考研考博-英语-安徽艺术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽艺术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Emailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessages

that（）welltohumanneeds.

问题1选项

A.adheres

B.conforms

C.satisfies

D.reflects

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。adheres坚持，黏附；conforms符合；satisfies满足，使满意；reflects反射，考虑。句意：电子邮件是方便的、高度大众化的用于传递信息的非正式媒介，它（）人们的需求。从语义上来说，B项和C项都可以,但是satisfy是及物动词，排除。conformto意为“符合，遵照，顺应”，因此正确答案是B选项。

2.单选题

Henrylookedverymuch（）whenhewascaughtcheatinginthebiologyexam.

问题1选项

A.discouraged

B.embarrassed

C.disappointed

D.bewildered

【答案】B

【解析】词义辨析。discouraged“气馁的”;embarrassed“尴尬的”;disappointed“失望的,沮丧的”,bewildered“困惑的”。句意:当Henry在生物考试中因为作弊被抓时,他显得非常尴尬。选项B符合句意。

3.翻译题

WehavenoideaifonlineadsworkInthesummerof2003,ViacomexecutiveMelKarmazinmanagedtosumupoldmedia’shorroroftheInternetwithoneofbusinesslore’sgreatestvulgaron-liners.Karmazin,aswaggeringformeradsalesmanandonetimeCBSCorporationpresident,hadmadeanexpeditiontocheckoutSiliconValley'shottestyoungupstart:Google.Sittinginthefuturesearchgiant’soffices,helistenedindismayasitsfounders,LarryPageandSergeyBrin,anditsCEO,EricSchmidt,detailedthemanywaystheircompanycouldtrackandanalyzetheeffectivenessofonlineadvertising.Thiscouldnotpossiblybegoodforbusiness,Karmazinthought,1.Ithadalwaysbeennearlyimpossibleformarketerstotellwhichoftheiradsworkedandwhichdidn’tandthelesstheyknew,themoreanetworklikeCBScouldchargefora30-secondspot.Artwasfarmoreprofitablethanscience.

Adecadelater,someonefinallyseemstobe,well,messingwithGoogle'sownbagoftricks.Lastyear,agroupofeconomistsworkingwitheBay’sinternalresearchlabissuedamassiveexperimentalstudywithasimplestartlingconclusion:Foralarge,well-knownbrand,searchadsareprobablyworthless.2.Thismonth,theirfindingswerere-releasedasaworkingpaperbytheNationalBureauofEconomicResearchandgreetedwitharoundofcoverageaskingwhetherInternetadvertisingofanykindworksatall.

“Weknowalotlessthantheadvertisingindustrywouldlikeustothinkweknow,"StevenTadelis,oneoftheeBaystudy’sco-authors,toldme.

AskGoogle.FacebookorTwitter,ofcourse,andthey’llreliablybustoutthird-partyresearchexplainingthattheiradsworkjustfine,evenifconsumersdon’talwaysclickonthem.Anentireecosystemofanalyticscompanies,includingbignameslikeComScoreandNielsen,hasevolvedtotellclientswhichonlineadvertisementsgivethemthebiggestbangfortheirbucks,Especiallycutting-edgefirms,suchasDialogic.Haveevenfoundwaystodrawcorrelationsbetweentheadsconsumersseeonlineandwhattheybuyinstores.Weareswimmingindata.3.AndthereareplentyofprofessionalsouttherehappytotellcorporateAmericawhatallthatdatameans,withthehelpofsomefancymathematicalmodels.

Theproblem,accordingtoTadelisandothers,isthatmuchofthedatawebsitesgenerateismoreorlessuseless.Someoftheproblemsarepracticallyasoleasmarkingitself.Forinstance,companiesliketorunlargeadcampaignsduringmajorshoppingseasons,likeChristmas.ButifsalesdoublecomeDecember,it’shardtosaywhethertheadortheholidaywasresponsible.Companiesalsounderstandablyliketotargetaudiencestheythinkwilllikewhatthey’reselling.Butthatalwaysleadstothenaggingquestionofwhetherthecustomerwouldhavegoneandpurchasedtheproductregardless.Economistscallthisissue“endogeneity.”DerekThompsonattheAtlanticdubsittheI-was-gonna-buy-it-anywayproblem.”

ButtheInternetalsogunksupattemptsatanalysisinitsownspecialways.Forinstance,ifsomebodysearchesfor“Amazon,bananaslicer,”andclicksonasearchadthatpopsuprightnexttohisresults,chancesarehewouldhavemadeittoAmazon’ssitewithouttheextranudge.EvenifhenevertypedthewordAinzaon,hestillmighthavegottentothesitethroughthenaturalpowerofsearch.4.Intheend,itallcomesdowntotheevergreenchallengeofdistinguishingcorrelation(e.gaFaccebookusersawanadandthenboughtsomeshoes)fromcausation(e.g.,aFacebookuserboughtsomeshoesbecausehesawanad).

Thereis,however,awaytogetaroundthesehurdles.Runanalyticscompaniesdon’tdothat,relyinginsteadonelaboratestatisticalregressionsthattrytoflaweddata.Butit’stherouteTapeless—nowabusinessprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley—andhiscollaboratorstookwitheBay.5.Intheirfirsttest,theresearcherslookedatwhatwouldhappenifthecompanystoppedbuyingadsnexttoitsownname,whichseemedlikethemostobviouswasteofmoney.Todoso,theypulledtheadsfromYahooandMSNbutleftthemrunningonGoogle.Itturnedout,theadvertisingmadevirtuallynodifference.YeteBaywasspendingdollarseverytimeacustomerclickedanadinsteadofthelinksittingrightbelowit.

【答案】1.营销人员通常几乎不可能告诉他们哪些广告有效，哪些没有。而且他们知道得越少，像CBS这样的网络可能会在30秒内索要越多的费用。

2.本月，研究调查结果由国家经济研究局作为工作文件而重新发布，并引发了一轮关于互联网广告是否有效的讨论。

3.有很多专业人士乐于借助一些奇特的数学模型，告诉美国企业所有数据的含义。

4.最后，这一切都归结于一个长久的挑战：区分相关性（比如，一个脸书用户看了一个广告，然后买了双鞋）与因果关系（比如，一个脸书用户买了一双鞋，是因为看到了一个广告）。

5.在第一次测试中，研究人员研究了如果该公司停止以自己的名义购买广告将会发生什么，这似乎明显浪费了钱。

4.单选题

His______personalityprovidesgoodmaterialforcritics.

问题1选项

A.mature

B.considered

C.literate

D.dual

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项mature“成熟的”；B选项considered“经过深思熟虑的”；C选项literate“能读会写的”；D选项dual“双重的”。句意：他的______人格为评论家提供了很好的素材。根据语境，这里D选项dual“双重的”比较符合题意，意思指他的双重人格有很多可讨论的话题。因此D选项正确。

5.翻译题

Ithinkthat,fromabiologicalstandpoint,humanlifealmostreadslikeapoem.Ithasitsownrhythmandbeat,itsinternalcyclesofgrowthanddecay.Itbeginswithinnocentchildhood,followedbyawkwardadolescencetryingawkwardlytoadaptitselftomaturesociety,withitsyoungpassionsandfollies,itsidealsandambitions;thenitreachesamanhoodofintenseactivities,profitingfromexperienceandlearningmoreaboutsocietyandhumannature;atmiddleage,thereisaslighteasingoftension,amellowingofcharacterliketheripeningoffruitorthemellowingofgoodwine,andthegradualacquiringofamoretolerant,morecynicalandatthesametimeakindlierviewoflife;theninthesunsetofourlife,theendocrineglandsdecreasetheiractivity,andifwehaveatruephilosophyofoldageandhaveorderedourlifepatternaccordingtoit,itisforustheageofpeaceandsecurityandleisureandcontentment;finally,lifeflickersoutandonegoesintoeternalsleepnevertowakeupagain.Oneshouldbeabletosetthebeautyofthisrhythmoflife,toappreciate,aswedoingrandsymphonies,itsmaintheme,itsstrainsofconflictandthefinalresolution.Themovementsofthesecyclesareverymuchthesameinanormallife,buttherelicmustbeprovidedbytheindividualhimself.

【答案】我认为，从生物学的角度来看，人生就像一首诗。它有自己的韵律和节奏，自有内在的生长与衰亡周期。它开始于天真的童年，紧随其后的是稚拙的青春期，带着年轻的激情和愚笨，笨拙而努力地走向成熟；后来人到壮年，经历渐广，阅人渐多，涉世渐深；乃至中年，节奏渐缓，个性沉淀如熟果，如美酒，更具容忍之心，愈发愤世嫉俗，却待人生愈发温和；再后来到暮年时，内分泌系统活动减少，如果我们已经悟得老年真谛，且据此安顿残年，则生活将平和、宁静、安详且美满；最后生命之光摇曳而逝，人开始永恒的长眠，不再醒来。人应能感受这种生命韵律之美，就如欣赏交响乐一样，欣赏其主旋律、激昂的高潮和舒缓的尾声。生命的乐章大同小异，但每个人应谱写出自己独有的乐曲。

6.单选题

Werarelyperceivemorethanaminute（）ofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponourorgans;thegreatmajoritypassesusby.

问题1选项

A.fraction

B.fiction

C.function

D.friction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项fraction表示“分数，部分，小部分”，B选项fiction表示“小说，编造，谎言”，C选项function表示“功能，运转，函数”，D选项friction表示“摩擦，摩擦力”。根据句意可知，我们仅仅察觉到偶然触及我们感官的一小部分光和声音；而大部分已经过去了。空缺处单词与后文中的thegreatmajority形成对比，形容光和声音的一小部分，因此，只有A项符合语境。故本题正确答案为A选项。

7.单选题

ThemajorobstacletothereforminNewOrleans,(),ismoney.

问题1选项

A.asisitacrossthecountry

B.asitisacrossthecountry

C.asitwereacrossthecountry

D.aswereitacrossthecountry

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法知识。主句是现在时，排除C和D选项。as后不需要使用倒装结构，因此B选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Thevictim（

）tosurviveifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.

问题1选项

A.wouldhaveachance

B.wouldhavehadachance

C.hasachance

D.hashadachance

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果送到医院去，这个病人或许还能得救。这里根据句意，病人没有及时送到医院，if引导的是虚拟的条件句，而且根据if后面的时态可以知道这是表示对过去事情的推测，所以答案要选B。

9.单选题

Ourgenerationhasmadesuchimmensediscoveriesandachievedsuchundreamedenrichmentsoftheoutsideoflife,thatithaslosttouchwiththeinsideoflife.Ithasforgottenthetruerichesandbeautiesofitsspiritualinheritance:richesandbeautiesthatgofarbeyondourmodernchatteraboutvaluesandideals.Themind'ssearchformorebreadthhasobscuredtheheart'scravingformoredepth.Onceagainmanhasbecomethedupeofhisowncleverness.Andbecauseitisdifficulttoattendtomorethanafewthingsatatime,weleaveoutagreatrangeofexperienceswhichcomesinbyanotherrouteandtellsusofanotherkindoflife.Ourinterestrushesouttothefarthestlimitsoftheuniverse,butweseldomtakeasoundingoftheoceanbeneathourrestlesskeels.Weget,therefore,aqueerfeelingthatweareleavingsomethingout.Knowledgehasgrown;butwisdom,savoringthedeepwonderandmysteryoflife,lingersfarbehind.Thusthelifeofthehumanspirit,whichoughttomaintainabalancebetweentheworldvisibleandtheworldinvisible,isthrownoutofgear.

1.Whichofthefollowingmaybestserveasthetitleofthepassage?

2.Theauthorofthispassageimplieshisconcernoverman's（）

3.Theauthorsuggeststhatmanneedsto（）

4.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

5.Whatissomethingthatweareleavingoutaccordingtotheauthor?

问题1选项

A.Man'sNeedforWisdom.

B.TheInvisibleWorld.

C.TheHeartandMindofMan.

D.TheGrowthofKnowledge.

问题2选项

A.inhumanitytoothermen

B.emphasisonthematerialisticinlife

C.explorationsinthefarthestlimitsoftheuniverse

D.lackofknowledgeofthevisibleworld

问题3选项

A.becleverer.

B.learntodomorethanonethingatatime

C.givemoreattentiontothespirit

D.becomemoresocial

问题4选项

A.Thesoulofmenisrestless.

B.Peoplespendtoomuchtimeinidletalk.

C.Manistooconcernedwiththingsofthespirit.

D.Manshouldsearchformorebreadthinhislife.

问题5选项

A.Immensediscoveries

B.Undreamedenrichmentsoftheoutsideoflife

C.Wisdom

D.Knowledge

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。这段文章主要讲述了人类追求外在物质的世界而忽略了内在的精神世界的情况。文章的倒数第二句“Knowledgehasgrown;butwisdom,savoringthedeepwonderandmysteryoflife,lingersfarbehind.”进行了点题,人们的知识增长了,但智慧却远远落后,所以人们需要智慧。

2.判断推理题。根据上一题可以知道,文章就是在说人类追求外在物质的世界而忽略了内在的精神世界的情况,所以由此推断,作者担心的是人类过于关注物质世界。选项B正确。

3.细节事实题。福据文章中的Ithasforgottenthetruerichesandbeautiesofitsspiritualinheritance。可以知道作者还是很希望大家更多的关注内在世界,所以选项C正确。

