考研考博-英语-广东第二师范学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广东第二师范学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

ParadiseLostisMilton’smasterpiece.ItsstoryistakenfromtheBible,about“thefallofman",thatis,howAdamandEvearetemptedbySatantodisobeyGodbyeatingtheforbiddenfruitfromtheTreeofKnowledge,andhowtheyarepunishedbyGodanddrivenoutofParadise.InMilton’swords,thepurposeofwritingtheepicisto“justifythewaysofGodtomen”,butapparently,Miltonisutteringhisintensehatredofcruelnessoftherulerinthepoem.BydepictingSatanandhisfollowersaswellastheirfieryutteranceandbraveactions,MiltonisshowingaPuritan’srevoltagainstthedictatorandagainsttheestablishedCatholicsandtheAnglicanChurch.

InthepoemGodisnobetterthanacruelandselfishruler,seatedonathronewithagroupofangelsabouthimsingingsongstopraisehim.Hislongspeechesarenotpleasingatall.HeiscruelandunjustinpunishingSatan.Hisangelsarestupid.ButSatanisbyfarthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem,whorisesagainstGodand,thoughdefeated,stillpersistsinhisfighting.

ThestoryofAdamandEveshowsMilton’sbeliefinthepowerofman.Goddeniesthemachancetopursueforknowledge.Itisthislongingforknowledgethatopensbeforemankindawideroadtointelligentandactivelife.IthasbeennotedbymanycriticsthatMilton’srevolutionaryfeelingmakeshimforgetreligiousdoctrines.TheangelswhosurroundGodneverthinkofexpressinganyopinionsoftheirown,andtheyneverseemtohaveanyopinionsoftheirown.TheimageofGodsurroundedbysuchangelsresemblesthecourtofanabsolutemonarch.ButSatanandhisfollowers,whofreelydiscussallissuesincouncil,remindusofaRepublicParliament.

1.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom（）.

2.Inthepoem,Satanisdescribedas（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthispassage?

4.Accordingtothispassage,themainpurposeofParadiseLostisto（）.

问题1选项

A.areviewofMilton’sParadiseLost

B.anintroductiontoMilton’sParadiseLost

C.adepictionofthecruelnessoftheBritishruler

D.anintroductiontoEnglishliterature

问题2选项

A.anevilperson

B.arebellioushero

C.selfishandcrueldevil

D.astupiddevil

问题3选项

A.GodactsasthedictatoroftheKingdom.

B.SatanandhisfollowersactasmembersofParliament.

C.TheangelsaredepictedasfollowersoftheKing.

D.AdamandEvearethepeopletobeenlightened.

问题4选项

A.praiseGodforthecreationoftheworld

B.changepeople’sunfavorableimpressionofSatan

C.expresshissupportforthefightofSatan

D.criticizethecruelnessoftheBritishruler

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom______.1.这篇文章很可能摘自______。

A.areviewofMilton’sParadiseLostA.弥尔顿的《失乐园》的书评

B.anintroductiontoMilton’sParadiseLostB.弥尔顿《失乐园》的序言

C.adepictionofthecruelnessoftheBritishrulerC.对残忍的英国统治者的描绘

D.anintroductiontoEnglishliteratureD.英国文学概论

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】结合文章内容可知，本文仅用只言片语简单介绍了《失乐园》的内容，更多的是讲述弥尔顿的写作目的以及反映出来的思想感情。由此可以推测，这篇文章很有可能节选自弥尔顿《失乐园》的书评，所以A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B项“弥尔顿《失乐园》的序言”根据解题思路可知，这篇文章对《失乐园》内容的描述很少，所以不可能是序言，该项曲解原文；

C项“对残忍的英国统治者的描绘”，文中没有描述残忍的英国统治者，该项属于无中生有；

D项“英国文学概论”包含范围太广，曲解原文。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Inthepoem,Satanisdescribedas______.2.在诗中，撒旦被描述为______。

A.anevilpersonA.一个邪恶的人

B.arebelliousheroB.一个具有反抗精神的英雄

C.selfishandcrueldevilC.自私残忍的魔鬼

D.astupiddevilD.一个愚蠢的魔鬼

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“撒旦是迄今为止这首诗中最引人注目的人物，他奋起反抗上帝，虽然被打败了，但仍然坚持战斗”，上文提到上帝不过是一个残忍自私的统治者，所以可以推断撒旦是一个具有反抗精神的英雄，B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A项“一个邪恶的人”、C项“自私残忍的魔鬼”和D项“一个愚蠢的魔鬼”根据解题思路可知，这三项属于曲解原文。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthispassage?3.下面哪个选项不能从这篇文章中推断出来？

A.GodactsasthedictatoroftheKingdom.A.上帝是这个王国的独裁者。

B.SatanandhisfollowersactasmembersofParliament.B.撒旦和他的追随者充当国会议员。

C.TheangelsaredepictedasfollowersoftheKing.C.天使被描绘成国王的追随者。

D.AdamandEvearethepeopletobeenlightened.D.亚当和夏娃是应该被启蒙的人。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段的最后一句“撒旦和他的追随者们，在议会中自由地讨论所有问题，让我们想起共和议会”可知，这里只是一个比喻的用法，将撒旦和他的追随者们比喻成国会议员，但他们在这首诗中并不是真正的国会议员，所以选项B不符合原文，但符合题意。故该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“上帝是这个王国的独裁者”，根据文章第二段可知，上帝是一个残忍自私的统治者，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；

C项“天使被描绘成国王的追随者”，根据第二段第一句中的“上帝不过是一个残忍自私的统治者，坐在宝座上，周围有一群天使唱歌赞美他”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；

D项“亚当和夏娃是应该被启蒙的人”，根据第三段前几句“亚当和夏娃的故事表明弥尔顿相信人的力量。上帝不给他们追求知识的机会。正是这种对知识的渴望为人类开辟了一条通往智慧和积极生活的宽阔道路。”可知，像亚当和夏娃一样的人类，应该有追求知识的机会，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Accordingtothispassage,themainpurposeofParadiseLostisto______.4.根据这篇文章，《失乐园》的主要目的是为了______。

A.praiseGodforthecreationoftheworldA.赞美上帝创造了世界

B.changepeople’sunfavorableimpressionofSatanB.改变人们对撒旦的不良印象

C.expresshissupportforthefightofSatanC.表达对与撒旦战斗的支持

D.criticizethecruelnessoftheBritishrulerD.批评英国统治者的残酷

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第一段倒数第二句“用弥尔顿的话来说，写史诗的目的是‘证明上帝对人类的方式是正当的’，但显然，弥尔顿在诗中表达了他对统治者残酷的强烈仇恨”，从中可知，弥尔顿在诗中表达了他对统治者残忍行为的强烈憎恨。所以可以推断，《失乐园》的主要目的是批判英国统治者的残酷无情。选项D符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A项“赞美上帝创造了世界”，原文中描述的是一个残暴自私的上帝，所以该项不符合原文，属于反向干扰；

B项“改变人们对撒旦的不良印象”和C项“表达对与撒旦战斗的支持”在文章中虽然有依据，但是并不是文章的主要目的，属于本末倒置。

2.单选题

Startingwiththe（）thatthereislifeontheplanetMars,theRussianandAmericanscientistswentontodeveloptheirarguments.

问题1选项

A.premise

B.pretext

C.precondition

D.presentation

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项premise“前提，假定，假设”；B选项pretext“借口，托辞”；C选项precondition“前提，先决条件”；D选项presentation“展示，描述”。句意：从火星上有生命这一假设出发，俄罗斯和美国的科学家继续展开他们的争论。火星上有生命这只是一个假设，所以选项A正确。

3.单选题

WilliamPenn,theFounderofPennsylvania,（）defendedtherightofeverycitizentofreedomofchoiceinreligion.

问题1选项

A.peculiarly

B.indifferently

C.vigorously

D.inevitably

【答案】C

【解析】句意:宾夕法尼亚州的创始人，WilliamPenn先生积极维护每一个公民自由选择宗教的权利。

考查副词辨析。peculiarly异常地；古怪地；indifferently漠不关心地；冷淡地；vigorously精神旺盛地，活泼地；大力地；inevitably不可避免地；自然而然地；必然地。因此C符合句意。

4.单选题

OnthisbarrenplaceonAikhanomHill,overlookingfieldspepperedwithlandmines,soldierscometolayastoneorsayaprayerforfriendslostinyearsofwar.

问题1选项

A.infertile

B.disastrous

C.plausible

D.impeccable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词barren意为“贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的”；A选项“infertile”意为“不肥沃的；不毛的；不结果实的”；B选项“disastrous”意为“灾难性的；损失惨重的；悲伤的”；C选项“plausible”意为“看似可信的；花言巧语的；貌似真实的”；D选项“impeccable”意为“无瑕疵的，完美的；不会犯罪过的”。句意：在Aikhanom山上这个贫瘠的地方，可以俯瞰布满地雷的田野，士兵们前来为在多年战争中失去的朋友们放置石块或祈祷。由题干可知，fieldspepperedwithlandmines（布满地雷的田野）还有士兵前来悼念自己逝去的朋友，可以推测出这里曾经是一个战场。被战争摧残过的土地应该是荒芜贫瘠的。由此可推知，barren在此处是“贫瘠的”的意思。因此A选项符合题意。

5.单选题

IfIseethetwinbrothersapartIdon’tknow______.

问题1选项

A.whoiswho

B.whoiswhom

C.whichiswhich

D.whoiswhich

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.whoiswho谁是谁B.whoiswhom谁是谁

C.whichiswhich哪个是哪个D.whoiswhich谁是哪个

【考查点】习语用法。

【解题思路】由if条件句的意思“如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看”，可知Idon’tknow______应该表示“我分不清谁是谁”，而whichiswhich通常用于区分两个十分相似的人或事物。故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项表示人们的情况，如姓名、工作、身份等，如WhenIgotothosefamilyreunions,Icanneverrememberwho’swho.（我去参加那些家庭团圆聚会时，从来记不住谁是谁。）；

B、D选项没有这个用法。

【句意】如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看，我分不清谁是谁。

6.单选题

Scienceisadominantthemeinourculture.Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoobtainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.

Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial;forthepersonwhohasbeenpresentedwithscienceasamustystorehouseofdriedfacts;forthepersonwhoseesthechiefobjectiveofscienceastheproductionofgadgets;andforthepersonwhoviewsthescientistsassomesortofmagician.Thebookcanbeusedtosupplementacourseinanyscience,toaccompanyanycoursethatattemptstogiveanunderstandingofthemodemworld,orindependentlyofanycourse,simplytoprovideabetterunderstandingofscience.Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudesandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsare,andwhattheydo.Itwillgivethemanawarenessandunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenscienceandourcultureandanappreciationoftherolessciencemayplayinourculture.Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.

Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.Thatpopulationhasinrecentyearscometoconsistofmoreandmorewomen.Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.Tobalancethisbuilt-inbias,wehaveadoptedthepolicyofusingpluralnounsandpronounswheneverpossibleand,whenabsolutelynecessary,alternatinghimandher.Thispolicyisfarfrombeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgementoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofthehumanraceequally.

Wehavealsotriedtomakethebookentertainingaswellasinformative.Ourapproachisusuallyinformal.Wefeel,asmanyotherscientistsdo,thatweshouldn’ttakeourselvestooseriously.Asthereadermayobserve,weseescienceasadelightfulpastimeratherthanasagrimanddrearywaytoearnaliving.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“scientificsubculture”means（

）.

2.Weneedtoknowsomethingaboutthestructureandoperationofsciencebecause

（

）.

3.Thebookmentionedinthispassageiswrittenforreaderswho

（

）.

4.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

5.Thetextmostprobablyis（

）.

问题1选项

A.culturalgroupsthatareformedbyscientists.

B.peoplewhoseknowledgeofscienceisverylimited

C.thescientificcommunity

D.peoplewhomakegoodcontributiontoscience

问题2选项

A.itisnoteasytounderstandthethingsthatexciteandfrustratescientists

B.scienceaffectsalmosteveryaspectofourlife

C.scientistsliveinaspecificsubculture

D.itiseasiertounderstandgeneralcharacteristicsofscience

问题3选项

A.areintelligentcollegestudentsandlaypersonwhodonotknowmuchaboutscience

B.aregoodatproducingvariousgadgets

C.workinastorehouseofdriedfacts

D.wanttohaveasuperficialunderstandingofscience

问题4选项

A.Englishisasexistlanguage.

B.Onlyinthescientificworldistheroleofwomenincreasingrapidly.

C.Womenaremakingsignificantcontributionstoeliminatingtheinadequacyofourlanguage.

D.Malenounsorpronounsshouldnotbeusedtorefertoscientists.

问题5选项

A.abookreview

B.theprefaceofabook

C.thepostscriptofabook

D.theconcludingpartofabook

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.（他们还应该了解科学家生活的亚文化群体以及他们是什么样的人）和第三段中的Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.（我们试图在这本书中给出一个准确的、最新的描述科学界及生活在科学界的人）可推测“scientificsubculture（科学亚文化群体）”指的是由科学家组成的文化群体，因此选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.（因为它几乎涉及到我们生活的每一个方面，受过教育的人至少需要了解它的结构和运作）可知B选项“科学几乎影响我们生活的方方面面”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial（这本书是为聪明的学生或非专业人士而写的，他们的科学知识是肤浅的）可知A选项“聪明的大学生和不懂科学的门外汉”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.（随着越来越多的女性进入传统的男性主导的领域并作出重大贡献，女性在科学亚文化中的作用日益增强，这不是一个独特的事件，而是社会各方面明显的趋势的一部分。然而，在讨论这些变化和贡献时，我们面临着一种有点性别歧视的语言，一种使用男性名词或代词来指代未指明的个人）可知D选项“男性名词或代词不应用于指科学家”符合题意。

5.推理判断题。文章首段提出科学是我们文化的重大主题；第二段指出本书的读者对象；第三段指出科学界存在的语言性别歧视；最后一段指出本书有娱乐性和知识性。因此可以推测这篇文章是一本书的序言，选B。

7.单选题

Thefirsttwodecadesofthiscenturyweredominatedbythemicrobehunters.Thesehuntershadtrackeddownoneafteranotherofthemicrobesresponsibleforthemostdreadedscourgesofmanycenturies:tuberculosis,cholera,diphtheria.Butthereremainedsometerriblediseasesforwhichnomicrobecouldbeincriminated:scurvy,pellagra,rickets,andberiberi.Thenitwasdiscoveredthatthesediseaseswerecausedbythelackofvitamins,atracesubstanceinthediet.Thediseasescouldbepreventedorcuredbyconsumingfoodsthatcontainedthevitamins.Andsointhedecadesofthel920sand1930s,nutritionbecameascienceandthevitaminhuntersreplacedthemicrobehunters.

Inthe1940sandl950s,biochemistsstrivedtolearnwhyeachofthevitaminswasessentialforhealth.Theydiscoveredthatkeyenzymesinmetabolismdependononeoranotherofthevitaminsascoenzymestoperformthechemistrythatprovidescellswithenergyforgrowthandfunction.Now,theseenzymehuntersoccupiedcenterstage.

Youareawarethattheenzymehuntershavebeenreplacedbyanewbreedofhunterswhoaretrackinggenes—theblueprintsforeachoftheenzymes—andarediscoveringthedefectivegenesthatcauseinheriteddiseases—diabetes,cysticfibrosis.Thesegenehunters,orgeneticengineers,userecombinantDNAtechnologytoidentifyandclonegenesandintroducethemintobacterialcellsandplantstocreatefactoriesforthemassiveproductionofhormonesandvaccinesformedicineandforbettercropsforagriculture.Biotechnologyhasbecomeamultibillion-dollarindustry.

Inviewoftheinexorableprogressinscience,wecanexpectthatthegenehunterswillbereplacedinthespotlight.Whenandbywhom?Whichkindofhunterwilldominatethesceneinthelastdecadeofourwaningcenturyandintheearlydecadesofthenext?Iwonderwhetherthehunterswhowilloccupythespotlightwillbeneurobiologistswhoapplythetechniquesoftheenzymeandgenehunterstothefunctionsofthebrain.Whattocallthem?Theheadhunters,Iwillreturntothemlater.

5.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

6.Howdovitaminsinfluencehealth?

7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’stoneinthelastparagraphofthepassage?

8.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.Themicrobehunters.

B.Thepotentialofgeneticengineering.

C.Theprogressofmodernmedicalresearch.

D.Thediscoveryofenzymes.

问题2选项

A.Theyarenecessaryforsomeenzymestofunction.

B.Theyprotectthebodyfrommicrobes.

C.Theykeepfoodfromspoiling.

D.Theyarebrokendownbycellstoproduceenergy.

问题3选项

A.Critical

B.Speculative

C.Appreciative

D.Emotional

问题4选项

A.Thefocusofmedicalresearchwillchangeinthenexttwodecades.

B.Medicalbreakthroughsoftendependonluck.

C.Medicalresearchthroughoutthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbymicrobehunters.

D.Mostdiseasesarecausedbydefectivegenes.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】5.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。由第一段中Thefirsttwodecadesofthiscenturyweredominatedbythemicrobehunters.（微生物搜寻者在这个世纪（即20世纪）的前20年占主要地位）以及Andsointhedecadesofthel920sand1930s,nutritionbecameascienceandthevitaminhuntersreplacedthemicrobehunters.（因此在20世纪20年代和30年代的几十年里，营养成为一门科学，而维他命搜寻者替代了微生物搜寻者。）由此可知全文都在介绍医学的发展。因此C选项“现代医学研究的发展”正确，符合题意。A选项“微生物搜寻者”，B选项“基因工程的潜能”，D选项“酶的发现”都只是文中提及的一部分内容且包括在医学研究发展之中，不能作为整体概括，可排除。故选C。

6.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】客观细节题。定位在文章的第二段Theydiscoveredthatkeyenzymesinmetabolismdependononeoranotherofthevitaminsascoenzymestoperformthechemistrythatprovidescellswithenergyforgrowthandfunction.（他们发现，新陈代谢中关键的酶依赖一种或另外一种维生素，充当辅酶去完成为细胞生长和功能提供能量的这个化学过程。）由此可知维生素作为辅酶是酶进行新陈代谢作用的关键。因此A选项“它们对于酶发挥作用是必需的”正确，符合题意。B选项“它们保护身体不受微生物之害”，C选项“它们让食物不变坏”，D选项“它们被细胞分解去生成能量”均不符合题意，可排除。故选A。

7.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】观点态度题。定位在最后一段Inviewoftheinexorableprogressinscience,wecanexpectthatthegenehunterswillbereplacedinthespotlight.（鉴于科学发展的不可阻挡，我们能预期基因搜寻者在公众注意的中心中将会被取代。）而且最后一段，作者使用了大量的疑问句。由此可知，B选项“推测的；猜测的”正确，符合作者的语调。A选项“批评的”，C选项“赏识的；感激的”，D选项“易激动的”均不符题意，可排除。故选B。

8.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。定位在最后一段Inviewoftheinexorableprogressinscience,wecanexpectthatthegenehunterswillbereplacedinthespotlight.（鉴于科学发展的不可阻挡，我们能预期基因搜寻者在公众注意的中心中将会被取代。）可知作者认为医学研究中心是会改变的。但是由哪种搜寻者能够占据核心位置，还是尚未可知的。因此A选项“医学研究的中心在接下来的20年将会改变”正确，符合题意。B选项“医学上的突破经常靠运气”，C选项“微生物搜寻者在整个20世纪的医学研究中占主要地位”，D选项“大多数疾病由有缺陷的基因导致”均未在文中有提及，可排除。故选A。

8.单选题

Itisnotuncommonforclosesynonymstobeunderstoodtosharethesamemeaning.Thedifferencebetweenwordslike“hard”and“difficult”,forexample,goestragicallyunnoticed.Onemayemployoneortheotherwithcompleteindifference,postulatingnodiscrepancybetweenthem.Ingeneralthisiswellandgood;mostpeoplelackthescrupulouspedanticalnesstoquibbleoversuchtrifles.Nevertheless,forthoseofuswithamplecompulsiveness（andtime）,itisofsignificantvaluetocomprehendsuchnuances.

Takeforexamplethefollowingsentences:1）Thetestwashard.2）Thetestwasdifficult.Isthedifferencebetweenthesesynonymsreadilyapparent?Isthereanoticeabledifferencebetweenthematall?Indeed,thesequestionsarevalidandwarrantanswer.For,whatwouldbethepointtohavingmultiplewordswiththeexactsamemeaning?No,thatwouldbesuperfluous;theEnglishlanguagebeingfartooeconomical.Whilemanyclosesynonymssharesimilar,ifnotthesame,dictionarydefinitions,thefeeling,ormood,theyconveyisutterlysingular.Althoughadictionarycanprovideinformationaboutwordmeanings,pronunciations,etymologies,inflectedforms,derivedforms,etcetera,itcannotcommunicatehowitfeelstouseaword.

So,ifthereisindeedatdifferencebetweenwordslike“hard”and“difficult”,whatisit?Tobegin,“hard”ispragmaticandrealistic,firmlygroundedinreality.Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn’tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature.Ontheotherhand,“difficult”iseloquentandrefined.Itiscivilized,willingtoexpendtheeffortnecessarytoappearurbane.Why,themeredifferenceinsonicqualitybetweenthemisstrikingenough.“Hard”makesaquick,unassumingsound,havingbutasinglesyllable（voicedundercertaininflections,itcanevencomeacrossasharsh）,while“difficult”ismorelengthyandmelodic,itsnumberofsyllablestotalingthreetimesthatofitscounterpart.Furthermore,“hard”ismorelikelytobeusedincasual,informalcircumstances,ortocommunicateanidea“onthego”orsimplyto“getitout”asthesayingsgo.Itisusedwithoutpretense,anddoesnotmaintainafeelingofbeingoverlyconcerned.Intermsofdailyusage,“hard”maybeemployedbyanexhaustedbrickmasonwhenposedwiththequestion,“Howwasyourday?”Conversely,“difficult”maybeusedbyamilitarygeneraluponexplainingtohisorhersuperiortheprogressionofaparticularlytaxingcampaign.

Similarto“hard”and“difficult”,thewords“weird”and“strange”tooareclosesynonyms,andmayseeminglybeusedinterchangeably.Takeforinstancethefollowingsentences:1）Seamonkeysareweird.2）Seamonkeysarestrange.Contrarytopopularbelief,thesesentencesarenottautologous.Sohowdotheydiffer?Theirdictionarydefinitionsarenearlyidentical,sothedifferencedoesnotliethere.Rather,thedifferenceinvolvesthefeeling,ormood,thatthesewordsconvey.Noticethatwhile“weird”and“strange”bothhavebutonesyllable,thelatterhasaremarkablydistinguishedfeel.Similarto“hard”,“weird”conveysamorebasic,amorecrude,sentiment.Something“weird”iscrassorgross,andistypicallyundesirable.Noonewantstobeassociatedwithsomething“weird”.Iftryingtoimpresssomeone,oneprobablydoesn’twanttobecategorizedamongthe“weird”.Ontheotherhand,ifsomethingislabeledas“strange”,itisnotnecessarilybad.Rather,something“strange”issimplyabnormal,orunusual——adeviationfromwhatisexpected.Thisdistinctionbetween“weird”and“strange”issopronouncethatthelattercanbeusedasaeuphemismfortheformerincertainsituations.Forexample,noticehowasimplesubstitutionisabletomakethefollowingsentencelessoffensive:“Yourmother’scookiestasteweird”comparedto“Yourmotherscookiestastestrange”.Intheformersentence,thespeakersoundsasthoughheorsheisinsultingyourmother’scookies,statingthattheytastebad.Inthelattersentence,however,thespeakersoundsasthoughthecookiessimplytastedifferent,orunusual,comparedtowhatheorsheisusedto—thedifferenceowingtotheinnocuousadditionoftoomuchflourperhaps.

Finally,let’slookatthesynonyms,“happy”and“glad”.Asintheaforementionedcases,thesewordsseemtohavelittleornodiscernibledifferencebetweenthem.Takeforexamplethefollowingsentences:1）Tommyishappybecausehegotanewbike.2）Tommyisgladbecausehegotanewbike.Mostunderstandthesesentencestohavethesamemeaning.Andagain,uponconsultingadictionary,onewillfindhighlysimilar,ifnotthesame,definitions.Butthesedefinitionslackthefeeling,theuniqueemotionalchargethatthesewordsconvey.Theword“happy”conveysasenseoflevity,oracarefreeattitude.Thethoughtofsomeonewhois“happy”conjurestheimageofabright-eyes,ruddy,smilingface.Oneis“happy”onthemorningofhisbirthday,discoveringanewpuppyboundingintohisbedroom.Ontheotherhand,theword“glad”conveysasenseofrelieforcontentment.Thethoughtofsomeonewhois“glad”conjurestheimageofamanstandingcrossed-armed,noddinggently,astoicgrincrossinghisface.Oneis“glad”whenheseesthatthechild’slostpuppyhasbeenfound,andwasmerelyfrolickingtoofarfromhome.

Granted,thenotionthatclosesynonymscanbeusedinterchangeablyisprevalentamongEnglishspeakers.Andalas,thedictionary—thetextpurportedtoberesponsibleforclarifyingsuchissues—isoflittleassistance.Intheend,itislefttousthespeakersofthelanguage,thoseactivelyresponsibleformaintainingitssustenanceandgeneration,tounderstandhowthesewordsmakeusfeelandwhatmoodweareinclinedtoattachtothem.Usingtheexamplesandinsightsdescribedabove,onemaycometorecognizethesesubtle,yetcrucial,differences.

Granted,thenotionthatclosesynonymscanbeusedinterchangeablyisprevalentamongEnglishspeakers.Andalas,thedictionarythetextpurportedtoberesponsibleforclarifyingsuchissues——isoflittleassistance.Intheend,itislefttous,thespeakersofthelanguage,thoseactivelyresponsibleformaintainingitssustenanceandgeneration,tounderstandhowthesewordsmakeusfeelandwhatmoodweareinclinedtoattachtothem.Usingtheexamplesandinsightsdescribedabove,onemaycometorecognizethesesubtle,yetcrucial,difference.

1.Asusedinparagraph1，whatismostlikelymeantby“scrupulouspedanticalness”？

2.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingdescribessomeonewhoisutilitarian?

3.Whichofthefollowingsentencesfromthepassagerepresentsafact,ratherthananopinion?

4.Theauthorwrites:“Tobegin,“hard”ispragmaticandrealistic,firmlygroundedinreality.Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn’tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature.Ontheotherhand,‘difficult’’iseloquentandrefined.Itiscivilized,willingtoexpendtheeffortnecessarytoappearurbane.”Whichofthefollowingliterarydevicesisusedinthisquotation?

5.Withrespecttothewayinwhichclosesynonymsarecommonlyunderstood,theauthor’stonecanbestbedescribedas（）.

问题1选项

A.Mildcuriosity.

B.Wryskepticismof.

C.Passionateindignation.

D.Excessiveconcern.

问题2选项

A.Withoutfail,Edgarrisesatdaybreak,catstwoeggsforbreakfast,drinksaglassoforangejuice,lacesuphisbootsandheadsoutintothefield.

B.Inhopesofimpressingtheirclassmates,moststudentsweartheirnewwinterjacketstotheplay,Alyosha,however,knowsitwillbewarminthetheaterandthereforeleaveshisjacketathome.

C.Nikkosparkshiscarsothatothercarscannotgetout.Uponreturningtohiscar,awomaniswaitingthereonhimtomove.Shelooksupset.Hetellsherit’snothisproblem,getsinhiscaranddrivesoff.

D.Amytakestimetolookniceinthemorning.Shebrushesherhair,putsonlightmakeup,andpicksouttheclothesshewillwearfortheday.

问题3选项

A.Onemayemployoneortheotherwithcompleteindifference,postulatingnodiscrepancybetweenthem.

B.Thethoughtofsomeonewhois“happy”conjurestheimageofabright-eyed,ruddy,smilingface.

C.Noonewantstobeassociatedwithsomething“weird”.

D.Althoughadictionarycanprovideinformationaboutwordmeanings,pronunciations,etymologies,inflectedforms,derivedforms,etcetera,itcannotcommunicatehowitfeelstouseaword.

问题4选项

A.Onomatopoeia.

B.Hyperbole.

C.Personification.

D.Metaphor.

问题5选项

A.conscientious

B.supercilious

C.rueful

D.belligerent

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段第四句“mostpeoplelackthescrupulouspedanticalnesstoquibbleoversuchtrifles.”，大多数人缺乏一丝不苟的学究精神，对这种小事吹毛求疵。由此可知scrupulouspedanticalness表示过分的关注，意思与excessiveconcern相近。因此D选项正确。

第2题:2.判断推理题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段“Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn’tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature”，这是一个功利性的词，能完成工作，但不能为其唐突、粗鲁的行为道歉。选项A“埃德加必须得在黎明时分起床，他拿了两个鸡蛋当早餐，喝了一杯橘子汁，用带子系紧靴子，然后朝田野走去”。选项B“为了给同学留下深刻印象，大多数学生都穿着新的冬季夹克去看戏。然而，阿约沙知道剧院里会很暖和，所以他把夹克留在家里”。选项D“艾米为了早晨看起来气色不错，精心打扮着：梳头、化了淡妆、穿上她特意为这一时刻准备的衣服”。选项A、B、D均与原文不符。因此C选项正确。

第3题:3.判断推理题。题干的意思是问“下列哪一个句子陈述的是事实，而非观点？”由题干关键词定位到文章后五段。选项A“使用者假定两个词之间不存在差异时，可以任意地使用其中一个或另一个。”选项B“一想到‘快乐’的人，脑海中就会浮现出一个明亮的眼睛、红润的笑脸”。选项C“没有人愿意和‘奇怪’的事情联系在一起”。选项A、B、C均与题意不符。因此D选项正确。

第4题:4.判断推理题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段。题干问“以下哪一种文学手法在题干所引用的句子中被使用？”选项A“拟声。”选项B“夸张”。选项C“拟人”。选项D“暗喻”。选项A、B、C均与题意不符。因此D选项正确。

第5题:5.判断推理题。由题干关键词定位到文章最后一段“Usingtheexamplesandinsightsdescribedabo