofficeequipmentfornewsimilarofficeequipment.Thebookvalueoftheoldofficeequipmentis$26,000($70,000costless$44,000accumulateddepreciation),itsfairmarketvalueis$10,000,and$81,000ofcashispaid.Thecostofthenewofficeequipment,$91,000,iscalculatedasfollows:COMPUTATIONOFCOSTOFNEWOFF50固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件51COMPUTATIONOFLOSSONDISPOSALThroughthisexchange,alossondisposalof$16,000isincurred.Alossresultswhenthebookvalueisgreaterthanthefairmarketvalueoftheassetgivenup.Thecalculationisasfollows:COMPUTATIONOFLOSSONDISPOSA52Inrecordingtheexchangeatalossitisnecessaryto1eliminatethebookvalueoftheassetgivenup,2recordthecostoftheassetacquired,and3recognizethelossondisposal.Inrecordingtheexchangeata53Gainsonexchangeofsimilarassetsarenotrecognizedimmediately.Instead,theyaredeferredandreducethecostbasisofthenewasset.Thecostofthenewassetreceivedisequaltothefairmarketvalueoftheoldassetexchangedplusanycashorotherconsiderationgivenup.Againresultswhenthefairmarketvalueisgreaterthanthebookvalueoftheassetgivenup.GAINTREATMENTGainsonexchangeofsimilara54COSTOFNEWEQUIPMENT(BEFOREDEFERRALOFGAIN)Mark’sExpressDeliveryexchangesolddeliveryequipmentplus$3,000cashfornewdeliveryequipment.Thebookvalueoftheolddeliveryequipmentis$12,000($40,000costless$28,000accumulateddepreciation),itsfairmarketvalueis$19,000.Thecostofthenewdeliveryequipment,$22,000,iscalculatedasfollows:COSTOFNEWEQUIPMENT(BEFORE55ForMark’sExpressDelivery,thereisagainof$7,000,calculatedasfollows,onthedisposal:ForMark’sExpressDelivery,t56COSTOFNEWDELIVERYEQUIPMENT(AFTERDEFERRALOFGAIN)The$7,000gainondisposalisthenoffsetagainstthe$22,000costofthenewdeliveryequipment.Theresultisa$15,000costofthenewdeliveryequipment,afterdeferralofthegain.COSTOFNEWDELIVERYEQUIPMENT57Theentrytorecordtheexchangeisasfollows:Theentrytorecordtheexchan58Naturalresources:consistofoil,gas,andminerals.Naturalresourceshavetwodistinguishingcharacteristics:

1Theyarephysicallyextractedinoperations.

2Theyarereplaceableonlybyanactofnature.NATURALRESOURCESNaturalresources:consistof59The

acquisitioncost

ofanaturalresourceisthecashorcashequivalentpricenecessarytoacquiretheresourceandprepareitforitsintendeduse.Iftheresourceisalreadydiscovered,costisthepricepaidfortheproperty.AQUISITIONCOSTTheacquisitioncostofanatu60DEPLETION折耗Theprocessofallocatingthecostofnaturalresourcestoexpenseinarationalandsystematicmannerovertheresource’susefullifeiscalleddepletion.The

units-of-activitymethod

isgenerallyusedtocomputedepletion,becauseperiodicdepletiongenerallyisafunctionoftheunitsextractedduringtheyear.DEPLETION折耗Theprocessofall61FORMULATOCOMPUTEDEPLETIONEXPENSETotalEstimatedUnitsDepletionCostperUnitTotalCostminusSalvageValueDepletionCostperUnitNumberofUnitsExtractedandSoldDepletionExpenseFORMULATOCOMPUTEDEPLETIONE62RECORDINGDEPLETIONTheLaneCoalCompanyinvests$5millioninamineestimatedtohave10milliontonsofcoalandnosalvagevalue.Inthefirstyear,800,000tonsofcoalareextractedandsold.Usingtheformulas,thecalculationsareasfollows:$5,000,000÷10,000,000=$.50depletioncostperton$.50X800,000=$400,000depletionexpenseTheentrytorecorddepletionexpenseforthefirstyearofoperationsisasfollows:RECORDINGDEPLETIONTheLaneCo63固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件64Intangibleassets

arerights,privileges,andcompetitiveadvantagesthatresultfromtheownershipoflonglivedassetsthatdonotpossessphysicalsubstance.Intangiblesmayarisefromgovernmentgrants,acquisitionofanotherbusiness,andprivatemonopolisticarrangements.INTANGIBLEASSETS无形资产Intangibleassetsarerights,65

Ingeneral,accountingforintangible assetsparallelstheaccountingfor plantassets.Intangibleassetsare: 1recordedatcost; 2writtenoffoverusefullifeina rationalandsystematicmanner;and

3atdisposal,bookvalueiseliminated andgainorloss,ifany,isrecorded.ACCOUNTINGFORINTANGIBLEASSETSIngeneral,accountingforin66Differencesbetweentheaccountingforintangibleassetsandtheaccountingforplantassetsinclude:Thesystematicwrite-offofanintangibleassetisreferredtoasamortization摊销.Torecordamortization,AmortizationExpense

isdebitedandthespecificintangibleassetiscredited.Theamortizationperiodcannotbelongerthan40years.Amortizationistypicallycomputedonastraight-linebasis.Differencesbetweentheaccoun67ApatentisanexclusiverightissuedbytheUnitedStatesPatentOfficethatenablestherecipienttomanufacture,sell,orotherwisecontrolhisorherinventionforaperiodof20yearsfromthedateofgrant.Theinitialcostofapatentisthecashorcashequivalentpricepaidwhenthepatentisacquired.PATENTS专利Apatentisanexclusiveright68LegalcostsincurredinsuccessfullydefendingthepatentareaddedtothePatentaccountandamortizedovertheremainingusefullifeofthepatent.Thecostofthepatentshouldbeamortizedoverits20-yearlegallifeoritsusefullife,whicheverisshorter.PATENTS专利Legalcostsincurredinsucces69RECORDINGPATENTSNationalLabspurchasesapatentatacostof$60,000.Iftheusefullifeofthepatentis8years.theannualamortizationexpenseis$7,500($60,000÷8).

AmortizationExpense-Patentisclassifiedasanoperatingexpenseintheincomestatement.Theentrytorecordtheannualpatentamortizationis:RECORDINGPATENTSNationalLabs70固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件71Copyrightsaregrantedbythefederalgovernment,givingtheownertheexclusiverighttoreproduceandsellanartisticorpublishedwork.Copyrightsextendforthelifeofthecreatorplus50years.Thecostofacopyrightconsistsofthecostofacquiringanddefendingit.COPYRIGHTS版权Copyrightsaregrantedbythe72Atrademarkortradename

isaword,phrase,orsymbolthatdistinguishesoridentifiesaparticularenterpriseorproduct.Ifthetrademarkortradenameispurchased,thecostisthepurchaseprice.TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商标和名称Atrademarkortradenameisa73Ifitisdevelopedbyacompany,thecostincludesattorney’sfees,registrationfees,designcostsandsuccessfullegaldefensefees.Theyareamortizedovertheshorterofusefullifeor40years.TRADEMARKSANDTRADENAMES商标和名称Ifitisdevelopedbyacompan74Afranchiseisacontractualarrangementunderwhichthefranchisorgrantsthefranchiseetherighttosellcertainproducts,torenderspecificservices,ortousecertaintrademarksortradenames,usuallywithinadesignatedgeographicalarea.Anothertypeoffranchise,commonlyreferredtoasalicenseorpermit,isenteredintobetweenagovernmentalbodyandabusinessenterpriseandpermitstheenterprisetousepublicpropertyinperformingitsservices.FRANCHISESANDLICENSES特许经营和许可Afranchiseisacontractuala75Goodwillisthevalueofallfavorableattributesthatrelatetoabusinessenterprise.Theseattributesmayincludeexceptionalmanagement,desirablelocation,goodcustomerrelationsandskilledemployees.Goodwillcannotbesoldindividuallyinthemarketplace;itcanbeidentifiedonlywiththebusinessasawhole.GOODWILL商誉Goodwillisthevalueofallf76Goodwillisrecordedonlywhenthereisanexchangetransactionthatinvolvesthepurchaseofanentirebusiness.Whenanentirebusinessispurchased,goodwillistheexcessofcostoverthefairmarketvalueofthenetassets(assetslessliabilities)acquired.Goodwilliswrittenoffoveritsusefullifenottoexceedfortyyears.Goodwillisrecordedonlywhen77ABCcompany’snetassets=Asset–Liabilities=$2,000,000FairvalueofABC(orSellingpriceofABC)=$5,000,00Goodwill=5,000,000–2,000,000=3,000,000ABCcompany’snetassets=Ass78Researchanddevelopmentcostspertaintoexpendituresincurredtodevelopnewproductsandprocesses.Thesecostsarenotintangiblecosts,butareusuallyrecordedasanexpensewhenincurred.RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCOSTS研发成本Researchanddevelopmentcosts79UsuallyplantassetsandnaturalresourcesarecombinedunderProperty,Plant,andEquipment,andintangiblesareshownseparatelyunderIntangibleAssets.Majorclassesofassets,suchasland,buildings,andequipment,andaccumulateddepreciationbymajorclassesorintotalshouldbedisclosed.Thedepreciationandamortizationmethodsusedshouldbedescribedandtheamountofdepreciationandamortizationexpensefortheperioddisclosed.STATEMENTPRESENTATION报表列示及分析Usuallyplantassetsandnatur80STATEMENTPRESENTATIONOFPROPERTY,PLANT,ANDEQUIPMENTANDINTANGIBLEASSETSTimberland(net)$95.4BuildingsandEquipments,atcost$2207.1Less:accumulateddepreciations$1229.0$978.1TotalProperty,Plant,Equipment$1073.5IntangiblesPatents$410.0Total$1483.5STATEMENTPRESENTATIONOFPROP81固定资产、自然资源、无形资产固定资产、自然资源、无形资产课件82Plantassetsaretangibleresourcesthatareusedintheoperationsofabusinessandarenotintendedforsaletocustomers.Plantassetsaresubdividedintofourclasses:

1Land土地

2Landimprovements土地附着物

3Buildings建筑物

4Equipment设备PLANTASSETS固定资产Plantassetsaretangiblereso83Plantassetsarerecordedatcostinaccordancewiththecostprinciple.Costconsistsofallexpendituresnecessarytoacquiretheassetandmakeitreadyforitsintendeduse.Thesecostsincludepurchaseprice,freightcosts,andinstallationcosts.Expendituresthatarenotnecessaryshouldberecordedasexpenses,losses,orotherassets.DETERMININGTHECOSTOFPLANTASSETSInvoicePlantassetsarerecordedatc84Costismeasuredbythecashpaidinacashtransactionorbythe

cashequivalentprice

whennon-cashassetsareusedinpayment.Thecashequivalentpriceisequaltothe

fairmarketvalue市场公允价值oftheassetgivenup

orthe

fairmarketvalueoftheassetreceived,whicheverismoreclearlydeterminable.MEASUREMENTOFPLANTASSETCOST固定资产成本的计量Costismeasuredbythecashp85ThecostofLandincludes:1）cashpurchaseprice2）closingcostssuchastitleandattorney’sfees3）realestatebrokers’commissions4）accruedpropertytaxesandotheronthelandassumedbythepurchaser.Allnecessarycostsincurredinmakinglandready foritsintendedusearedebitedtotheLand account.LANDThecostofLandincludes:LAN86Sometimespurchasedlandhasabuildingonitthatmustberemovedtomakethesitesuitableforconstructionofanewbuilding.Inthiscase,alldemolitionandremovalcostslessanyproceedsfromsalvagedmaterialsarechargeabletotheLandaccountSometimespurchasedlandhasa87Thecostof

landimprovements

includesallexpendituresnecessarytomaketheimprovementsreadyfortheirintendedusesuchas:1parkinglots,paving2fencing,and3lighting.LANDIMPROVEMENTSThecostoflandimprovements88Thecostofbuildingsincludesallnecessaryexpendituresrelatingtothepurchaseorconstructionofabuilding.Whenabuildingispurchased,suchcostsincludethepurchaseprice,closingcosts,andrealestatebroker’scommission.BUILDINGSThecostofbuildingsincludes89Coststomakethebuildingreadyforitsintendeduseconsistofexpendituresforremodelingandreplacingorrepairingtheroof,floors,wiring,andplumbing.Whenanewbuildingisconstructed,costconsistsofthecontractpricepluspaymentsforarchitects’fees,buildingpermits,interestpaymentsduringconstruction,andexcavationcosts.BUILDINGSCoststomakethebuildingrea90Thecostofequipmentcon