4.细节事实题。根据文中“Weget,therefore,aqueerfeelingthatweareleavingsomethingout.”我们有一种奇怪的感觉,觉得我们遗漏了什么。选项B说的是表象,选项C和D错误。所以只有选项A符合原文。

5.细节事实题。根据文中的倒数第二句“Knowledgehasgrown;butwisdom,savoringthedeepwonderandmysteryoflife,lingersfarbehind.”由此推断,人们遗失的是智慧。

10.单选题

Here______youwanttosee.

问题1选项

A.comesthegirl

B.comedoesthegirl

C.thegirlcomes

D.comingthegirlis

【答案】A

【解析】考查倒装句。句意：你想见的女孩来了。here位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式，倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，所以A选项comesthegirl符合题意。因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

Theriverisalready（）itsbanksbecauseofexcessiverainfall;andthecityisthreatenedwithalikelyflood.

问题1选项

A.parallelto

B.levelto

C.flaton

D.flushwith

【答案】D

【解析】parallelto平行,

类似；level不与to搭配；flat也不与介词on搭配；flushwith齐平,

同高。句意：由于雨水过多，河水已经和堤岸齐平了，这座城市可能面临洪水的威胁。选项D符合句意。

12.单选题

AtfirstIdidnotawarethis,butwhenIfoundoutthenextdayfromanotherforeignguestatthehotel,aEuropean,Icouldn’tbelievemyears.

问题1选项

A.didnotaware

B.whenIfoundout

C.fromanotherforeignguestat

D.aEuropean,Icouldn’tbelieve

E.没有错误

【答案】A

【解析】动词误用。A项aware改为know。aware是形容词,而A项中didnot后面应该接动词。

13.单选题

Hewassoangrythathejustcouldn’t（）fromtellingthemwhathethought.

问题1选项

A.holdoff

B.holdon

C.holdback

D.holdup

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。holdbackfrom意为“抑制…阻止…”。句意“他非常生气，忍不住把自己的想法告诉了他们。”选项C符合句意。

14.填空题

“TheIAEAshouldpositivelyclarifyrelevantproblemsbycooperatingwithIraninafairand_______manner”and“IranshouldbeflexibleandsincerewhencooperatingwiththeIAEA,”Xinhuareported,citingHong.(person)

【答案】impersonal

【解析】【考查点】形容词。

【解题思路】根据横线前的and，可知fair和横线处表示并列，所以横线处应为形容词，并且意思和fair对应，impersonal意思为“非指个人的，客观的”，符合语境。

【句意】新华社援引洪磊的话说：“国际原子能机构应该以公平、客观的方式与伊朗合作，积极澄清有关问题。伊朗在与国际原子能机构合作时，应该灵活、真诚。”

15.单选题

Theyhadplannedtogooutingthisweekend,buttheyfinallyhadto（）itbecauseoftherainyweather.

问题1选项

A.cancel

B.eliminate

C.delay

D.prolong

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析。cancel“取消,撤销”;eliminate“消除,排除”;delay“延期,耽搁”;prolong“延长,拖延”。句意:他们原计划这个周末去郊游,但由于下雨,最后不得不取消了。选项A符合句意。

16.单选题

（

）,Imustdoanotherexperiment.

问题1选项

A.Beiteversolate

B.Itiseversolate

C.Itbeeversolate

D.Solateitbeever

【答案】A

【解析】考查状语从句的倒装。根据选项及句意，可推测空格指“尽管很晚了，但我必须再做一个实验”，Beiteversolate是由Thoughit(may)beeversolate而来，省略了though再将be移至主语it之前而来。句意：尽管很晚了，但我必须再做一个实验。

17.单选题

Globalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyKofiAnnan,theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.

Thereport,tobereleasedFridayanalyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,populationandeconomicstrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangeswasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition（营养不良）andheat-relatedhealthproblems.

Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.

Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwoulddoubleby2030.

RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForum’sreportwas“amethodologicalembarrassment”becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohumandrivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerableregions.Dr.Pielkesaidthat“climatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringourutmostattention”.Butthereport,hesaid,“willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechangeanddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed（有瑕疵的）”.

However,SorenAnderasen,asocialscientistatDahlbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswhosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.

Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazards,whilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheattrappinggases.Morethan90%ofthehumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothereport.

1.WhatisthefindingoftheGlobalHumanitarianForum?

2.WhatdowelearnabouttheForum’sreportfromthepassage?

3.WhatdoesDr.PielkesayabouttheForum’sreport?

4.WhatisSorenAndreasen’sviewofthereport?

5.WhatdoesKofiAnnansayshouldbethefocusoftheCopenhagenconference?

问题1选项

A.Globaltemperaturesaffecttherateofeconomicdevelopment

B.Ratesofdeathfromillnesshaverisenduetoglobalwarming

C.Malnutritionhascausedserioushealthproblemsinpoorcountries

D.Economictrendshavetodowithpopulationandnaturaldisasters

问题2选项

A.Itwaschallengedbysomeclimateandriskexperts

B.Itarousedalotofinterestinthescientificcircles

C.Itwaswarmlyreceivedbyenvironmentalists

D.Itcauseabigstirindevelopingcountries

问题3选项

A.Itsstatisticslookembarrassing

B.Itisinvalidintermsofmethodology

C.Itdeservesourclosestattention

D.Itsconclusionispurposelyexaggerated

问题4选项

A.Itsconclusionsarebasedoncarefullycollecteddata

B.Itisvulnerabletocriticismifthestatisticsarecloselyexamined

C.ItwillgiverisetoheateddiscussionsattheCopenhagenconference

D.Itsroughestimatesaremeanttodrawtheattentionofworldleaders

问题5选项

A.Howrichandpoorregionscanshareresponsibilityincurbingglobalwarming

B.Howhumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangecanbereduced

C.Howemissionsofheat-trappinggasescanbereducedonaglobalscale

D.Howrichcountriescanbetterhelppoorregionsreduceclimatehazards

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。文章第二段提到“受人类影响的环境变化导致了如营养不良及其他与高温相关的问题死亡率升高”(Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangeswasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutritionandheat-relatedhealthproblems)，选项B“由于全球变暖，死亡率上身”符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。文章第三段提到“在这篇报告发表之前就已经引起了很多气象和风险专家的批判”（Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions），因此选项A“受到一些气象和风险专家的挑战”符合题意。

第3题:细节事实题。文章第五段提到皮尔克博士对于报告的看法，他认为这次报告就是一个方法论的尴尬（amethodologicalembarrassment），随后又解释了原因，由此可知在皮尔克博士看来，这个报告在方法论上是不成立的，选项B符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。文章第六段提到“很明显报告中的数据是粗略估计的，并且他认为这个报告是针对各国领导人提出的”（whosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty），选项D“它的粗略估计是为了引起领导人的注意”符合题意。

第5题:推理判断题。文章最后一段提到“在新闻发布会上，安南强调需要增加从富裕国家到贫穷国家的资金流动，来帮助减少气候变化给他们造成的伤害”（Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazards,whilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheattrappinggases），选项D“富裕国家怎样更好地帮助贫穷国家减少气候带来的危害”符合题意。

18.翻译题

Directions:PutthefollowingparagraphintoChinese.WriteyourChineseversionintheproperspaceonAnswerSheet.

Undertheimpactofmodernscience,theveryconceptionofthetaskofphilosophyhasundergonearadicalreorientation.Inverybroadhistoricalperspectiveitmaybesaidthatthephilosophersthroughouttheageshavebeenengagedinthreemajorendeavors:theyhavebeensearchingforabsolutetruthsregardingbasicreality,andforabsolutestandardsofmorality;theyhavetriedtoconstructasynthesis,aviewoftheuniverseandofman'splaceinit,i.e.,aperspectivethatwouldintegratethevariouscontributionsofthesciencesintoanintelligibleandharmoniouswhole;finally,philosophershaveattemptedtoclarifythemeaningandthevalidityofthefundamentalconcepts,assumptions,andmethodsofknowledgeandofevaluation.

Inthelightofmodernscience,i.e.,notonlyofitsresultsandconclusionsbutespeciallyofitsopen-mindedattitudeandcriticalapproach,thesearchforabsolutetruthislargelybeingabandonedasfruitless,ifnotasmeaningless.Thespiritofcontemporaryscienceis"critical"inthesensethatallitsconclusionsareconsideredsoundortenableonly"untilfurthernotice".Inotherwords,neitheroftheextremes-dogmatismorskepticism—isacceptable.Thepoliceoftheopenmindindicatesthatwhileweshouldkeepallourconvictionsinprincipleopenforcriticismandrevision,itisperfectlyreasonabletoreplyonwell-confirmedassumptionsuntilstrongevidenceforcesustomodifyortoreplacethembyotherassumptionsthataremorestronglysupportedbyrelevantevidence.

【答案】在现代科学的冲击下，哲学任务这个概念已经发生了彻底的再定位。从更广泛的历史角度来看，可以说，哲学家们自古以来都在从事三大事业：他们一直在寻找关于基本现实的绝对真理和绝对的道德标准。他们试图构建一种综合的观点，一种对宇宙及人类在宇宙中所处位置的看法，是一种将科学的各种贡献整合成一个明白易懂的和谐整体的观点。最后，哲学家们试图澄清知识和评估的基本概念、假设和方法的意义以及有效性。

根据现代科学，不仅根据其结果和结论，而且特别是其开放的态度和批评方法，对绝对真理的探索在很大程度上被放弃，即使不是毫无意义，也是徒劳无益的。当代科学的精神是“批判性的”，因为它的所有结论直到“进一步注意”才被认为是合理的或可成立的。换句话说，这两个极端——教条主义或怀疑主义——都是不可接受的。持开放态度的警方表示，虽然，原则上，我们的所有信念都应公开接受批评和修改，但是，在有力证据迫使我们修改或用因相关证据而得到更有力支持的其他假设来代替它们之前，回应已充分证实了的假设是完全合理的。

19.单选题

Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintinginCriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternity（父亲的身份）whereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.

DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.

Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass,andDanielL.HartlofWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,Mo.LewontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatterns.

Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditation（鉴定合格）forDNAtestinglaboratories.

1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects（）.

2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen（）.

3.TogeneticistslikeLewontinandHartl,thecurrentmethod（）.

4.TheattitudeoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationshowsthat（）.

5.NationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestandthat（）.

问题1选项

A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations

B.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence

C.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt

D.couldbeconvictedofguiltaswell

问题2选项

A.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotaccurate

B.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpattern

C.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentobelongtotwodifferentindividuals

D.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.

问题3选项

A.isnotsoconvincingastoexcludethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsamplescannevercomefromtwoindividuals

B.isarguablebecausetwoindividualsofthesameethnicgrouparelikelytohavethesameDNApattern

C.isnotbasedonadequatescientifictheoryofgenetics

D.istheoreticallycontradictorytowhattheyhavebeenstudying

问题4选项

A.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstoconfirmtheunlikelihoodoftwoDNAsamplescomingfromtwoindividualmembers

B.enoughdataofDNAsamplesshouldhecollectedtoconfirmthatonlyDNAsamplesfromthesamepersoncanmatch

C.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstodeterminethelikelihoodoftwodifferentDNAsamplescomingfromthesameperson

D.additionalsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshouldbecollectedIodeterminethattwoDNAsampleareunlikelytocomefromthesameperson

问题5选项

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.OnlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.Theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkourstandardsfortesting

D.TheacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。题干意为:在DNA指纹识别使用之前，嫌疑犯…。第二段指出:DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence(指纹和其他DNA分析技术已经彻底改变了刑事调查，给调查人员提供了强大的新工具，以证明有罪，而不仅仅是确立无罪)。后面还指出:Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime(在刑事调查时，嫌疑犯的DNA指纹图案与从犯罪现场发现的毛发或血液等材料中获得的DNA指纹图案进行比较)。由此可以推测，如果没有DNA指纹识别技术,嫌疑犯不会那么容易定罪。因此选C项“可能轻易逃脱罪责”。

2.细节事实题。题干意为:在什么时候，DNA指纹识别可能不可靠？第三段指出:Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他们特别指出，目前的方法尚不能完全确定，两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人，而不是出自同族成员中的两个人)。因此可知,当“偶然匹配的蒽碰巧属于两个不同的人”的时候,DNA指纹可能不可靠。

3.判断推理题。题干意为:对于Levvontin和Hard这样的遗传学者而言，目前的方法如何？第三段指出:LevvontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone(Lewontin和Hartl对偶然发生的两个DNA抬纹吻合的可能性的计算方法提出质疑)。Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他们特别指出,目前的方法尚不能完全确定两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人，而不是出自同族成员中的两个人。即他们认为目前的方法不能确定吻合的DNA不是来自同族的两个人)。因此，A项“排除两个DNA样本决不会来自两个人的可能性，目前的方法还不能那么令人信服”符合两人观点的表述。

4.判断推理题。题干意为:联邦调查局的态度表明…最后一段指出:enoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate(足够的数据可以利用，以表明目前正在使用的方法是合适的)。InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariou