2021年考研英语一真题

PAGEPAGE162021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It 1 inadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen 2 startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3 agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4 ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe 5 thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat 7 measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand 8 thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9 highermeasuresofabdominalfat 10 worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceasyears11.Forwomen,theassociationmaybe 12 tochangesinimmunitythatresultedexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe 13 .Itishopedfuturestudiescould 14 thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent 15 formenandwomen.16,therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19 aerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.[A]pauses[A]alternatively[B]returns [C]peaks[B]formally [C]accidentally[D]fades[D]generally3. [A]while[B]since [C]once[D]until4. [A]detection[B]accumulation [C]consumption[D]separation5. [A]possibility[B]decision [C]goal[D]requirement6. [A]delay[B]ensure [C]seek[D]utilize7. [A]modified[B]supported [C]included[D]predicted8. [A]devoted[B]compared [C]converted[D]applied9. [A]with[B]above [C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed [C]scored[D]played11.[A]ranout[B]setoff [C]drewin[D]wentby12.[A]superior[B]attributable [C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated [C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread [C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms [C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile [C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch [C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process [C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love [C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine [C]diet[D]prescriptionSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Howcanthetrainoperatorspossibly justifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeof worstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaserailpassengersfares .willeasetrainoperation’sburdenhaskeptpacewithinflationisabigsurprisetocommutersremainsanunreasonablemeasureThestockbrokerinPara.2isusedtostandfor .cardriversrailtraverllerslocalinvestorsordinarytaxpayersItisindicatedinPara.3thattrainoperators .areofferingcompensationstocommutersaretryingtorepairralationswiththeunionshavefailedtoprovideanadequatesourcehavesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikesIfunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface .thelossofinvestmentthecollapseofoperationsareductionofrevenueachangeofownershipWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?ConstantComplainingDoesn’tWorlkCanNationalizationBringHope?Ever-risingFaresAren’tSustainableText2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolor getregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingthe environmentis sometimescorrelatedwithgreater poverty.However,correlationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008toduringIndonesia’sphase-inoftheantipoverty7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests importanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto .facilitatehealthcarereformhelppoorfamiliesgetbetteroffimprovelocaleducationsystemslowerdeforestationratesThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat .cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorCCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestylesantipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmerseconomicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradationInhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout .itsacceptancelevelofCCTsitsannualrateofpovertyalleviationtherelationofCCTstoitsforestlosstheroleofitsforestsinclimatechangeAccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat .itwillbenefitotherAsiancountriesitwillreduceregionalinequalityitcanprotecttheenvironmentitcanboostgrainproductionWhatisthetextcenteredon?Theeffectsofaprogram.Thedebatesoveraprogram.Theprocessofastudy.Thetransferabilityofastudy.Text3Asahistorian,who’salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast.I’vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th- centuryprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir. PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof“SmilingVictorians”makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday’sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedOneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbefore birthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular“pearlywhites”wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll’sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.AccordingtoParagraph1,author’spostsonTwitter .illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyhighlightedsocialmedia’sroleinVictorianstudiesre-evaluatedtheVictorian’snotionofpublicimagechangedpeople’simpressionoftheVictoriansWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas .adeep-rootbeliefamisguidedattitudeacontroversialviewathought-provokingideaWhichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavortheirownortheirpartners’websitesandservicesoverthoseoftheirrivals.That’swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommissiononnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulesthehadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission’sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn’tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals’streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatoryButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat"theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,"andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto"avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism."Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC’sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission’spowertopre-emptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC’sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould .bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolslowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkshowpartialityintreatingclientsintensifycompetitionwiththeirrivalsFacedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC .stickstoanout-of-dateordertakesananti-regulatorystancehasissuedaspecialresolutionhasallowedthestatestointerveneWhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?ItprotectsagainstunfaircompetitionItengagesinanti-competitivepractices.ItisundertheFCC'Sinvestigation.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision .focusesontrivialitiesconveysanambiguousmessageisatoddswithitsearlierrulingsisoutoftouchwithrealityWhatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41–45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA–Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon’tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterHiringPracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysInaddition,(41) companythat’sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreEffectiveMarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingCustomersMoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.(43)ImprovedAccuracy“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,”saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”(44)ProtectingandMaintainingInfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Ifthey fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos.“(45) ”Ireplacetheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformancemultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillbemosteffective.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’susefulfor[employees]togoto.“Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofelt likeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,”saysDomingos,“ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.”We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephone…toaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.AIlooksatréingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernwesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethansecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingtoauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidlythoughunevenlyinthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountriesofWesternEuropethenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsdurin