flight attendants have great work pressure外文文献翻译

南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部专业学生姓名学号指导教师职称2012年6月flightattendantshavegreatworkpressureThissurveyinIrelandamajorairline,survey,morethanhalfofthecrewthattheyworkontheirownbetweenskillsandfitnesswasnotsatisfiedwiththethreefourths,whosaytheyfeeltheemployer'sexpectationsandtheirownidealcompetition.CarolineKailaiHector&aMikeKiLoweWorkingpressure(thepressurecausedbytheworkingenvironmentisconsideredtobeaphysicalthreatand/oremotionalthreat)isanimportantoccupationhealthproblems.TheIrishairlineexperienceundertooktheabecedarianstudies,examinesthenatureandextentof.Thedesignofastandardizedtestevaluation,andabackgroundquestionnaireto70flightattendantsasbase.Theresultsshowthat,thecrewissubjectedtoahighintensityofworkpressuretotheirhealthandthattheyneedtoaviationcareercognitionandthesupport.Workandoccupationstatusonthehealthofphysicalandmentalhealthofthepositiveeffectiscrucial,butalsocanexertnegativeeffectonoverallhealth.Flightattendantpsychologicalenvironmentalfactorsandhumanfocuseffectisconsideredtobeapartofthebodyof.Economicproblemsoftheworkingpressureinfluencecannotbeignored.IntheUK,forexample,anestimated10%ofGDPisduetopressureofworklost.IntheEU,toaccountformorethan1/4ofthelongabsencefromworkisestimatedtocost20000000000eurosperyear.Flightattendantsworkingpressureinrecentyearshasarousedwidespreadconcern,especiallysinceSeptember11th,whenterroristsintheUnitedStatesfourflightsimpactinNewYork,NewYorkandWashingtonD.C.inthenearbybuildings,andfallinthePennsylvaniaJohnstonofPanamaopenedonthegroundnearthe.SinceNovember2001,aviationindustry,undertheauspicesoftheEU,,begantostudytheinfluenceofworkenvironmentisinaplaneinthehealthandcomfortofstaff.Usually,theflightattendantaskedtoplaytheroleofserviceandsafetyofdualrole.Moreandmorehighlevelofsecurityinairtransportationimportancemaybetheirsecurityrole;inthepublicmind,acrewmemberwillbemorecloselyidentifiedtheroleofservice.Evenso,flightattendantsaretrainedtomanageglobalMedicaid,directlyfromtheaircraft,treatmentofexplosivedeviceandthemanagement,controlandrestraintisaviolentpassengers,disorderorabuse.Accordingtoa2001study,workinthepublicsector,suchasflightattendants,oftenrequiresahighlevelofperformancetoprovidemuchreturn,buttherespectfromthepublic.Anotherstudyhighlights,andcrew,groundstaffsignificantlyhigherinterestrates"burnout"(physicalfatigueoremotionalexhaustion,usuallybecauseoflongtimeoffrustration),workstressandhealthproblems.ArecentsurveyresultsofanInternet-basedstudywithcrewof497harmfulpatternsdemonstratedahighdemand,whichinturn,saidaproperformalsupport.Inordertoavoidstressandinformalsupporthealthproblems.Despitethepresenceofriskandhazardoccupationgroup,coupledwiththethreatofglobalterrorism,alwaysthefocusofpublicattentionturnedtothecrew,theyalwaysisalessstudyofoccupationgroups.Forexample,thelastknownresearchinflightattendantsintheIrisheffectevaluationareanalyzedabout20yearsago.Thespecifictargetofinspection,thetotalpressurefactorsareatplayinthedegree;determinethephysicaltensionandmentaltension,consideringtheresults,amongthestudyparticipantsandpressuredeterminestheircopingresources,miningtherelationshipamongthesefactors,toexploretherelevantsituationdifference.Onthe70flightattendantsquestionnaireThisstudyinseventyattheageof19to53flightattendantin.Backgroundquestionnaireisdesignedtotriggerthelightinformation,especiallyinformationrelatingtotheworkandlifestyle,workpressuresourcesincludingperceptionandlifestress.Amodifiedversionoftheoccupationstressinventory(OSI-R)14-threequestionnairedesignassessmentofoccupationpressure,mentaltensionandthetopoftheresources--wereusedtoprovideabroad,theevaluationandempiricalstudyderivedoccupationadjustmentandhealth.OSI-Rincludingthefollowingquestionnaire(scale),eachofwhichincludesmanycomponentstable:?occupationroleInventory(ORQ)atotalofsixsubscalesofthespecificquestionsaboutthejob,wasdesignedtoassesstheamountofpressureexertedbytheindividualwork.Highschool-eachofwhichincludesaseriesofproblems--examinationoftheroleofoverload(measurementworkrequirementsbeyondtheindividualresourcesandworkplaceresources),lowefficiency(measuredbyindividualfeelsheorshehastheskillstocompletethework),roleambiguity(asmeasuredbyapersonaluncertaintyonhisorherjob),theroleofboundary(measuredbyconflictingroleinworkandconflictingloyalties,responsibility(set)tomeasuretheindividualfeelsresponsibleandthephysicalenvironment(others)exposedtoextrememeasuresofphysicalconditionsashotorcold,onthejob);?personalstrainquestionnaire(PSQ)includedfoursubscales,usedtoassesstheeffectsofindividual.Checktheoccupationintenseworkqualityproblems.Oroutputandworkattitude),psychologicalstrain(psychologicalproblems),interpersonaltensions(destructiverelationships)andphysicalstrain(physicalailmentsandpersonalcareproductinadequatehabits);?thepersonalresourcequestionnaire(PRQ)includedfoursubscales,usedtoassesstowhatextent,individualaccesstosupportappropriatecopingresources.Inventorycheckrecreationalactivitiesandparticipationarefun,takingcareofthemselves(theobserver'sGuidetohealthyeating,exercise,sleepandothermedicalissues),socialsupport(emotionalsupportfromfamily,friendsandcolleagues)andtheuseofrational/cognitiveability(topoftheskills,suchastosetprioritiesandorganizationalworkinresponsetoinorderto).Studysubjectsincluded13womenwithamedianageof5730years(Figure1),themajorityofpeopleareflightattendantsaboutsixyears.Afinancialintermediarieshaveparticipantsisanofficerorotherseniormanagers(cabinaltitudelayerattendant),1/5wereassignedprimarilytotrans-theAtlantic(long-distance)flight.21%oftheparticipantssaid,physicalhealthandmentalhealth(e.g.,disturbedsleep,painpressure"very"or"extremely"pressure,andthelargestproportionandpain,feelingsofdepressionandanxiety)work.(29%)workintheirlivesareamajorsourceofstress.Nearly2/3saidthattheyweretakenfromafurthersubgroupanalysisrevealed,interpersonal"sickdays"(thedifferencebecauseofillnessoftheworkingdayofabsence)ofindividualparticipantsandparticipantssixdayssickleavestrainscoresduringthefirstsixmonths;17%involvedintherelationshipbetweencommitment,show29offforsevendaysormoreinduringthesameperiod,becauseasingleairlinestewardessexperienceslightlymoreproblemsdisease.8%take13daysofsickleavetakenovertothemthantheircolleaguesrelationships24sickdaysagoresearchduringthesixmonths.Acommittedrelationship.Inaddition,18airlinestewardesslevelwasgenerallyhigh,smoking(37%),themainoperatingshort-haulflights(forexample,inbetweenflights,butwasobserved,incontinentalEurope)scoredsignificantlyhigherthanthe49heighttheyusuallyconsumedalcoholregularly(forexample,everydayoreveryfewdays).Thesefactorsmaybeaggravatedbytheseniorstaffreportdifficulty,participantstendedtofeelmoreresponsibility,respecttheirworkrolesofparticipants.Forexample,56forothers,theyseemtobelieve,theyusetheir%ofthepeoplethinkthatisnotsatisfiedwiththe"sciencefictionT"(rolenotinfullscaletomeasure)betweenskillsandtheirskillsandtheirwork--thelargestproportionofanyafairlypositiveattitudetowardstheirwork(ontheeffectofthefullscale10item.Inaddition,46occupationshouldbevariabletable).However,theyalsobelieve,theyputfinetimbertopettyusefortheirownwork,lackthenecessarypersonalresourcesandworkplaceresources%thinkthattheiroccupationcareerdidnotprogress,becausetheyareinordertohelpthemdealwiththeirjobrequirements,34percentagepoints.Participantshope,24%believedthattheirworkwithoutpeoplesubjectivelyreportedhighjobstresslevel,achievedabetterfuture.About75%reported,theyusuallywerehigherthantheir"lowstress"colleaguesfeeltheiremployer'sexpectationsandtheirpsychologicalstraincomponenttable,inthephysicalenvironmentoftheirowndesiresconflict,theyhavehadintheirworkalittleproud(RoleInventoryandtheroleofboundaryscale.Noothersignificantboundary).Furthermore,participantsthought,appearedmoreresponsibilitysubgroupdifferences,suggestingthatthenormativegroupthanthoseexhibitedinotherfactors,mayneedtoconsiderotherpeopleandwelfare.Accountofstresschange.Peopleundertheageof30scoresthanthoseovertheageof30andthelackofrespect,althoughtheyalsoachievedahighabilitytosolveproblems(theoneskillinreasonable/assessmentofcognitiveskillsofPRQ.").Therefore,althoughtheymaybelievetheiroccupationcareernoprogress,theymayalsobelievethereareotherjobs,theycando.Someaspectsofthephysicalworkenvironment(forexample,rollingschedule)alsoseemstohaveproblems,andpassedthephysicaltension",toacertainextent,psychologicalstressisgood,concernincludephysiologicalsuggeststhathealthandmentalhealth(e.g.,sleep,pain,depressionandanxiety.).Furtheranalysisrevealedgroupdifferencesbetweeninterpersonaltensionstranscriptparticipantsandinvolvedinacommittedrelationship,showthat29singleflightattendantexperienceslightlymorerelationshipsthancolleaguesinacommittedrelationship.Inaddition,18flightattendantswhorunmainlyonshortflight(forexample,intheEuropeancontinentalflight)thescoreswerehigherthantheir49longcolleaguespsychologicaltension.Although,onlyfivecrewwork(mainlyintheearlygroupofflight,itneedsveryearlycheck-intime.DuringtheworkingtimeofroleoverloadTheauthorsalsofoundsignificantlyrelatedtothelengthoftimebetweenworkandroleoverload;thatistosay,noparticipantattendantworkmore,theirworkloadtendency.Inaddition,thelongerthecrew,theyhavemore,theiremotions,underthechargeof.Isnotasufficientnumberofseniorstaffincludedintheappropriateexaminationtostudytheinfluenceofoccupation,withgradelevel.However,acorrelationanalysis(statisticalanalysisofrelationshipsbetweenvariables.)showedpositive,thoughweak,occupationhierarchybetweentheassociationandtworoleoverloadandresponsibility,andweaknegativeassociationdeficiencyandoccupationtension.Roletherefore,althoughmoreprimaryworkersasparticipantsoftenfeelagreaterresponsibilityforothers,theyseemtobelieve,theyareusingtheirskills(measurementoflowefficiency),hasareasonableworkingattitude(withgoodoccupationtension).However,theyalsoreported,thelackofthenecessarypersonalresourcesandworkplaceresourcestohelpthemdealwiththedemandsoftheirwork.Subjectsubjectivereporthighlevelsofjobstressweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseoftheir"lowpressure"ofthepsychologicalstressisgood,colleagues,physicalenvironmentandtaskboundariesisJiashangjia.Noothersignificantdifferencesbetweengroupappear,indicatethatfactorsotherthanthoseincludedinthestudymayneedtobeconsideredtoaccountforthechange.Ontherelationshipbetweeneachcomponent,foundhighthroughthebodytensionandmentaltensionisbetter,thequalityofthemoststable,themostcloselylinkedtothehighscoresaregood,interpersonaltensions,rolesandoccupationstressboundaryisJiashangjia.Also,higherscoresonrelatedresponsibility",amoderatedegree,thehigherthescore,thequalityofthenaturalenvironment.Overload"oftheroleandthequalityofthenaturalenvironmentwasalsopositivelyrelated,moderate(i.e.thescorewasstillgood,onewiththeothergoodmarks.StudieshavefoundahighrateofshortofflyThestudyfoundthatshouldbeinterpretedinthecontextofseveralmethods,includingtherelativelysmallsamplesize(despiteadequatepreliminarystudy),itsadvantageandparticipants,womenunder30,arelativelylowproportionofseniorstaff,onlyasubjectivedependentmeasuregenerallifestress.Overall,theseresultssuggestthat,mostofwhichareconsistentwithotherstudiesshowthatrelativelyhighlevelsofabsenteeism,andhigherthanaveragelevelsofstressinsomekeyareas,includingspecificaspectsoftheoccupationrole(e.g.,taskboundariesandinsufficientaction),andphysicalhealthproblems,andtoalesserextent,mentalhealthproblems.Previousstudieshavedemonstrated,anykindofroleconflictand/orroleambiguitymayleadtoincreasedanxiety,depressedmood,lowself-esteemandlowjobsatisfaction.Morethan16"standard"thescoresonthetwophysicalenvironmentqualityandphysicalstrain"show,thephysicalworkenvironmentmayhaveanegativeimpactonthesurveyparticipants.Similarly,otherresearchshowsthatworkinvolvesextensivepublicdealwithonadailybasiscanbetiring,requiredconsiderablepatience.Thecrewoperatingalistandfrequentconversionsystem,whichincludesaccommodationtostayawayfromthebaseandreserveduty.Thehigherscoresofpsychologicaltensionshortgroupinthepresentstudy,(theirlongcounterparts)isconsistentwiththeswimmingpoolisnotmuch,butinthegrowthofthestudiessuggestthatsleeppatternsandcircadianrhythms--hasbeendemonstratedinthelongstaff,maybemorewidely,itsdimensionswillexceedthepreviouslyexpected.Forexample,theSwedishshort-haulairlineflightattendantsalsoreportedsleepproblems,theyusuallymorningflight.Otherstudieshavefoundboarding,distributionoffoodandthelandingofthecrewisthemoststressfultimes.Themorefrequentlythefunction,greatercumulativestress.22flightattendantsmustremainvigilantwhenanemergencyhappens,especiallyinaircrafttakeoffandlanding.Therefore,itmayberelatedto"constantvigilancefirefighters,thesepsychologicalstressmayleadtoahigheroveralllevelto.Infact,inthisstudygroup(scoredhigheronthecantlyoccupythepsychologicaltensionindicatesthatthecombinationofanynumberoftheadverseeffectsofstressorspresentedtheirpsychologicalhealthandwell-being.However,amoreaccurateestimatesoftheeffectsintheshort-haulroutespressureisnotpossible,becauseinthispreliminarystudydataofunevendistributionofeveryrelevantpatient.Furtherresearchinthisfieldisrequired.Futureresearchshouldincludemoremaleflightattendantsandthemoreseniorstaff,includingtheengineroommanager.Engineroommanagerarehardtorecruit,sincetheytypicallystudytheoperatingacrosstheAtlanticflights,andoftenleavethecountry.Limiteddatasuggest,thentheywillnotbethantojuniorstaff,butthisshouldbecircumspectinterpretationduetothesmallamountinvolved.Generallyspeaking,highconcentrationinthissmall,butnottypical,samplehasimportantimplicationsforunderstandingisacrewofthesusceptiblepopulationofpoorphysicalhealth,insomecases,mentalhealth.Researchshowsthat,fortheuseofcontrolgroups,therearesimilarities,withappropriateworkingconditionsbetweenthecrewandotherpublicservicessuchasthepolice.However,thecrewfindsherselfworkinginaspecificaspectofmorepotentialthanthepressureofpolice,firemen,soldiersandotherpublicserviceemployees.Althoughthecrewweregoodsocialsupport,theirself-carescoressignificantlylowerthanthestandard,indicatingthatthecrewdonotoftenengagedinactivities,reduceoralleviatechronicpressureonthesamelevelastheircounterpartsinthecontrolgroup.Airtravelchangeddramaticallyinthepast20years,andmoreformaltrainingandsupportcrewnowdemands,especiallyintheconsequencesofterroristattacksandanincreaseinthe"airrage"incidents,angrypassengershavechallengedthecrew,sometimesthepubertybodyviolence.Source：JetBlueAirlineInterview调查：空乘人员存在很大的工作压力这个调查在爱尔兰一个重要的航空公司中进行，调查发现，超过一半的空乘人员认为她们对自己的工作和技能之间的适合度不太满意，四分之三的人说她们感觉到雇主的期望值和她们自身的理想存在竞争。工作压力（压力引起的工作环境方面被认为是一个身体上的威胁和/或情绪威胁)是一个重要的职业健康问题。作者爱尔兰航空公司工作的亲身经历进行了初步的研究，考察了本质和程度。设计一个标准化考试的评价,还有一个背景问卷以70个空乘人员为基数。这个结果表明,乘务员经受一个高强度的工作压力需要她们健康以及表明了需要她们对航空事业的认知和支持。工作和职业地位对健康的身体和心理健康的积极影响是至关重要的,同时也可以施展负面影响整体的健康。空乘人员的心理环境因素和人的焦点作用被认为是身体研究的一部分。经济问题对工作压力的影响是不容忽视的。在英国,例如,估计有10%的国民生产总值是由于工作压力失去的。在欧盟,以占超过四分之一的长期的缺席从工作的成本估计每年200亿欧元。空乘人员的工作压力在近几年广泛引起了关注,尤其是自从年9月11日,当恐怖分子在美国四个航班撞击在纽约、纽约和华盛顿特区附近的建筑物,并落在宾西法尼亚州的巴拿马的约翰斯顿开附近的地面上。2001年11月以来,航空工业部门,的主持下,欧盟,就开始研究工作环境的影响是在一个飞机在健康和舒适的工作人员。通常,空服员要求扮演服务和安全的双重角色。越来越高的安全水平在航空运输的重要性可能会被他们的安全的作用;在公众的心目中,乘务员会被更严密地认同了服务的作用。尽管如此,乘务员被训练来管理全球医疗补助,直接撤离飞机,处理爆炸装置和管理、控制和约束是暴力的乘客,乱序或虐待。2001年的一项研究表明,公共部门的工作,如空服员,往往需要高水平的绩效提供多少回报,但从公众的尊敬。另一项研究凸显，和空乘人员相比，地勤工作人员明显更高的利率“精力枯竭”(身体的疲劳或情感疲惫,通常是由于长时间挫折)、工作压力和健康问题。最近的一项调查结果以互联网为基础的研究中以497名乘务员有害的模式显示出了一种高的要求,这又反过来,表示一个需要恰当的正式支持。为了避免压力和非正式支持健康问题。尽管存在的风险及灾害的职业集团,加上全球恐怖主义的威胁,始终公众的注意力重新转向乘务员,他们始终是一个欠研究职业群体。例如,所知的最后一次研究中以乘务员在爱尔兰的效果进行了分析评价大约20年前。作者的特定目标的研究检验,总体压力的因素在起作用的程度;确定身体紧张程度和心理紧张,考虑要的结果,在研究参与者和压力决定他们的因应资源,挖掘的关系在这些因素的影响,探讨有关情况差异。关于70个空乘人员的调查问卷这项研究在七十名年龄在19到53空乘人员中展开。背景问卷被设计来所引发的轻者信息,尤其是有关的信息工作和生活方式,工作压力的来源包括感知和生活的压力。修改后的版本的职业压力库存(OSI-R)14-三个问卷设计评估职业压力、心理紧张和顶部的资源——被用来提供一个广泛的,评价的多维和实证研究推导职业调整和健康。OSI-R主要包括如下的问卷调查(尺度),每一种都包括很多分量表:·职业角色问卷(ORQ)共有六个分量表的有关具体问题这份工作,旨在评估数量的压力产生的个人的工作。高中职-每一个其中包括一系列的问题——检查的作用过载(测量上的工作要求超越个人资源和工作场所的资源),低效率作用(衡量个人的感觉上的他或她拥有的技能完成工作),角色模糊(衡量一个个人的不确定性对他的要求或者她的工作),作用边界(衡量conflicting作用要求在工作和矛盾的忠诚设定),责任(衡量个人的感觉负责与物质环境(别人)暴露在极端措施的物理条件作为热或冷、在工作);·个人应变问卷(PSQ)包括四个分量表,用来评估以影响的个人。检查职业紧张的工作质量的问题。或输出和工作态度),心理上的应变(心理问题)、人际关系紧张(破坏和他人的关系)和物理应变(身体上的病痛与个人护理产品不足习惯);·个人资源调查问卷(PRQ)包括四个分量表,用来评估到何种程度,个体获得支持适当的因应资源。量表的检查休闲娱乐活动和参与得到的乐趣,照顾自己(观察指南的健康饮食、锻炼、睡眠等医疗事项)、社会支持(情感的支持从家人、朋友和同事)和利用合理/认知能力(顶部的技能,如设置优先权和组织的工作量在回应以)。研究对象包括妇女和13人5730岁的平均年龄(图1),大多数人都是空中服务员大约六年工龄。一个在金融中间人已经参与者是一个高级职员或其他高级经理(舱飞行高度层吗服务员),五分之一被分配主要是为了反式-大西洋(长途)航班。21%的参加者所述，身体健康和心理健康（例如，不安睡眠、疼痛压力"相当"或"非常"的压力，和最大的比例和痛，感情的抑郁和焦虑）工作。（29%）说工作是他们生活中的压力的主要来源。近三分之二说他们采取了从一个进一步亚组分析显示，人际"生病天"的差异（因为生病的工作一天缺席）单个参加者和参与者六请病假的应变成绩天期间前六个月；17%参与了关系的承诺，表明29起飞七天或更多在同一期间因为单一空姐经历略多问题的疾病。8%采取了13病假天数要超过他们比他们的同事的人际关系24生病天前研究的六个月期间。有承诺的关系。此外，18空姐的水平普遍较高，吸烟（37％），主要经营短途航班（例如，在参与者之间的航班，但与会者指出，欧洲大陆）的得分显着高于其49长高它们通常消耗酒精定期（例如，每天或每隔几天）。这些因素可能会加剧由高级工作人员报告的困难，与会者往往感到更大的责任，尊重他们的工作角色的参与者。例如，56为他人，他们似乎相信，他们用他们的％的人认为有不满意“科幻T”（的作用不全量表衡量）之间的技能和他们的技能和他们的工作-所占比例最大任何一个相当积极的态度对他们的工作（上的作用不全量表的10个项目。此外，46职业应变量表）。然而，他们也相信，他们大材小用为自己的工作，缺乏必要的个人资源和工作场所资源％认为自己的职业生涯没有进展，因为他们以帮助他们处理他们的工作的要求，34个百分点。与会者希望，24％认为他们的工作没有人主观报道工作压力高的水平，取得了一个美好的未来。约75％还报道，他们通常明显高于他们的“低应力”的同事们在感到他们的雇主的期望和他们的心理应变分量表，在物理环境中自己的欲望之间的冲突，他们不得不在他们的工作有点骄傲（角色量表和的作用边界量表。没有其他显着的边界）。此外，与会者认为，出现了更多的责任分组差异，这表明规范组的表现比那些在研究以外的因素，可能需要考虑和其他人的福利。帐户应激变化。30岁以下的人得分却比那些30岁以上的作用与尊重不足,虽然他们也取得了较高来解决问题的能力(的其中一个技能在合理/评估认知技能的PRQ”)。因此,虽然他们可能相信他们的职业生涯没有进步,他们也可能会相信有其他的工作,他们可以做的。等方面的一些物理工作环境(例如,摇摆的工作日程)还似乎有问题,和高分通过了身体紧张”,在某种程度上,心理紧张尚佳,关注包括生理表明健康与心理健康的(例如,睡眠、疼痛、抑郁和焦虑的感觉)。进一步分析显示组差异之间的人际关系紧张成绩单一参加者和卷入承诺的关系,表明29单航班服务员经验问题稍微更多人际关系比同事们在承诺的关系。此外,18名乘务员谁主要运行在短途飞行(例如,在欧洲大陆航班)者的分数明显高于他们的49长途的同事就心理紧张。尽管,只有五个乘务员的工作(主要在早期集团的飞行,那需要十分提前入住时间。在工作时间中角色的过载作者还发现显著相关的时间长短之间的工作和角色过载;也就是说,不再参与者乘务员工作越多,他们的工作量倾向。此外,时间越长,他们已经乘务员越多,他们的情感,负责下属。没有足够数量的高级职员包括在适当的检查研究的影响,以职业等级的程度。然而,一个