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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京审计大学考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Oursisasocietythattriestokeeptheworldsharplydividedintomasculineandfeminine,notbecausethatisthewaytheworldis,butbecausethatisthewaywebelieveitshouldbe.Ittakesunwaveringbeliefandconsiderableefforttokeepthisdivision.Italsoleadsustomakesomefairlyfoolishjudgments,particularlyaboutlanguage.

Becausewethinkthatlanguagealsoshouldbedividedintomasculineandfemininewehavebecomeveryskilledatignoringanythingthatwillnotfitourpreconceptions.Wewouldratherchangewhatwehearthanchangeourideasaboutthegenderdivisionoftheworld.Wewillcallassertivegirlsunfeminine,andsupportiveboyseffeminate,andtrytochangethemwhilestillretainingourstereotypesofmasculineandfemininetalk.

Thisiswhysomeresearchonsexdifferencesandlanguagehasbeensointeresting.Itisanillustrationofhowwrongwecanbe.Ofthemanyinvestigatorswhosetouttofindthestereotypedsexdifferencesinlanguage,fewhavehadanypositiveresults.Itseemsthatourimagesofserioustaciturn(沉默的)malespeakersandgossipygarrulous(饶舌)femalespeakersarejustthat:images.

Manymythsassociatedwithmasculineandfemininetalkhavehadtobediscardedasmoreresearchhasbeenundertaken.Iffemalesdousemoretrivialwordsthanmales,stoptalkinginmid-sentence,ortalkaboutthesamethingsoverandoveragain,theydonotdoitwheninvestigatorsarearound.

Noneofthesecharacteristicsoffemalespeechhavebeenfound.Andevenwhensexdifferenceshavebeenfound,thequestionarisesastowhetherthedifferenceisintheeye-orear-ofthebeholder,ratherthaninthelanguage.

Pitchprovidesoneexample.Webelievethatmalesweremeanttotalkinlowpitchedvoicesandfemalesinhighpitchedvoices.Wealsobelievethatlowpitchismoredesirable.Well,ithasbeenfoundthatthisdifferencecannotbeexplainedbyanatomy.

Ifmalesdonotspeakinhighpitchedvoices,itisnotusuallybecausetheyareunabletodoso.Thereasonismorelikelytobethattherearepenalties.Maleswithhighpitchedvoicesareoftentheobjectofridicule.Butpitchisnotanabsolute,forwhatisconsideredtherightpitchformalesvariesfromcountrytocountry.

1.Thepassageimpliesthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthedivisionoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkis______.

2.Whatdoestheword“effeminate”(Para2)mean?

3.Theauthorusespitchasanexampleinordertoindicate______.

4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothestereotypeoffemininetalk?

5.Malesdonotspeakloudlybecause______.

问题1选项

A.assertive

B.snobbish

C.approving

D.critical

问题2选项

A.Unfeminine.

B.Powerful.

C.Obedient.

D.Unmasculine.

问题3选项

A.thatpitchisnotagoodexampletoexplainthesexdifferencesinlanguage

B.thatmalesshouldtalkinlowpitchedvoicesandfemalesinhighpitchedvoices

C.thatsexdifferencesinlanguagecannotbewellillustrated

D.thatsexdifferenceslieineyeorearofthebeholder,ratherthaninthelanguage

问题4选项

A.Alwaysusingtrivialwords.

B.Repeatthesamethingoverandover.

C.Stoptalkingwhenthesentenceisnotfinished.

D.Noneoftheabove.

问题5选项

A.malesareunabletodoso

B.malesareafraidofbeinglaughedat

C.highpitchisacharacteristicoffemalespeechratherthanmalespeech

D.anatomyhasprovedthatmalestendtohavelowerpitchesthanfemales

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.【选项释义】

1.Thepassageimpliesthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthedivisionoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkis______.1.这篇文章暗示了作者对女性话语和男性话语划分的态度是______。

A.assertiveA.肯定的,独断的

B.snobbishB.势利的

C.approvingC.赞成的

D.criticalD.批判的

【考查点】观点态度题。

【解题思路】根据第一段最后两句“要保持这种划分,需要坚定的信念和相当大的努力(considerableeffort)。它也会让我们做出一些相当愚蠢(fairlyfoolish)的判断,尤其是在语言方面。”,从considerable和fairlyfoolish可以看出,作者对于男性和女性语言上的划分是批判的态度。因此,D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“肯定的,独断的”、B选项“势利的”曲解原文;

C选项“赞成的”与原文相反,反向干扰。

2.【选项释义】

2.Whatdoestheword“effeminate”(Para2)mean?2.第二段中的effeminate是什么意思?

A.Unfeminine.A.不像女性的。

B.Powerful.B.强大的。

C.Obedient.C.顺从的。

D.Unmasculine.D.无男子汉气概的。

【考查点】词义推测题。

【解题思路】根据effeminate定位至第二段最后一句“我们会说自信的女孩是非女性化的(unfeminine),能给予支持和帮助的男孩是effeminate,并试图改变他们,同时仍然保留我们的男性和女性谈话的刻板印象”,从中可知,effeminate与unfeminine是相对应的,自信的女生被认为是非女性化,那么能给予支持和帮助的男孩会被认为非男性化,所以推测effeminate表示“非男性化”的意思。D项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“不像女性的”与原文相反,属于反向干扰;

B选项“强大的”、C选项“顺从的”属于曲解原文。

3.【选项释义】

3.Theauthorusespitchasanexampleinordertoindicate______.3.作者以音高为例来表示______。

A.thatpitchisnotagoodexampletoexplainthesexdifferencesinlanguageA.这个音高并不能很好地解释语言中的性别差异

B.thatmalesshouldtalkinlowpitchedvoicesandfemalesinhighpitchedvoicesB.男性应该用低音调说话,女性应该用高音调说话

C.thatsexdifferencesinlanguagecannotbewellillustratedC.语言中的性别差异无法很好地说明

D.thatsexdifferenceslieineyeorearofthebeholder,ratherthaninthelanguageD.性别差异在于观察者的眼睛或耳朵,而不是语言

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先,根据关键词pitch定位至倒数第二段,该段讲述了以pitch为例的内容:我们习惯认为男性是低音调,女性是高音调,但是解剖学也无法解释这种音高差异;也就是说音高中的性别差异无法很好地说明。然后看到上一段讲到“这些女性语言特征都没有被发现。即使已经发现了性别差异,问题还是出在观察者的眼睛上或者耳朵上,而不是语言上。”,可知即使知道了性别差异,也是我们的眼睛或者耳朵发现的,并不能从语言上来很好区分,作者以pitch为例就是做一个类比,所以同样地,语言中的性别差异也无法很好地说明。C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“这个音高并不能很好地解释语言中的性别差异”并不是作者以音高为例的目的,张冠李戴;

B选项“男性应该用低音调说话,女性应该用高音调说话”并不是使用音高作为例子的目的,属于曲解原文;

D选项“性别差异在于观察者的眼睛或耳朵,而不是语言”也与题干无关,张冠李戴。

4.【选项释义】

4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothestereotypeoffemininetalk?4.以下哪一项不属于女性谈话的刻板印象?

A.Alwaysusingtrivialwords.A.总是使用琐碎的词汇。

B.Repeatthesamethingoverandover.B.一遍又一遍地重复同样的事情。

C.Stoptalkingwhenthesentenceisnotfinished.C.句子还没说完就停止说话。

D.Noneoftheabove.D.以上都不是。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据倒数第三段第二句“如果女性确实比男性使用更多的琐碎词汇,或者在句子中间停止说话,或者一遍又一遍地谈论同样的事情,当调查人员在场时,她们就不会这样做”,以及第四段第一句“这些女性语言特征(characteristicsoffemale)都没有被发现”,综合理解可知,女性语言特征是使用更多的琐碎词汇、话没说完就停止说话和不断谈论同样的事情,这是我们对女性谈话的刻板印象。只有D项“以上都不是”明显和原文相悖,但符合题意,故选择D项。

【干扰项排除】A选项“总是使用琐碎的词汇”、B选项“一遍又一遍地重复同样的事情”、C选项“句子还没说完就停止说话”均符合原文,属于反向干扰。

5.【选项释义】

5.Malesdonotspeakloudlybecause______.5.男性不大声说话是因为______。

A.malesareunabletodosoA.男性不能这样做

B.malesareafraidofbeinglaughedatB.男性害怕被嘲笑

C.highpitchisacharacteristicoffemalespeechratherthanmalespeechC.高音是女性说话的特点,而不是男性说话的特点

D.anatomyhasprovedthatmalestendtohavelowerpitchesthanfemalesD.解剖学证明,男性的音高往往比女性低

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章最后一段“如果男性没有高声说话,通常并不是因为他们不能这样做。原因更有可能是处罚(penalties)。嗓音尖的男性常成为嘲笑(ridicule)的对象。”,综合理解可知,男性不会高声说话的原因是他们怕被别人嘲笑,B项符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“男性不能这样做”与原文相反,属于反向干扰;

C选项“高音是女性说话的特点,而不是男性说话的特点”是男性被嘲笑的原因,而不是不能高声说话的原因,属于张冠李戴;

D选项“解剖学证明,男性的音高往往比女性低”定位至倒数第二段最后一句“人们发现这种差异无法用解剖学来解释”,其中差异指的是音高差异,可知该项属于反向干扰。

2.翻译题

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WillteleportationbecomearealityintimeforGeneralRelativity’s100thbirthday?THEYEAR2015isthe100thanniversaryofthepublicationofAlbertEinstein’sfirstpapersonrelativity.(46)ThisrevolutionarytheoryofphysicschangedourviewoftheUniverseandopenedupmanypossibilities,suchastheuseofatomicenergy,whichhadneverbeendreamedofbefore.

Teleportationisonedreamthat’syettobeachieved.Insciencefiction,teleportationmeansdisintegratinganobjectinoneplacewhileaperfectreplicaappearssomewhereelse.ThetransporterofStarTrekisprobablythebest-knownexample.Ironically,alimitedkindofteleportationhasbeenachievedthroughrelativity’s“rival”ofquantumtheory.(47)AsreportedinFocus272,quantumteleportationinvolvestransferringinformationonaquantumsystem—thatis,asmallasimplesystemsuchasasinglephoton—fromoneplacetoanother.Suchexperimentsmayleadtoadvancesincommunicationsandcomputing:wemayevenseea“quantuminternet”.

(48)Buttheseexperimentshaveyettobescaleduptoasystemaslargeasamolecule,letaloneCaptainKirk.Besides,StarTrektransportersdon’tseemtoworkonquantumeffects.InoneStarTrek:TheNextGenerationepisode,Dataexplainsthattransporterworkbyconvertingsomeoneintoanenergybeam,thenbacktotheiroriginalpattern.Einstein’srelativitydidprovethatenergyandmassareequivalent.ButinThePhysicsofStarTrek(1995),physicistLawrenceKraussshowsthattobeamahumanmightrequire10,000timesthecurrentpoweroutputofEarth.

Teleportationisastubborndream.StoriesofmattertransmittersgobacktoEdwardPageMitchell’s1877novelTheManWithoutABody,withrootsinmythslikethe“seven-leagueboots”ofEuropeanfolklore.Ifweevercouldbuildateleporter,whatwouldwedowithit?

LarryNiven’s1973novelFlashCrowdshoweda2015transformedsince“displacementbooths”wereintroducedbackin1990.(49)Asyounolongerneededtoliveclosebyyourplaceofwork,citiesandsuburbsdissolved,whilepropertyvaluessoaredandcrashed.Thetitlerelatestoakindofpermanentfloatingriotthatisdrawntodisturbances.

IntheDoctorwhoserialTheSeedsofDeath(1969),anUN-runglobalteleportationcalledTravel-mat(T-mat)istheworld’ssolemeansoftransportation.(50)Thenetworkiscreakingbecauseofhumanfrailtyandmistakes,evenbeforedisasterstrikesintheformofaninvasionofIceWarriorsfromMars.WhenT-matisshutdown,withinhours“atotalbreakdownofsocialorder(is)predicted”.Thisstoryisametaphorforthedangersofover-relianceonasingletechnologicalsystem.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.这一革命性的物理学理论改变了我们对宇宙的看法,并开辟了许多可能性,如以前从未梦想过使用原子能。

47.正如《焦点272》所报道的,量子传输包括在量子系统上传输信息,也就是说,一个简单的系统,比如将单个光子从一个地方传输到另一个地方。

48.但这些实验还没有扩展到一个分子那么大的系统,更不用说《星际迷航》中的科克船长了。另外,《星际迷航》的传送器似乎对量子效应不起作用。

49.当你不再需要住在离工作近的地方时,城市和郊区就消失了,而房地产价格飙升又暴跌。这本书与一种永久的浮动暴动有关,它被卷入了骚乱。

50.由于人类的软弱和错误,网络已经不堪重负,甚至在灾难来临之前,就已经有了来自火星的冰战士的入侵。

3.单选题

Itisnoneofyourbusiness;youhavenorightto().

问题1选项

A.disturb

B.interfere

C.interrupt

D.obtain

【答案】B

【解析】近义词解析。disturb“打扰,妨碍”;interfere“干涉”;interrupt“打断”;obtain“获得”。句意:不关你的事,你没有权利干涉。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Eachboyandeachgirl____orderedtoleavetheclassroom.

问题1选项

A.was

B.were

C.has

D.have

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.wasB.were

C.hasD.have

【答案】A

【考查点】each用法和被动语态。

【解题思路】句子的主语是boyandgirl,因此他们应该是被要求离开教室,因此用被动语态,排除C和D选项;当and连接的两个并列主语前有each修饰时,强调个体,谓语动词用单数,因此排除B选项,选A。

【干扰项排除】根据解题思路B、C、D选项均不符合语法结构。

【句意】每个男生和女生都被要求离开教室。

5.单选题

Manyscientistsremainskepticalaboutthevalueofthisresearchprogram.

问题1选项

A.conscious

B.doubtful

C.novelty

D.obscure

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项conscious“意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的”;B选项doubtful“可疑的;令人生疑的;疑心的;不能确定的”;C选项novelty“新奇;新奇的事物;新颖小巧而廉价的物品”;D选项obscure“昏暗的,朦胧的;晦涩的,不清楚的;隐蔽的;不著名的,无名的”。句意:许多科学家对这个研究项目的价值仍持怀疑态度。结合此处关键词skeptical“怀疑的”,得知B选项正确。

6.单选题

Despitethefactthatthetwocouncilmembersbelongedtodifferentpoliticalparties,they(

)theissueofhowtofinancethetowndebt.

问题1选项

A.agreedon

B.complicated

C.attestedto

D.avoided

【答案】A

【解析】动词和词组辨析。句意‘尽管两位委员会成员属于不同的政党,但他们就如何为该镇的债务融资达成一致’A选项“对…取得一致意见”;B选项“使复杂化”,原型是complicate;C选项“证明,证实”;D选项“躲开,避免”;根据关键词despite和belongedtodifferentpoliticalparties可以推断出填入空白处的词是要和前面的意思形成对比或转折,所以A选项正确。

7.单选题

问题1选项

A.Jack’spersonality.

B.Jack’sappearance.

C.Jack’scareer.

D.Jack’sage.

【答案】D

【解析】8.M:Jenny.IknowyoulikeJackalot.Butwhatdoyoulikeabouthim?

W:He’sgentle,patientandmature.Ithinkhe’smyMr.Right.

M:Matureisagoodword.Don’tyouthinkhe’salittleoldforyou?He’salmosttwiceasoldasyouare.

Q:Whatisthemanconcernedabout?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干为:这个男人担心什么?由文中“Butwhatdoyoulikeabouthim(但你喜欢他哪点呢)”和“He’salmosttwiceasoldasyouare.(他的年龄比你大一倍)”,推测可知D选项“Jack’sage(杰克的年龄)”符合原文。A选项“杰克的性格”;B选项“杰克的外表”;C选项“杰克的事业”不符合原文。

8.单选题

Sincethedawnofcivilization,mankindhasbeenobsessedbythepossibilitythatitwillonedaybeextinguished.Theimpactofanasteroidonearthandthespectreofnuclearholocaustarethemostprevalentmillennialfears.Nowsomescientistsareincreasinglyleaningtowardstheviewthatanewnightmaremustbeaddedtothelist.Theirconcernisthatintelligentcomputerswilleventuallydevelopmindsoftheirownanddestroythehumanrace.

ThelatestwarningcomesfromProfessorStephenHawking.Hetoldaninterviewerthisweekthatartificialintelligencecould“outsmartusall”andthatatechnologicalcatastropheisa“nearcertainty”.Mostnon-expertswilldismisshisclaimsasafantasyrootedinsciencefiction.Butthepaceofprogressinartificialintelligence,orAI,meanspolicymakersshouldalreadybeconsideringthesocialconsequences.

Accordingtoarecentsurvey,halftheworld’sAIexpertsbelievehuman-levelmachineintelligencewillbeachievedby2040and90percentsayitwillarriveby2075.SeveralAIexpertstalkaboutthepossibilitythatthehumanbrainwilleventuallybe“reverseengineered”.Someprominenttechleaders,meanwhile,warnthattheconsequencesareunpredictable.ElonMusk,thepioneerofelectriccars,hasarguedthatadvancedcomputertechnologyis“potentiallymoredangerousthannuclearthreats.’’

Thatsaid,theriskthatcomputersmightonedayposeachallengetohumanityshouldbeputinperspective.Scientistsmaynotbeabletosaywithcertaintywhen,orif,machineswillmatchoroutperformmankind.

Butbeforetheworldgetstothatpoint,thedrawingtogetherofbothhumanandcomputerintelligencewillalmostcertainlyhelptotacklepressingproblemsthatcannototherwisebesolved.Thegrowingabilityofcomputerstocrunchenormousquantitiesofdata,forexample,willplayahugeroleinhelpinghumanitytackleclimatechangeanddiseaseoverthenextfewdecades.Itwouldbefollytoarrestthedevelopmentofcomputertechnologynow一andforgothosebenefits一becauseofrisksthatliemuchfurtherinthefuture.

ThereiseveryreasontobeoptimisticaboutAIresearch.Thereisnoevidencethatscientistswillstruggletocontrolcomputers,evenattheirmostadvancedstage.Butthisisasectorinwhichpioneersmusttreadcarefully—andwiththeireyesopentotheenduringabilityofsciencetosurpriseus.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,(

).

2.Theunderlinedword“catastrophe”canbeinterpretedas

).

3.ProfessorStephenHawkingbelievesthatartificialintelligence

).

4.AIexpertscontendthat

).

5.Withthehelpofcomputerintelligence,humanbeingscan

).

6.Theauthorsuggeststhatweshould(

).

问题1选项

A.humancivilizationwillsomedaydisappear

B.intelligentcomputerswillthreatenmankindoneday

C.naturaldisasterswillleadtohumanextinction

D.artificialintelligencewillcontrolthehumanmind

问题2选项

A.revolution

B.advancement

C.challenge

D.disaster

问题3选项

A.willbemuchsmarterthanhumans

B.onlyappearsinsciencefictions

C.shouldnotbeoverdeveloped

D.willhavenegativesocialimpacts

问题4选项

A.humansmaybethreatenedbyartificialintelligence

B.theimplicationsofAIdevelopmentisstillunknown

C.thehumanbrainwillnotbesubjecttomachineintelligence

D.computertechnologycancausemassivedestruction

问题5选项

A.solvetechnicalproblems

B.conductvastdataanalysis

C.forecastweatherprecisely

D.preventfataldiseases

问题6选项

A.restrictAIdevelopmentduetothepotentialrisks

B.beoptimisticaboutAIandmaximizethebenefits

C.cautiouslydevelopAIwithanopenattitude

D.suspendAIresearchatitsmostadvancedstage

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

第6题:C

【解析】1.段落大意题。将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据“Sincethedawnofcivilization,mankindhasbeenobsessedbythepossibilitythatitwillonedaybeextinguished”“tintelligentcomputerswilleventuallydevelopmindsoftheirownanddestroythehumanrace.(自从文明诞生以来,人类就一直被这样一种可能性所困扰:有一天,智能计算机将被消灭,而智能计算机最终将发展出人类自己的思想,并毁灭人类。)”即可得出本题答案。

2.词汇推断题。根据题干信息,将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据前文的“warning(警告)”和第一段的“extinguished(灭绝的)”,即可进行合理推断,从而得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词StephenHawking,可将信息定位至原文第二段。根据“artificialintelligencecould‘outsmartusall’andthatatechnologicalcatastropheisa‘nearcertainty’(人工智能可能“智胜我们所有人”,一场技术灾难“几乎是肯定的”)”即可得出本题答案。

4.观点态度题。根据题干信息,可将信息点定位至原文第三段。根据“theconsequencesareunpredictable”“potentiallymoredangerousthannuclearthreats.(其后果是不可预测的,可能比核威胁更危险)”即可归纳总结得出本题答案。

5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“helpofcomputerintelligence”,可将信息点定位至原文第五段。根据“Thegrowingabilityofcomputerstocrunchenormousquantitiesofdata(计算机处理大量数据的能力越来越强,),”即可得出本题答案。

6.观点态度题。根据题干信息,可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据“ThereiseveryreasontobeoptimisticaboutAIresearch(我们完全有理由对人工智能研究保持乐观)”“pioneersmusttreadcarefully(开拓者必须小心行事)”,即可得出本题答案。

9.单选题

Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthelithosphere,thecomparativelyrigidouterlayeroftheEarththatincludesallthecrustandpartoftheunderlyingmantle.Thelithosphereisdividedintoafewdozenplatesofvarioussizesandshapes,ingeneraltheplatesareinmotionwithrespecttooneanother.Amid-oceanridgeisaboundarybetweenplateswherenewlithosphericmaterialisinjectedfrombelow.AStheplatesdivergefromamid-oceanridgetheyslideonamoreyieldinglayeratthebaseofthelithosphere.

SincethesizeoftheEarthisessentiallyconstant,newlithospherecanbecreatedatthemid-oceanridgesonlyifanequalamountoflithosphericmaterialisconsumedelsewhere.Thesiteofthisdestructionisanotherkindofplateboundary:asubductionzone.Thereoneplatedivesundertheedgeofanotherandisreincorporatedintothemantle.Bothkindsofplateboundaryareassociatedwithfaultsystems,earthquakesandvolcanism,butthekindsofgeologicactivityobservedatthetwoboundariesarequitedifferent.

Theideaofsea-foodspreadingactuallyprecededthetheoryofplatetectonics.Initsoriginalversion,intheearly1960’s,itdescribedthecreationanddestructionoftheoceanfloor,butitdidnotspecifyrigidlithosphericplates.ThehypothesiswassubstantiatedsoonafterwardbythediscoverythatperiodicreversalsoftheEarth’smagneticfieldarerecordedintheoceaniccrust.Asmagmarisesunderthemid-oceanridge,ferromagneticmineralsinthemagmabecomemagnetizedinthedirectionofthegeomagneticfield.Whenthemagmacooksandsolidifies,thedirectionandthepolarityofthefieldarepreservedinthemagnetizedvolcanicrock.Reversalsofthefieldgiverisetoaseriesofmagneticstripesrunningparalleltotheaxisoftherift.Theoceaniccrustthusservesasamagnetictaperecordingofthehistoryofthegeomagneticfieldthatcanbedatedindependentlythewidthofthestripesindicatestherateofthesea-floorspreading.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereareapproximatelyhowmanylithosphericplates?

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttectonicplates?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthelithosphereisLEASTlikelytobetrue?

5.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheperiodicreversaloftheEarth’smagneticfield?

问题1选项

A.Magneticfieldreversal.

B.Theformationofmagma.

C.Thelocationofmid-oceanridges.

D.Platetectonictheory.

问题2选项

A.Six.

B.Twelve.

C.Twenty-fourormore.

D.Onethousandninehundred.

问题3选项

A.Theyaremovinginrelationshiptooneother.

B.Theyhaveunchangingborders.

C.Theyarelocatedfarbeneaththelithosphere.

D.Theyhavethesameshape.

问题4选项

A.ItisarelativelyinflexiblelayeroftheEarth.

B.Itismadeupentirelyofvolcanicash.

C.ItincludesthecrustandsomeofthemantleoftheEarth.

D.Itisdividedintoplatesofvariousshapesandsizes.

问题5选项

A.Itisinexplicable.

B.Itsupportsthehypothesisofsea-floorspreading.

C.Itwasdiscoverybeforethe1960’s.

D.Itindicatestheamountofmagmapresent.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。作者在文章第一段第一句交代了Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthelithosphere(板块构造理论描述的是岩石圈的运动),随后对此话题进行展开,D选项“板块构造理论”正确,A选项“磁场逆转”,B选项“岩浆的形成”和C选项“洋中海脊的位置”是文章的部分内容,不足以概括全文。因此D选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据第一段第二句Thelithosphereisdividedintoafewdozenplatesofvarioussizesandshapes(岩石圈被划分为几十个大小和形状各异的板块),可知C选项“24个或更多”符合题意。A选项“6”,B选项“12”和D选项“1900”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据第一段第二句ingeneraltheplatesareinmotionwithrespecttooneanother(通常这些板块都处于相对运动中),可知A选项“它们在相对位移”正确。B选项“它们的边界不变”和D选项“它们的形状相同”:根据第二段第二、三句Thereoneplatedivesundertheedgeofanotherandisreincorporatedintothemantle.(在那里,一块板块俯冲到另一块板块的边缘之下并与地幔结合在一起。),可知边界会改变,形状也不会相同。C选项“它们位于岩石圈深处”:根据第一段第一句Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdescribesthemotionsofthelithosphere(板块构造理论描述岩石圈的运动),可知板块构造包括整个岩石圈。因此A选项正确。

4.推理判断题。根据第三段第二句Initsoriginalversion,intheearly1960’s,itdescribedthecreationanddestructionoftheoceanfloor,butitdidnotspecifyrigidlithosphericplates.(在20世纪60年代它的理论雏形中,描述了海底的生成和毁灭,但没有详细介绍坚硬的岩石圈板块。),可知这一段讲述的是海洋中岩石圈的情况,不是所有的,没有普遍性,B选项“它完全由火山灰构成”过于绝对,不符合文章内容。A选项“它是地球上一个相对不灵活的层”:根据第二段第一句SincethesizeoftheEarthisessentiallyconstant,newlithospherecanbecreatedatthemid-oceanridgesonlyifanequalamountoflithosphericmaterialisconsumedelsewhere.(由于地球的大小本质上是不变的,只有同等数量的岩石圈物质在其它地方被吞没,新的岩石圈才能生成。),可知岩石圈物质总体没有质的变化,只有数的变化,所以即使有生有灭,但是相对不灵活,符合文章内容。C选项“它包括地球的地壳和部分地幔”:根据第一段第一句thecomparativelyrigidouterlayeroftheEarththatincludesallthecrustandpartoftheunderlyingmantle(岩石圈是相对坚硬的地球外层,包括全部地壳和部分地幔。),可知符合文章内容。D选项“它被分成各种形状和大小的板块”:根据第一段第二句Thelithosphereisdividedintoafewdozenplatesofvarioussizesandshapes(岩石圈被划分为几十个大小和形状各异的板块),可知符合文章内容。因此B选项正确。

5.推理判断题。根据第三段第一句Theideaofsea-foodspreadingactuallyprecededthetheoryofplatetectonics.(海产品传播的观点实际上早于板块构造理论。)和第三句ThehypothesiswassubstantiatedsoonafterwardbythediscoverythatperiodicreversalsoftheEarth’smagneticfieldarerecordedintheoceaniccrust.(这个假设不久之后为发现所证实。该发现表明地球磁场周期性的逆转被记录在海洋地壳中。),可知作者讲述地球磁场的周期性逆转是为了支持海底扩张假说,B选项“支持海底扩张假说”正确,A选项“这无法解释”错误。C选项“在20世纪60年代之前被发现”:根据第三段第二句Initsoriginalversion,intheearly1960’s(在20世纪60年代,它的理论雏形中),可知这是在20世纪60年代被发现而非在这之前。D选项“它表明岩浆的数量”。因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

Organicarchitecture—thatis,naturalarchitecture—maybevariedinconceptandform,butitisalwaysfaithfultonaturalprinciples.Organicarchitecturerejectsrulesimposedbyindividualpreferenceormereaestheticsinordertoremaintruetothenatureofthesite,thematerials,thepurposeofthestructure,andthepeoplewhowillultimatelyuseit.Ifthesenaturalprinciplesareupheld,thenabankcannotbebuilttolooklikeaGreektemple.Formdoesnotfollowfunction;formisinseparablefromfunction.Inotherwords,abuildingshouldbeinspiredbynature’sformsandconstructedwithmaterialsthatretainandrespectthenaturalcharacteristicsofthesettingtocreateharmonywithitsnaturalenvironment.Itshouldmaximizepeople’scontactwithandutilizationoftheoutdoors.

Naturalprinciplesthenareprinciplesofdesign,notstyle,expressedbyconstructionthatreflectsunity,balance,proportion,rhythm,andscale.Likeasculptor,theorganicarchitectviewsthesiteandmaterialsasaninnateformthatshapesanddevelopsorganicallyfromwithin.Truthinarchitectureresultsinanatural,spontaneousstructureintotalharmonywiththesetting.Forthemostpart,thesestructuresfindtheirgeometricthemesinthecontoursofthelandandtheircolorsinthesurroundingpaletteofnature.

Fromtheoutside,anorganicstructureissomuchapartofnaturethatitisoftenobscuredbyit.Inotherwords,itmaynotbepossiblefortheeyetoeasilyseparatetheman-madestructurefromthenaturalterrain.Fromtheinside,roomsopenintoeachother.Naturallight,air,andviewpermeatethewholestructure,providingasenseofcommunicationwiththeoutdoors.

26.Inorganicarchitecture,whichofthefollowingistrue?

27.Agoodexampleofnaturalprinciplesisa().

28.Whydoestheauthorcompareanorganicarchitecttoasculptor?

29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthearchitect’sviewofnature?

问题1选项

A.Formfollowsfunction.

B.Functionfollowsform.

C.Functionisnotimportanttoform.

D.Formandfunctionareone.

问题2选项

A.bankthatisbuilttolooklikeaGreektemple

B.bankbuiltsothatthelocationisunimportanttothestructure

C.bankthatisbuilttoconformtothenaturalsurroundings

D.bankthatisbuilttobebeautifulratherthanfunctional

问题3选项

A.Toemphasizeaesthetics.

B.Togiveanexampleofnaturalprinciples.

C.Tomakeapointaboutthedevelopmentofgeometry.

D.Todemonstratetheimportanceofstyle.

问题4选项

A.Natureshouldbeconquered.

B.Natureshouldnotbeconsidered.

C.Natureshouldberespected.

D.Natureshouldbeimproved.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】26.推理判断题。定位在第一段Formdoesnotfollowfunction;formisinseparablefromfunction.(形式并不遵循功能,形式不能从功能上分割出来。)由此可知,形式和功能是一体的。因此D选项“形式和功能是一体的”正确,符合题意。A选项“形式遵循功能”,B选项“功能遵循形式”,C选项“功能对形式并不重要”,均不符合题意,故选D。

27.推理判断题。根据原文Ifthesenaturalprinciplesareupheld,thenabankcannotbebuilttolooklikeaGreektemple(如果坚持这些自然原则,那么银行不能建造像一座希腊神庙)Inotherwords,abuildingshouldbeinspiredbynature’sformsandconstructedwithmaterialsthatretainandrespectthenaturalcharacteristicsofthesettingtocreateharmonywithitsnaturalenvironment.(换句话说,一座建筑应该受到自然形式的启发,用那些保持和尊重所在地点的自然特点的材料建造而成,从而达到与自然环境的和谐统一。)可以推论出,遵守自然原则的好例子是建造一所与其自然环境一致的银行。因此C选项“为适应自然环境而建的银行”正确,符合题意。A选项“建得像希腊神庙的银行”,B选项“银行的建造地点对结构不重要”,D选项“银行是为了美观而不是实用”均不符合题意,故选C。

28.推理判断题。定位到第二段的第一句Naturalprinciplesthenareprinciplesofdesign,notstyle,expressedbyconstructionthatreflectsunity,balance,proportion,rhythm,andscale.(自然原则是设计的原则,不是风格上的,通过反映统一、平衡、比例、节奏和比例的结构来体现。)紧接着就举例与有机建筑师和雕塑家进行比较,从而进一步说明自然原则。因此B选项“给自然原则所举的例子”正确,符合题意。A选项“来强调美学”;C选项“对几何学的发展提出一点看法”;D选项“阐述风格的重要性”均与题意不符。故选B。

29.推理判断题。根据文章的第一句Organicarchitecture—thatis,naturalarchitecture—maybevariedinconceptandform,butitisalwaysfaithfultonaturalprinciples.(有机建筑,也就是自然建筑,在概念和形式上可能是不同的,但它始终忠实于自然原则。)本文主要说明了有机建筑,其核心是自然原则。由此可知建筑师是忠实于自然的。因此C选项“自然应该得到尊重”正确,符合题意。A选项“应该征服自然”,B选项“不应该考虑自然”,D选项“应该要改善自然”均不符合题意。故选C。

11.单选题

Likeatiredmarriage,therelationshipbetweenlibrariesandpublishershaslongbeenreassuringlydull.E-books,however,arecausingheartache.Librariesknowtheyneeddigitalwaresiftheyaretoremainrelevant,butmanypublishersaretoowaryofpiracyandlostsalestoco-operate.Amongthebigsix,onlyRandomHouseandHarperCollinslicensee-bookswithmostlibraries.Theothershaveeitherdeniedrequestsorarereluctantlyexperimenting.InAugust,forexample,PenguinwillstartapilotwithpubliclibrariesinNewYork.

Publishersarewisetobenervous.Ownersofe-readersareexactlythecustomerstheyneed:book-loverswithmoney(neitherthedevices

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