考研考博-英语-哈尔滨师范大学考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨师范大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Ifit（）toomuchtrouble,I’dloveacupofcoffee.

问题1选项

A.hadn’tbeen

B.isn’t

C.weren’t

D.maynotbe

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。句意：如果不是很麻烦，我想要来杯咖啡。本题的would是一种委婉、礼貌的语气，表示请求，所以if从句是一个真实条件句，不是虚拟语气，直接用一般现在时，因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

FlatswerealmostunknowninBritainuntilthe1850swhentheyweredeveloped,alongwithotherindustrialdwellings,forthelaboringclasses.Thesevastblockswereplainlya（1）meansof（2）socialconsciencebyhousinglargenumbersoftheever-presentpooron（3）citysites.Duringthe1880s,however,theideaoflivingincomfortableresidentialchamberscaughtonwiththe（4）upperanduppermiddle-classes,and（5）astotheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofflatlifewasatopicofconversation（6）manya（7）dinnertable.InParisandothermajorEuropeancities,thecustomwherebythebetter-offlivedinapartments,orflats,waswell（8）.Uptothelate19thcenturyinEnglandonlybachelorbarristershadestablishedthe（9）oflivinginroomsneartheLawCourt:anyself-respectingheadofhouseholdwouldinsist（10）aWestEndtownhouseashisLondonhome,thebestthathis（11）couldprovide.

The（12）offlatsforthebetter-offseemstohavedevelopedforanumberofreasons.First,perhaps,throughthe（13）oftherailways,whichhadenabledawide（14）ofpeopletoenjoyaholidaystayinginasuiteatoneoftheluxuryhotelswhichhadbeguntospringupduringthepreviousdecade.（15）,nodoubt,thefactthatmanyoftheearlyluxuryflatsweresimilar（16）hotelsuites,evenbeingprovidedwith（17）diningroomsandcentralboilersforhotwaterandheating.Rentstendedtobehightocoveroverheads,butsavingsweremade（18）bythesecommunalamenitiesand（19）tenantsbeingableto（20）thenumberoffamilyservants.

问题1选项

A.conservative

B.conventional

C.convenient

D.communicative

问题2选项

A.easing

B.decreasing

C.diminishing

D.enhancing

问题3选项

A.compact

B.condensed

C.compressed

D.compatible

问题4选项

A.flourishing

B.affluent

C.humble

D.impoverished

问题5选项

A.ambiguity

B.controversy

C.prediction

D.compromise

问题6选项

A.around

B.through

C.over

D.above

问题7选项

A.respective

B.respectful

C.respectable

D.respecting

问题8选项

A.launched

B.imposed

C.established

D.enacted

问题9选项

A.tradition

B.anticipation

C.conviction

D.qualification

问题10选项

A.in

B.to

C.upon

D.for

问题11选项

A.sense

B.method

C.means

D.duty

问题12选项

A.superiority

B.popularity

C.priority

D.adversity

问题13选项

A.production

B.destruction

C.consumption

D.introduction

问题14选项

A.category

B.ratio

C.proportion

D.range

问题15选项

A.Nevertheless

B.Notwithstanding

C.Hence

D.Hitherto

问题16选项

A.with

B.to

C.for

D.as

问题17选项

A.communal

B.mutual

C.concentrated

D.domestic

问题18选项

A.vulnerable

B.available

C.accessible

D.possible

问题19选项

A.with

B.from

C.at

D.by

问题20选项

A.shorten

B.reduce

C.shrink

D.increase

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

第6题:A

第7题:C

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:C

第11题:C

第12题:B

第13题:D

第14题:D

第15题:C

第16题:B

第17题:A

第18题:D

第19题:D

第20题:B

【解析】1.考查形容词辨析。conservative“保守的”；conventional“传统的，常见的，符合习俗的”；convenient“方便的”；communicative“爱说话的，健谈的”。句意：这些公寓在那时是用来缓解社会良知的方便方法，这些房子里当时住着许多穷人。通过把大多数穷人安置在小公寓里是一种方便的方法。故C项正确。

2.考查动词辨析。ease“减轻，缓解，缓和”；decrease“减少”；diminish“减少，使变小”；enhance“增加”。此处指缓和社会良知，故A项正确。

3.考查形容词辨析。compact“袖珍的，紧凑的”；condensed“浓缩的，扼要的”；compressed“被压缩的”；compatible“兼容的，能共处的”。由citysites可知城市街区里的公寓是很紧凑的。故A项正确。

4.考查形容词辨析。flourishing“繁荣的，繁盛的”；affluent“富裕的，丰盛的”；humble“谦虚的，简陋的，”；impoverished“穷困的，用尽了的”。由“upperanduppermiddle-classes”可知上层阶级是富裕的，故B项正确。

5.考查名词辨析。ambiguity“含糊，模棱两可”；controversy“争议，争论”；prediction“预报，语言”；compromise“妥协，和解”。由下文可知此空指的是有关公布公寓生活的优点和缺点的争论。故B项正确。

6.考查固定搭配。aroundthetable围坐在餐桌周围。

7.考查形近词辨析。respective“各自的”；respectful“恭敬的，有礼貌的”；respectable“体面的，值得尊敬的，人格高尚的”；respecting“关于”。富人的餐桌应该是体面的，故C项符合题意。

8.考查动词辨析。launch“发射，发起，发动”；impose“强加，征税，以…欺骗”;establish“建立，确立”；enact“颁布，制定法律”。在巴黎和欧洲其他主要城市，富人住在公寓里的习俗已经建立。C项符合题意。

9.考查名词辨析。tradition“传统，习惯”；anticipation“预料，预想，预期”；conviction“定罪，确信，证明有罪”；qualification“资格，条件”。句意：到19世纪末，在英国只有单身律师建立了住在法院附近房子里的习惯。故A项符合题意。

10.考查固定搭配。insistupon“坚持”。句意：任何有自尊心的户主会坚持希望在西部小镇的房子安家。

11.考查名词辨析。sense“感觉，官能”；method“方法”；means“财产，方法”；duty“责任，职务”。这里指代这些有自尊心的户主希望能在西部小镇安家，并且最好他的财产能够负担这些费用。故C项正确。

12.考查名词辨析。superiority“优越，优势，优先性”；popularity“普及，流行，受欢迎”；adversity“逆境，不幸，灾难”。富人公寓很受欢迎似乎有许多理由。B项符合题意。

13.考查名词辨析。production“成品，成果”；destruction“毁灭”；consumption“消费，消耗”；introduction“介绍，引进，采用”。此处指由于火车的引进，许多人度假能够住在豪华酒店的套房里。

14.考查名词辨析。category“种类，分类”；ratio“比率，比例”；proportion“比例，占比”；range“范围，幅度”。awiderangeof“大范围的，许多不同的”。

15.考查连词。nevertheless“然而，不过”；notwithstanding“虽然，尽管”；hence“因此”；hitherto“迄今，至今”。句意：因此，不足为奇的是许多早期豪华公寓与酒店套房相似。联系上下文可知此处表示因果关系，前为因，此处表示结果。故C项正确。

16.考查固定搭配。besimilarto“与…相似的”。

17.考查形容词辨析。communal“公共的，公社的”；mutual“共同的，相互的”；concentrated“集中的，浓缩的，全神贯注的”；domestic“国内的”。由centralboilers中心锅炉可推知豪华公寓里的餐厅也是公共的，故A项正确。

18.考查形容词辨析。vulnerable“易受攻击的，脆弱的”；available“可获得的，可得到的”；accessible“可进入的，易接近的”；possible“可能的”。由thesecommunalamenties可推知这些公共设施可以帮助租客节省开支。故D项正确。

19.考查介词。由and前面的bythesecommunal…可知此空应填by。句意：这些公共设施以及房客通过减少家庭仆人的数量使得节省开支成为可能。

20.考查动词辨析。shorten“缩短，减少”；reduce“减少”；shrink“缩小，退缩”；increase“增加”。由savings可推知房客是减少雇佣仆人的数量。故B项项正确。

3.单选题

Everystudentmust（

）thelibraryrules.

