考研语法-长难句分析策略及答案翻译

考研语法一长难句分析策略

总论一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：.阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构一一主语从句。.完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句---现在分词、过去分词----主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。.翻译：定语从句----状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词-一过去分词 比较结构、倒装 同位语从句、表语从句。二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。三、长难句分析六步走（2010Text4）These（changes）gavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassets（非流动资产）andmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements（损益计算）.（2001完形）ThegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcasessuchasthetrialofRosemaryWest.(2005Text1)Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(2005-25)Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.(2008Text2)TheInternet一andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovemment-fiindedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit一ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.四、基本知识补充.句子成分：主干成分 主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例：WhenitcomestoEnglishtest,he,whoisacollegestudent,considersgrammarmostimportant..由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。例：Lastyear,thehard-workingstudentconsideredtheNETEMmostimportant.(词)In2011,mostofcollegestudents,agroupofhard-workingpeople,consideredpassingtheNETEMmostimportant.(短语)Whenitwas2011,whatwasconsideredtobethemostimportantformostofcollegestudents,whowerehard-workingpeople,waspassingtheNETEM.(句).简单句基本句型：(1)主语+及物动词+宾语IlikeEnglish.(2)主语+系动词+表语Helookstwisted.(3)主语+不及物动词Ifainted.(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Hetoldmeastory.(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语Wecallthiskindpseudo-girls.启示：“”部分为句子的谓语部分，只有有动词才成句，通过动词与连词区分简单句、并列句、复合句。第二章名词性语法内容一、名词：1.语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例：Thereasonsareclearnow. Whyhemurderedhiswifbisclearnow.Hehasmadeclearthefacts. Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.Itisthequestion. ItiswhetherIshoulddisgracefullysurviveorsmartlydisappear.Wefoundoutthefact,themurder. Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.AmericanselectedBarackObamatheirpresident.二、名词性结构：动名词与不定式.动名词与不定式做主语例：（2006完形）Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.（2005.49）Creatinga—EuropeanIdentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric（组织）oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.Toerr（犯错）ishuman;toforgive,divine（神圣的）..动名词与不定式做宾语例：（1994语法）Iappreciatetheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.A.havingbeengivenB.havinggivenC.tohavebeengivenD.tohavegiven(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail..动名词与不定式检测题(2004Textl)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient.…Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.(2001Text5)Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof—jugglingyourlife,andmakingthealternativemoveinto—downshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.(1998Text4)Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.三、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注：用从句代替名词充当句子成分，称之为名词性从句。1.主语从句:that弓|导(陈述句)、whether、what等疑问词引导(what—疑问句)。(2006Text3)Thattheseseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.(1993.74)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses(thescientists4mindprocesses),andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.(2000.72)Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.(2008.46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience.(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.2.宾语从句：that引导(可省一陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(疑问句)。(2005Text2)Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistargued(that)smokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?(2004.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.(1997Text4)Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude.3.表语从句：that引导和as/asif引导(陈述句)、because/why、what等疑问词引导(疑问句)。(1997Text2)AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfiiendly,courteous,andhelpfillmostAmericansweretothem.(2006Text3)Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast..同位语从句：that引导(陈述句)、疑问词引导(疑问句)。a.名词+同位语从句(2005Text3)Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfbars.(2011.46)Allen4scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealsitserroneousnature.(2009Textl)Theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.(3)名词性从句检测题：Whathewantedtoconveywasthathewasinnocent,butthepublicconsideredthatthefactthattheaffairhadastronginfluenceonthefemalestarswastheprominentevidenceforhisfault.(2012Textl)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.(2012Text2)Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.(2010Text2)TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase(Bilski)wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould-reconsideritsStateStreetBankruling.(2010-27)WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.第三章形容词性语法内容一、语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。例：Sheisbeautiful.Wefindtheexaminteresting.Thegirlstoodthere,fullofconfidence.Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.二、形容词性从句：定语从句---限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)。例：(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(1999Text2)Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateintranet.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributedalottohissuccessinhiscareer.1.关系代词引导的定语从句：that引导（做连词可省）、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。例：Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday'sevents.(2012Textl)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.2.关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby弓I导。例：Televisionisoneofthemeanswherebythesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.(1998cloze)Bycontrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1659to1750,whenEnglandwasstillacompletelyagriculturalcountry,aperiodofabundanceandprosperity.(2005Text3)Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.3.as引导的定语从句：a.引导限定性定语从句：固定搭配的必须必such…as…,thesame…as(that)…,as…as…；例：(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并购)wavearethesamethatunderlie(弓I起)theglobalizationprocess.Thesungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.b.引导非限定性定语从句：代替which出现在主句之前。例：(2006Text2)Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry一WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctivelyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.(2006Translation)Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchesofhumanknowledgeisonething;livingin—publicandindustriousthoughts,asEmersionwouldsay,issomethingelse.作文常用句型：Asisshowninthepictures,Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove,,,.定语从句和同位语从句区分：例：Theconclusionthattheyhavedrawniswrong.Theconclusionthattheywon'tacceptourconditionsiswrong..定语从句检测题(2012Text3)Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.(2006翻译)Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityof自ctors,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what(2006Text2)Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.(2008Text4)TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.(2008-40)Washingtonsdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhismoralconsiderationmilitaryexperiencefinancialconditionspoliticalstand(2010Textl)OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.(2010Textl)Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.三、分词：现在分词、过去分词----时态与主被动.语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。.定语：Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.Wemustadapt(适应)ourthinkingtothechangedconditions.TheAmericanpresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.(2006Text4)Afterall,whatistheonemodemformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicated(用于)todepictinghappiness.c.分词作定语检测题:（1996年语法）TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives（1995年语法）Howmanyofus,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion.A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended（1999年语法）It'seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodemlifeandonthevague（不明确的）changesplaceinourever-changingworld.A.takingB.totakeC.takeD.Taken（2003.63）Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.（2010Textl）WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.（2010-22）NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby.A.freethemesB.casualstylesC.elaboratelayoutD.radicalviewpoints3.表语：a.Hisargumentisveryconvincing.b.分词作表语检测题：57.（2005Text3）Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspended（暂停、终止）anddeadpeoplespeak..补足语：主要看动作是谁发出的，宾语发出就是宾语补足语。a.Whilewalkingalongthestreets,weoftenhearsomeonesingingforhis/herliving.Inthemorning,peoplewokeupandfoundtheworldoutsidetheirhousecompletelychanged.b.分词做补足语检测题：Teachersalwaysspeakloudlyinordertomakethemselvesheard..状语：注意分词的逻辑主语，由主被动关系决定分词选择（切记）。a.Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstances（物质）nearit.Seeninthislight,economiccrisisisnotasseriousaspeoplegenerallysuppose.b.分词作状语检测题：（1998语法）Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,insufficiently（不够地）popularwithallmembers.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.tobeconsideredD.havingconsidered(1992语法)oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimbedupanddriftedtothesouth.A.TobefreeB.FreeingC.TofreeD.Freed(1993语法)Allflightsbecauseofthesnowstorm(暴风雪)，wedecidedtotakethetrain.A.werecanceledB.hadbeencanceledC.havingcanceledD.havingbeencanceled(2012Text4)Politicianshaverepeatedly-backloadedpublic-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.(1999Textl)Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipate(预测)everypossibleaccident.(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.(2007Text4)Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss'sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.6.分词的复合结构：分词前加逻辑主语。Timepermitting,wearegoingtoBeijingBotanicalGarden.（2001年语法）GoodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurelyC提前地），withtheBritishrecapture（重新收回，夺回）oftheporthalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.A.toannounceB.announcedC.announcingD.wasannouncedc.分词的复合结构检测题：（1999Text3）But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.（1997年语法）Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphonetothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.A.addingB.tohaveaddedC.toaddD.Added（1993年语法）Asforthewinter,itisinconvenienttobecold,withmostoffurnacefuel（锅炉燃料）isallowedsavedforthedawn.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.such启示：分词已经不是动词，所以不能在句中做谓语。区分过去分词和动词过去式。第四章副词性语法内容一、语法功能：状语。注：状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。例：Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenminUniversitybecausehisperformanceonoralEnglishwasreallybad.(表示上下文关系)二、副词性从句：状语从句------时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。(2005.9)Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.A.whenB.sinceC.forD.whereas(1997.48)Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcirclesandthegrowingburdensimposedbyemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpension(退休金)plans.A.butB.whileC.andD.whereas(2010-18)WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,outputdulyrosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayandcontinuedtoriseforthenextcoupleofdays.,acomparisonwithdatafbrweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.HoweverD.Meanwhile(2007-9)Generallytherewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbyacommonsetoflaws.Ontheissueoffreedomofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,_9_,therewaslessagreementamongtheleadership.A.thereforeB.howeverC.indeedD.moreover(2006-1)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation._1_,homelesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan4tpossiblycope.A.IndeedB.LikewiseC.ThereforeD.Furthermore(2005-16)Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsitinefficienttokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcancreatenewreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay_16_explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.A.stillB.alsoC.otherwiseD.Nevertheless(2006-7)Estimatesrangeanywherefrom600,000to3million._7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.A.NowthatB.AlthoughC.ProvidedD.Exceptthat1.