像经济学家一样的思考课件

©2007ThomsonSouth-Western©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternThinkingLikeanEconomistEveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematics

每一研究领域都有自己的术语体系Integrals(积分)

axioms(公理)

vectorspaces

矢量空间PsychologyEgo(自我)

id(本我)

cognitivedissonance(认知的不一致性)Lawpromissoryestoppel禁止翻供torts民事侵权

venues(案发地点)Economicssupplyopportunitycostelasticityconsumersurplusdemandcomparativeadvantagedeadweightloss(无谓损失)ThinkingLikeanEconomistEverThinkingLikeanEconomist

像经济学家那样思考Economicstrainsyouto....Thinkintermsofalternatives.以可变换的术语思考Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.评估个人与社会选择的成本Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.考察和理解特定事件与问题是相互联系的ThinkingLikeanEconomist

像经济THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTTheeconomicwayofthinking...经济学家思考的方式Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.涉及分析性与客观性思考Makesuseofthescientificmethod.采用科学的方法Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.开发出各种理论,收集并分析评估理论的数据.THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTThTheScientificMethod:Observation,Theory,andMoreObservation

科学方法:观察、理论以及更多的观察Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.开发出各种理论,收集并分析评估理论的数据.TheScientificMethod:ObservaEconomistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.经济学家使用不同的假设来回答不同的问题TheRoleofAssumptionsTheRoleofAssumptionsHoldotherthingsconstant…Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.经济学家采用假设是为了使世界比较容易被理解TheartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomakeHoldotherthingsconstant…EcoEconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld.经济学家使用模型来简化现实是为了改善我们对世界的理解。EconomicModelsEconomistsuseOurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFirms-suppliers/producers/--supplysideProduceandsellgoodsandservices生产和出售商品与服务Hireandusefactorsofproduction雇佣和使用生产要素Households/demanders/individual—demandsideBuyandconsumegoodsandservices购买和消费商品与服务Ownandsellfactorsofproduction拥有和出售生产要素OurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFiOurFirstModel:labordemandandlaborsupplyMarketsforGoodsandServices

商品与服务市场Firmssell

企业出售Householdsbuy

家庭购买MarketsforFactorsofProduction生产要素市场Householdssell

家庭出售Firmsbuy

企业购买OurFirstModel:labordemandOurFirstModel:TheCircular-FlowDiagramFactorsofProduction

生产要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用来生产商品与服务的投入Land,labor,andcapital土地、劳动力和资本OurFirstModel:TheCircular-OurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.生产可能性边界是展示在可获得的生产要素和生产技术给定的情况下，经济有可能产出的产量之图形。OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure2TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierProductionpossibilitiesfrontierBDAQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006001,00030007002,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedCFigure2TheProductionPossibOurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierConceptsillustratedbytheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier生产可能性边界所描述的概念Efficiency

效率Trade-offs

权衡取舍Opportunitycost

机会成本Economicgrowth

经济增长OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure3AShiftintheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006002,30065004,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedAGFigure3AShiftintheProducMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.微观经济学关注经济中的个案部分Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets家庭与企业如何做出决策以及他们如何在特定的市场中相互影响Macroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.微观经济学把经济看作一个整体Economy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth经济范围现象包括通货膨胀、失业与经济增长。

MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomTHEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOR作为政策顾问的经济学家Wheneconomistsaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.当经济学家试图解释世界时，他们是科学家。Wheneconomistsaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.当经济学家试图改变世界时，他们是政策顾问。THEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOPositiveversusNormativeAnalysisPositivestatementsarestatementsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.实证性描述是试图描述世界到底是什么样的描述

Calleddescriptiveanalysis称为描述性分析Normativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.规范性描述是有关世界应当是什么样的描述Calledprescriptiveanalysis

称为处方性分析PositiveversusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.最低工资的增加将引起无技能或低技能者就业的减少POSITIVEHigherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease.更高的联邦预算赤字将导致利率的提高POSITIVE????PositiveVersusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?

下列是实证性陈述还是规范性陈述？Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.来自更高的最低工资水平所获得的收入获益要比就业的任何轻微减少都更有价值。NORMATIVEStategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking-relatedillnessesamongthepoor.州政府应当被获许向烟草公司收取治疗穷人与吸烟有关之疾病的费用。NORMATIVE???PositiveVersusNormativeAnalEconomistsinWashington...serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:华盛顿的经济学家作为治理政体三大分支的决策顾问参与决策过程Legislative

立法Executive

行政Judicial

司法EconomistsinWashington...EconomistsinWashingtonEconomistsinWashingtonWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaydisagreeaboutthevalidityofalternativepositivetheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.他们有可能在有关世界是如何运行的各种可替换的实证理论的有效性方面产生分歧WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymayhavedifferentvaluesand,therefore,differentnormativeviewsaboutwhatpolicyshouldtrytoaccomplish.他们也可能具有不同的价值观，因此就具有关于政策应当达到什么目标而具有不同的规范性观点WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheyma像经济学家一样的思考课件Economiststrytoaddresstheirsubjectswithascientist’sobjectivity.经济学家试图以科学家的客观性来表达他们的主题Theymakeappropriateassumptionsandbuildsimplifiedmodelsinordertounderstandtheworldaroundthem.他们做出适宜的假设，并建立起简化模型，以便理解他们周围的世界。Twosimpleeconomicmodelsarethecircular-flowdiagramandtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.两个简化的经济模型是循环流动图和经济可能性边界。EconomiststrytoaddresstheiEconomicsisdividedintotwosubfields:Microeconomicsisthestudyofdecision-makingbyhouseholdsandfirmsinthemarketplace.Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.经济学家被划分为两个分支领域：微观经济学是对家庭与企业在市场中是如何决策的予以研究。而宏观经济学是对各种力量和趋势影响经济整体的研究。EconomicsisdividedintotwoApositivestatementisanassertionabouthowtheworldis.实证性阐述是有关世界是什么样的论断Anormativestatementisanassertionabouthowtheworldoughttobe.规范性的阐述是有关世界应该是什么样的论断Wheneconomistsmakenormativestatements,theyareactingmoreaspolicyadvisorsthanscientists.当经济学家做出规范性阐述时，他们正在行使的角色中政策顾问的成分要多于科学家的成分。ApositivestatementisanassEconomistswhoadvisepolicymakersofferconflictingadviceeitherbecauseofdifferencesinscientificjudgmentsorbecauseofdifferencesinvalues.向决策者提出忠告的经济学家之所以提出相互冲突的忠告是因为科学判断的差异或者是价值观的差异。Atothertimes,economistsareunitedintheadvicetheyoffer,butpolicymakersmaychoosetoignoreit.有时经济学家在他们所提供的忠告方面达成一致，而决策者却选择予以忽视。Economistswhoadvisepolicyma©2007ThomsonSouth-Western©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternThinkingLikeanEconomistEveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematics

每一研究领域都有自己的术语体系Integrals(积分)

axioms(公理)

vectorspaces

矢量空间PsychologyEgo(自我)

id(本我)

cognitivedissonance(认知的不一致性)Lawpromissoryestoppel禁止翻供torts民事侵权

venues(案发地点)Economicssupplyopportunitycostelasticityconsumersurplusdemandcomparativeadvantagedeadweightloss(无谓损失)ThinkingLikeanEconomistEverThinkingLikeanEconomist

像经济学家那样思考Economicstrainsyouto....Thinkintermsofalternatives.以可变换的术语思考Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.评估个人与社会选择的成本Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.考察和理解特定事件与问题是相互联系的ThinkingLikeanEconomist

像经济THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTTheeconomicwayofthinking...经济学家思考的方式Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.涉及分析性与客观性思考Makesuseofthescientificmethod.采用科学的方法Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.开发出各种理论,收集并分析评估理论的数据.THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTThTheScientificMethod:Observation,Theory,andMoreObservation

科学方法:观察、理论以及更多的观察Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以帮助阐释一个复杂的\真实的世界是如何运行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.开发出各种理论,收集并分析评估理论的数据.TheScientificMethod:ObservaEconomistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.经济学家使用不同的假设来回答不同的问题TheRoleofAssumptionsTheRoleofAssumptionsHoldotherthingsconstant…Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.经济学家采用假设是为了使世界比较容易被理解TheartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomakeHoldotherthingsconstant…EcoEconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld.经济学家使用模型来简化现实是为了改善我们对世界的理解。EconomicModelsEconomistsuseOurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFirms-suppliers/producers/--supplysideProduceandsellgoodsandservices生产和出售商品与服务Hireandusefactorsofproduction雇佣和使用生产要素Households/demanders/individual—demandsideBuyandconsumegoodsandservices购买和消费商品与服务Ownandsellfactorsofproduction拥有和出售生产要素OurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFiOurFirstModel:labordemandandlaborsupplyMarketsforGoodsandServices

商品与服务市场Firmssell

企业出售Householdsbuy

家庭购买MarketsforFactorsofProduction生产要素市场Householdssell

家庭出售Firmsbuy

企业购买OurFirstModel:labordemandOurFirstModel:TheCircular-FlowDiagramFactorsofProduction

生产要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用来生产商品与服务的投入Land,labor,andcapital土地、劳动力和资本OurFirstModel:TheCircular-OurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.生产可能性边界是展示在可获得的生产要素和生产技术给定的情况下，经济有可能产出的产量之图形。OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure2TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierProductionpossibilitiesfrontierBDAQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006001,00030007002,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedCFigure2TheProductionPossibOurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierConceptsillustratedbytheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier生产可能性边界所描述的概念Efficiency

效率Trade-offs

权衡取舍Opportunitycost

机会成本Economicgrowth

经济增长OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure3AShiftintheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006002,30065004,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedAGFigure3AShiftintheProducMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.微观经济学关注经济中的个案部分Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets家庭与企业如何做出决策以及他们如何在特定的市场中相互影响Macroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.微观经济学把经济看作一个整体Economy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth经济范围现象包括通货膨胀、失业与经济增长。

MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomTHEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOR作为政策顾问的经济学家Wheneconomistsaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.当经济学家试图解释世界时，他们是科学家。Wheneconomistsaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.当经济学家试图改变世界时，他们是政策顾问。THEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOPositiveversusNormativeAnalysisPositivestatementsarestatementsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.实证性描述是试图描述世界到底是什么样的描述

Calleddescriptiveanalysis称为描述性分析Normativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.规范性描述是有关世界应当是什么样的描述Calledprescriptiveanalysis

称为处方性分析PositiveversusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.最低工资的增加将引起无技能或低技能者就业的减少POSITIVEHigherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease.更高的联邦预算赤字将导致利率的提高POSITIVE????PositiveVersusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?

下列是实证性陈述还是规范性陈述？Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.来自更高的最低工资水平所获得的收入获益要比就业的任何轻微减少都更有价值。NORMATIVEStategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking-relatedillnessesamongthepoor.州政府应当被获许向烟草公司收取治疗穷人与吸烟有关之疾病的费用。NORMATIVE???PositiveVersusNormativeAnalEconomistsinWashington...serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:华盛顿的经济学家作为治理政体三大分支的决策顾问参与决策过程Legislative

立法Executive

行政Judicial

司法EconomistsinWashington...EconomistsinWashingtonEconomistsinWashingtonWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaydisagreeaboutthevalidityofalternativepositivetheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.他们有可能在有关世界是如何运行的各种可替换的实证理论的有效性方面产生分歧WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymayhavedifferentvaluesand,therefore,differentnormative