问题1选项

A.conceiveof

B.compensatefor

C.concentrateon

D.complywith

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。conceiveof“设想，想象”；compensatefor“赔偿，补偿”;concentrateon“集中精力于，全神贯注于”；complywith“照做，遵守”。句意：每个学生都必须遵守图书馆的规则。选项D符合题意。

4.单选题

“I’dliketohavealookatyourcamerasbeforeIdecideonone.”“Wehaveseveral

models（

）.”

问题1选项

A.foryoutochoosefrom

B.forthechoiceofyours

C.foryourchoice

D.foryoutochoose

【答案】A

【解析】考查不定式。不定式作定语修饰severalmodels，此处表示从中选择，因此选A。

句意：“在我决定之前，我想先看看你的相机。”“我们有几个款式供你选择。”

5.单选题

Itisour（）policythatwewillachieveunitythroughpeacefulmeans.

问题1选项

A.consistent

B.considerate

C.certain

D.decisive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项consistent“始终如一的，一致的，坚持的”；B选项considerate“体贴的，体谅的，考虑周到的”；C选项certain“某一，必然的”；D选项decisive“决定性的，果断的，坚定的”。句意：通过和平方式实现团结是我们_____政策。这里表达的是“一贯的政策”，因此A选项符合题意。

6.单选题

Howdotheprofessionaltimekeepersoftheworddetermine,totheprecisenanosecond,whenanewyearbegins?Theysimplyconsultanatomicclock.Andattheendoflastmonth,justintimetoringinthenewyear,theHewlett-Packardcompany,ofPaloAlto,California,unveiledthelatestinthesemeticuloustime-pieces.Fornearly30years,thefirmhasbeensupplyingmilitaryandscientificclientswithatomicclocks;themostadvancedmodelsneithergainnorlosemorethanasecondevery800,000years.Butthenewestversion,a$54,0000devicethesizeofadesktopcomputer,isaccuratetoonesecondin1.6millionyears—farlongerthanallofhumanhistorytodate.

Itisnaturaltowonderwhocouldpossiblyneedsuchprecision.Theanswer:practicallyeveryone,atleastindirectly.Telephoneandcomputernetworksrelyonatomicclockstosynchronizetheflowoftrillionsofbitsofinformationaroundthenationandtheworld,thusavoidingmammothelectroniclogjams.Televisionandradiostationsusetheclockstotimetheirbroadcasts.Satellite-basednavigationsystemsdependonthedevicestomeasurethearrivaltimeofradiosignalstowithinatinyfractionofsecond,allowinguserstogaugetheirlocationtowithinafewfeet.Thearmedforcesuseatomicclockstohelptrackthealmostimperceptiblemotionsofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheearthandgalaxiesandstarsacrossthesky.EventhepeoplewhodroppedtheballinNewYorkCity’sTimesSquaretosignalthestartof1992reliedonatimekeepingsourcethatwaspeggedultimatelytoanatomicclock.

Theprinciplethatliesbehindallthisprecisioncomesoutofquantumphysics.Whenanatomisbombardedwithelectromagneticradiation—inthiscase,microwaves—itselectronsshiftintoanewenergystate.Eachtypeofatomrespondsmostreadilytoaparticularfrequencyofradiation.Forthecesium133atomsinmostatomicclocks,thefrequencyis9,192,613,770vibrationspersecond.Thatmeansthatwhenamicrowavebeaminsidetheclockissetexactlytothatfrequency,themaximumnumberofatomswillundergotheenergyshift.Thissignalstheclock’sinternalcomputerthatthedeviceiscorrectlytuned.Andinfact,itisthevibratingmicrowavesthatkeeptime;theatomsareusedjusttokeepthemontrack.

Theoretically,anatomicclockcouldkeepperfecttime,buttheactualperformancedependsonengineeringdetailsexactlyhowthemicrowaveshitthecesiumatoms,howsophisticatedtheelectronicsareandsoon.ItwasbyimprovingfactorslikethesethatHewett-Packardboosteditsclocks’performancefromincrediblygoodtoevenbetter.Thenextgenerationofclocksshoulddobettersill,butnooneissurewhenthatgenerationwillcomealong.Fornew,asecondeverymillionandahalfyearswillhavetodo.

31.Thenewestatomicclockisaccurateto______.

32.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned?

33.Atomicclockisveryaccuratebecause______.

34.Thenextgenerationofclockwillbemade______.

问题1选项

A.30years

B.nomorethanasecondevery800,000years

C.asecondin1.6millionyears

D.$54,000

问题2选项

A.Televisionandradiostationsuseatomicclockstotimetheirbroadcasts.

B.Thearmedforcesuseatomicclockstotimesecretcallstosubmarinesaroundtheworld.

C.Scientistsuseatomicclockstogaugethelocationofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheearth.

D.Telephoneandcomputernetworksrelyonatomicclockstosynchronizetheflowoflargeamountofinformationaroundthenationandtheworld.

问题3选项

A.quantumphysicskeepsperfecttime

B.thecesium133atomskeepsperfecttime

C.electro-magneticradiationkeepstime

D.thevibratingmicrowaveskeeptime

问题4选项

A.inasecond

B.inamillionyears

C.inahalfyear

D.inthetimenooneissureof

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】31.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“最新的原子钟精确到……”。根据第一段最后一句Butthenewestversion,a$54,0000devicethesizeofadesktopcomputer,isaccuratetoonesecondin1.6millionyears（但是最新的版本，一台价值540000美元的台式电脑大小的设备，精确到160万年中的一秒）可知，C项“160万年一秒”正确，D项“54000美元”不符合题干。根据第一段倒数第二句Fornearly30years,thefirmhasbeensupplyingmilitaryandscientificclientswithatomicclocks;themostadvancedmodelsneithergainnorlosemorethanasecondevery800,000years.（近30年来，该公司一直为军事和科研客户提供原子钟；最先进的模型每80万年增加或减少的时间都不超过一秒。）可知，A项“30年”错误，B项“每80万年不超过一秒”是最先进的版本，并不是最新的。因此，该题选择C项正确。

32.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪项没有提到？”。由第二段第二句Telephoneandcomputernetworksrelyonatomicclockstosynchronizetheflowoftrillionsofbitsofinformationaroundthenationandtheworld,thusavoidingmammothelectroniclogjams.（电话和计算机网络依靠原子钟来同步全国和全世界数万亿比特信息的流动，从而避免了巨大的电子堵塞。）可知，D项“电话和计算机网络依靠原子钟来同步全国和世界各地大量信息的流动”符合原文。由第二段第三句Televisionandradiostationsusetheclockstotimetheirbroadcasts.（电视和广播电台用这些钟来给他们的广播计时。）可知，A项“电视和广播电台使用原子钟来计时他们的广播”有提到。根据第二段倒数第二句和第三句Satellite-basednavigationsystemsdependonthedevicestomeasurethearrivaltimeofradiosignalstowithinatinyfractionofsecond,allowinguserstogaugetheirlocationtowithinafewfeet.Thearmedforcesuseatomicclockstohelptrackthealmostimperceptiblemotionsofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheearthandgalaxiesandstarsacrossthesky.（基于卫星的导航系统依靠这些设备来测量无线电信号的到达时间，误差不超过几分之一秒，这让用户可以在几英尺内测量自己的位置。军队使用原子钟来追踪地球表面上几乎无法察觉的大陆运动，以及天空中星系和恒星的运动。）可知，使用原子钟来追踪大陆在地表上的位置在文中有提到，但是军队使用原子钟来计时秘密呼叫在文中并没有体现，所以B项“武装部队使用原子钟来计时向世界各地的潜艇发出的秘密呼叫”错误，C项“科学家使用原子钟来测量大陆在地球表面的位置”正确。因此，该题选择B项正确。

33.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“原子钟非常准确是因为……”。根据文章第三段首句Theprinciplethatliesbehindallthisprecisioncomesoutofquantumphysics.（所有这些精确背后的原理来自量子物理学。）可知，原子钟的精准性是来源于量子物理学，A项“量子物理精确计时”正确。B项“133铯原子精确计时”、C项“电磁辐射计时”和D项“振动的微波计时”都是原子钟的原理，属于量子物理。因此，该题选择A项正确。

34.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下一代时钟将在……时候制造出来”。文章最后一段倒数第二句指出Thenextgenerationofclocksshoulddobettersill,butnooneissurewhenthatgenerationwillcomealong.（下一代钟表应该会做得更好，但没人确定这一代何时会出现。）可知，D项“没人能确定”正确。A项“一秒钟”、B项“一百万年”和C项“半年”都不正确。因此，该题选择D项正确。

7.翻译题

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

(46)TheUKisamongninecountrieslobbyingBrusselstoeaseproposedrulesondataprotection—inamovethatwillcomeasarelieftoUStechnologycompaniesincludingGoogleandFacebookwhichhavebeenincreasinglyconcernedaboutpotentialeffectsontheirbusiness.

TheUSgovernmenthasalsolobbiedtheEuropeancommissionnottotoughentherules,arguingthatitwouldspecificallyhinderAmericancompaniesthroughitsproposedswingeingfinesfordatabreaches,whichcouldhavebeenupto2%ofglobalturnover.

TheUK’sInformationCommissioner’sOfficeissuggestingthatindividualcountriesshouldbegivenmoreleewaytointerpretthelawasappropriate,usinga“risk-based”approach.“Ifyouhaveabutcherwhosedataprocessingonlyaffects20localpeople,youneedtobeabletotreataninfringementtheredifferentlyfromacompanywithprivatehealthrecords,”saidaspokespersonfortheICO.OthercountriesincludingGermany,SwedenandBelgiumhavemadesimilarobjections.

TheEChadplannedtohaveatimetableforthenewrulesbyJune.(47)Howeveritcouldtakeyearsbeforetherulesarefinalizedandimplemented.

(48)TheEC’saimistocreateaunifiedsetofprivacystandardsforall27countriesintheEU,andironoutnationalvariationsthathaveledtosomeconfusion.Theywouldalsomakeiteasierforcompanieswhoseprincipalfocusisprocessingdatatooperate—forexamplebydroppingtherequirementforanameddataprotectionofficer.

TheFTreportsthatamemodraftedbytheIrishpresidency,representingEUcountries,admitsthat“severalmemberstateshavevoicedtheirdisagreementwiththelevelofprescriptivenessofanumberoftheproposedobligationsinthedraftregulation.”

Oneofthemostcontroversialideasbeingputforwardisa“righttobeforgotten”,proposedbytheECjusticecommissioner,VivianeReding.(49)SheunveiledtheideainJanuary2012,suggestedthatpeopleshouldbeabletodemandthatdataaboutthemisdeletedfromcompanies’datastoresunlesstherewere“legitimate”groundstoretainit.

(50)Googleinparticularhaslobbiedfiercelyagainstthatidea,onthebasisthatitwoulddisruptitsstoresofdataandcreateholesinwhatisineffectahistoricalrecord.Reding’steamarguedthatitwasnecessaryinordertoletteenagersandyoungadultscontrolhowtheywouldbeviewedastheymatured—sothatembarrassingactsthatwouldneverhavebeenheardaboutbeforetheinternetwouldnotbecomewidelyknownandineffectstaywiththemthroughtheirlives.

Butthedeletionrequestswouldnothaveappliedtomedicalorpolicerecords.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.英国是游说欧盟放松拟议数据保护规则的9个国家之一。此举将让日益担心其业务受到潜在影响的谷歌和社交网站“脸书”等美国科技公司松一口气，因为这些公司一直都担心它们的业务可能受到影响。

47.然而，这些规则的最终确定和实施可能需要数年时间。

48.欧盟的目标是为欧盟所有27个成员国建立一套统一的隐私标准，消除导致混乱的国家差异。

49.她在2012年1月公布了这一想法，她建议除非有合法理由保留这些数据，否则人们应该有能力要求公司在数据存储中删除关于他们的数据。

50.谷歌公司尤其对这个想法进行了激烈的游说反对，因为它会破坏它的数据存储并在历史记录中产生漏洞。

8.单选题

Weareinaglobalhealthcrisis,anditgrowsworsebytheyear,astheWorldHealthOrganizationhaswarnedthatby2030almosthalftheworld'spopulationwillbeoverweightorobeseifcurrenttrendscontinue.Therearealready124millionobesechildren,amorethantenfoldincreaseinfourdecades,andmorethanamillionoftheseliveintheUK,whichhastheworstobesityratesinwesternEurope.Fourinfivewillgrowuptobeobeseadults;andtheleaderoftheUK'spaediatricbodywarnsthatthiswillcostthem10to20yearsofhealthylife.

Thisisasocialproblem,bothincauseandconsequence,asconcurredbySimonStevens,thechiefexecutiveoftheUK'sNationalHealthService,whosecautioningthatobesitycouldbankruptthehealthservicecomesacrossastheplacard-wieldingstanceofaroadsideprophetofdoom—yetthegovernment'sresponsehasbeenasmodestandinadequateasthesefiguresareshocking.Medicalexpertsdescribeitschildhoodobesitystrategyasweak,embarrassingandeveninsulting.Thoughitinheritedataxonsugarydrinks,itrowedbackfromrestrictionsonprice-cuttingpromotionsandjunkfoodmarketingoradvertising,leavingitsstrategytorelyheavilyonmeasuressuchasschoolactivityprogrammes.

Campaignershadwarnedthatwouldnotbeenough;nowresearchprovestheywereright-evenwhensuchinitiativestacklebothdietandexercise,andmakeeffortstoreachouttofamilies.ChildreninschoolsinEngland'sWestMidlandsweregivenayearofextraphysicalactivitysessions,ahealthyeatingprogrammeandcookeryworkshopswiththeirparents,allofwhichfailedtohaveanysignificanteffectonchildren'sweight.

Thecausesoftheobesityepidemicaremultipleandcomplex,asthelandmarkForesightreportproducedoveradecadeagounderscored:weliveinanobesogenicenvironment,andsomemoresothanothers(morethantwiceasmanychildrenindeprivedareasareobeseasinaffluentareas).TVsandsmartphonesinbedroomsandrelianceoncarsplaytheirpart;sotoodofooddeserts,wherefruitandvegetablesareexpensiveorinaccessible,whichleavesthemoreeconomicallystrappedsectorofthepopulationchoosingtofillahungrychildwithdonutsratherthanapples.

Butonefactorleapsout:greed.TheproblemisnotgluttonybyagenerationofAugustusGloopsbuttheavariceoftheWillyWonkaswhopressjunkfoodonconsumers,thenprofesssurpriseattheresults.Thetacticsofbigfoodare,astheglobalhealthorganisationVitalStrategiespointsoutinitsreportFoolMeTwice,strikinglysimilartothoseofbigtobaccoovertheyears.Butbigfoodhastheadvantagethateveryoneneedstoeat,whilenooneneedstosmoke,andthatabiscuitdoesnotdamagehealthasacigarettedoes,obesitynotwithstanding.Thus,thesecompaniestellusthatweshouldnotrestrictindividualfreedom;thatitisuptopeopletoshowself-discipline;andthattheirproductsarefineasoccasionalindulgences-nevermindthattheypresentfamily-sizepacksasiftheyaresuitableforindividuals,northathighlyprocessedfoods,packedwithsaltandsugar,tendtobecheapertoproduce,storeanddeliver—aswellasbeinghabit-forming.

Othercountrieshavebeenfarbolderintacklingtheindustry,insteadofrelyingonvoluntaryaction.InLatinAmerica,governmentshaveforcedcompaniestoremovecartooncharacters-naturallyaninstantappealtoyoungchildren—fromcerealboxes,imposedjunkfoodtaxesandorderedschooltuckshopstoreplacehigh-salt/sugarproductswithfruitandvegetables.Tougherrulesreshapeconsumerperceptionsanddecisionsandindoingso,theycanalsopushcompaniesintochangingproducts.

Abanonjunkfoodadvertisingbeforethe9p.m.watershedislongoverdue.Itshouldbesupplementedbyabanonpromotionsandpricecutsfor“sharing”bagsofchocolates,asActiononSugarurgedlastmonth,andthesugartaxondrinkscouldbeextendedtofoodproducts,withtherevenuechannelledintoinitiativesmakingfreshproducemoreaffordableandattractivetoconsumers.Thegovernment'sfailuretoforcechangemeansthattherestofuswillpaytheprice—inillhealthandhighertaxes—asbigfoodrakesintheprofits.

1.Findingsandstudiesdemonstratethat（

）.

2.Whodoestheauthorbelievetobeprimarilyresponsibleforfailingtostopobesity?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTinferredinthepassage

（

）.

4.Which"chainofevents"isindicatedinthepassage?

5.Companypolicytomanufacturefamily-sizepacksofunhealthyfoodwhilestatingthatitistheconsumerwhoisresponsibleforlimitingwhattheyeatisanexampleof（

）.

问题1选项

A.theobesityproblemislargelyaEuropeanone

B.unhealthychildrenhaveunhealthyparents

C.therearemoreobesechildreninlowersocio-economicareas

D.peoplenowaredyingyounger

问题2选项

A.Parents.

B.Advertisers.

C.Government.

D.Manufacturers.

问题3选项

A.therearemoreobesechildrenthanadults

B.obesitywilldrainfundsfromgovernmentresources

C.corporationsdonotcareaboutobesity

D.lackofphysicalactivitycontributestoobesity

问题4选项

A.Newgovernmentlawsconsumersbuydifferentitemsmanufacturerschangeproducts.

B.Manufacturersincreasesugarcontentmorechildrenbuyproductslifespanisshortened.

C.Regularexerciseprogramlearningtocookownfoodreductioninobesity.

D.Televisionadvertisingisregulatedmanufacturersloserevenueproductcostsdecrease.

问题5选项

A.analogy

B.rhetoric

C.hypocrisy

D.sophistry

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。文章第四段第二句提到weliveinanobesogenicenvironment,andsomemoresothanothers(morethantwiceasmanychildrenindeprivedareasareobeseasinaffluentareas)贫困地区的肥胖人数是富裕地区的两倍，选项C“经济不发达地区的肥胖人数更多”符合题意。

第2题:2.推理判断题。文章倒数第二段提到其他国家的政府采取措施强制广告商、生产商对那些容易发胖的食物进行改良，比如拉美的一些国家。文章最后一段提到，如果政府不采取措施制止，最后买单的还是民众。由此可知，之所以在阻止肥胖上没有成功，是政府没有采取相应的措施。选项C符合题意。

第3题:3.判断推理题。文章第二段第一句话提到thechiefexecutiveoftheUK'sNationalHealthService,whosecautioningthatobesitycouldbankruptthehealthservice肥胖问题会使得医疗服务破产，因此选项B可以排除；文章第五段提到一些食品公司用各种手段吸引消费者，并没有考虑食物是否会导致他们肥胖，因此选项C可以排除；文章第三段提到ChildreninschoolsinEngland'sWestMidlandsweregivenayearofextraphysicalactivitysessions学校为学生们增加了一年的体育锻炼课程，说明缺乏运动也是导致肥胖的一个原因，因此选项D可以排除。综上，选项A符合题意。