时间状语从句：正点--—as,till,（not）until,assoonas…，every（each）time,theinstant,theminute,themoment,thesecond,nosooner…than,hardly...when;之前 before;之后 after,since,once;★例：Thebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy（困倦的）.76.（2002年翻译）Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched（确定的）.***—not…until的四种不同句式：a.正常句式b.Until在句首c.倒装句式d.强调句式注：分享同一翻译：直到 才。（1994Text2）Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.★时间状语从句检测题：（1991年语法）tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.A.HardlyhadhebeganB.NosoonerhadhebeganC.NotuntilhebeganD.Scarcelydidhebegan(1998年语法)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrueitcomestoclassroomtests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when(2002.22)Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).A.afterB.byC.duringD.until(2001-6)Inasignificanttighteningoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroduceadraftbillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnessesillegalandwillstrictlycontroltheamountofpublicitythatcanbegiventoacase_6_atrialbegins.A.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.As地点状语从句：everywhere/anywhere/wherever；例：(1998Text2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.条件状语从句：suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing,as(so)longas;★ifonly：只要；onlyif：只有注：区别。(1996年语法)Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhoughD.ifonly(2004年完形42)Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfanhisfamilyheproducesasurplus..onlyifB.muchasC.longbeforeD.eversincesuppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing注：相当于if.例：Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.aslongas…(2002Text4)Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(力口速)death.★条件状语从句检测题(1993语法)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingyoudon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.until(2010-7)Itdidnot_6_whatwasdoneintheexperiment;_7_somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A.asfarasB.forfearthatC.incasethatD.solongas4.原因状语从句：as,since,inthat;considering;nowthat,as(so)longas;onthegroundsthat;★例：（2003.37）theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentareadmiredbyothers.A.IfB.AlthoughC.whereasD.Because（1995语法）Hydrogen（氢元素）isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverseitprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.sothatB.butthatC.inthatD.providedthat★原因状语从句检测题（1996.46）Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon（碳元素）,hydrogen,oxygen（氧元素）,andsometimesnitrogen（氮兀素）.Theyaredifferenttheirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.inthatB.sothatC.suchthatD.exceptthat（2004.22）Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds（违法行为）orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteraction（——起7舌动）withothers.A.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.Because目的状语从句：lest,incase,forfearthat（2003Text4）FormerColoradogovernor（州长）RichardLammhasbeenquoted（弓I用）assayingthattheoldandinfirm—haveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.（2000Text5）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing（爱出风头的）,acquisitive（贪婪的）andvulgar（庸俗的）.（2000-29）Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecausetheythinkofitasimmoraltheirpursuitsarenotfameorwealthambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefitstheydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible★ 目的状语从句检测题（2003.35）Intheseactivties,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.A.ifonlyB.nowthatC.sothatD.evenif(2003Text2)They(scientists)shouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.(2003.49)Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould.A.communicatemorewiththepublicB.employhi-techmeansinresearchC.feelsnoshamefortheircauseD.strivetodevelopnewcures6.方式状语从句：as;asif/though;inthesameway/manner;★例：(2000Textl)Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(牺牲品)。7.让步状语从句：while,as,whether注：翻译通常为“尽管……”、"不论…… 易懂类 例：(2002.29&31)Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,followedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit(集成电路)duringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediatelyapparent.[29].A.indeedB.henceC.howeverD.therefore[31].A.unlessB.sinceC.lestD.althoughGettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessvitamins.Manypeople,50 .believeinbeingonthe—safesideandthustakeextravitamins.A.neverthelessB.thereforeC.moreoverD.meanwhile(1997.44)44itseconomyconditionstorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.A.EventhoughB.NowthatC.IfonlyD.Providedthat(1998语法)Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatterhedoes.A.howB.whereC.whatD.when(2000Text2)ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowforfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.易懂类检测题：(1997改错)AlthoughprofessorGreen'slecturesusuallyranover(A)thefifty-minute(B)period,butnone(C)ofhisstudentseven(D)objectedastheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeandinteresting.(2004.40)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.A.providedB.sinceC.althoughD.supposing(2005：1.5.6)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,_1_thisislargelybecause,unlikeanimals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesarelimitedtoperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,missingthemajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,_5_,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,_6_wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearediluted(稀释)tofarbelowonepartinonemillion..A.althoughB.asC.butD.while.A.anywayB.thoughC.insteadD.therefore.A.evenifB.ifonlyC.onlyifD.asif(2000Text4)Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(机械的)learningovercreativityandself-expression.(2000Text4)Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.Droppingoutleadstofrustratio