第4题:4.判断推理题。文章最后一段提到禁止在早上九点之前播放垃圾食品广告这个方法已经过时，而是应该对那些含糖分高的垃圾食品从推广到税收都采取相关措施。如果政府在这些方面无法调控的话，最终买单的是民众——健康受损，税也要纳更多。选项A“新政策实施；消费者购买东西的种类增加；生产商改变生产”符合题意。

第5题:5.判断推理题。文章第五段后半部分提到那些食品公司一方面说食物摄取的多少看个人自律程度，另一方面又将包装家庭分量的食物卖给个人，也不管这些食物是高盐，高糖分（Thus,thesecompaniestellusthatweshouldnotrestrictindividualfreedom;thatitisuptopeopletoshowself-discipline;andthattheirproductsarefineasoccasionalindulgences-nevermindthattheypresentfamily-sizepacksasiftheyaresuitableforindividuals,northathighlyprocessedfoods,packedwithsaltandsugar,tendtobecheapertoproduce,storeanddeliver-aswellasbeinghabit-forming）。由此可知，这是在诡辩。选项D符合题意。

9.单选题

ThescientistshaveWadea（）studyofthevirusesthatcausethedisease.

问题1选项

A.exhausted

B.exhausting

C.exhaustive

D.exhaustion

【答案】C

【解析】句意:科学家已经对产生疾病的病菌做了详尽的研究。

考查形近词辨析。exhausted筋疲力尽的，耗尽的；exhausting使人疲惫不堪的；exhaustive详尽的，彻底的，全面的；exhaustion筋疲力尽，耗尽。因此C项正确。

10.不定项选择题

Nuclearpowersupplies5%oftheworld’senergyfrommorethan400plants.ButwiththeexceptionofFranceandJapan,therichworldhasstoppedorderingnewreactors.Atechnologythatwasoncedeemedbothcleanand“toocheaptometer”hasprovedtotheneither.Theindustry’schiefhopenowrestsonthepoorworld.WesternfirmswithreactorstosellwillbeflockingtoTokyoonOctober8thfortheWorldEnergyCongress,agiantconferencefortheenergybusiness.Asia,whereelectricitydemandfromdevelopingcountriesisgrowingat8%ayear,willbeoneveryone’slips.NewreactorsareplannedinChina,Taiwan,Indonesia,SouthKorea,PakistanandIndia.Itisgoodnewsforthereactorvendors;butthesecountriesaremakingamistake.

Theeconomicargumentsforbuildingnewnuclearplantsareflawed.Themarginalcostsofgeneratingelectricityfromnuclearmaybetiny,butasthetechnologynowstands,hugeanduncertaincostsareinvolvedinbuildingthepowerstations,dealingwithspentfuel,anddecommissioning.Manywesterngovernmentswhichsangnuclei’spraisesnowadmitthatgasandhydropowercanproducecheaperelectricity.

Theeconomicsofnuclearpowerinthepoorworldcouldprovetotheworsestill.Asintherichworld,fossilfuelssuchasgasandcoalareinvariablycheaper.InChinathecasefornuclearpowermaybealittlestrongerasdomesticreservesofcoal—thoughhuge—arelocatedfarfromsomeareasofgrowingelectricitydemand.Butmostdevelopingcountriesarestrappedforcashandneedtoincreaseelectricitysupplyquicklytomeetsoaringdemand.Nuclearplantsfailonbothcounts:theyarehugelycapital-intensive,andcantakeaslongastenyearstobuild.

Thosestillcharmedbynuclearpowernowadaysmakethreenewargumentsinitsfavor:thatitisadefenseagainstclimatechange,againstanotherOPEC-administeredoilshock,andagainsttheinevitableexhaustionoffossilfuels.Nonebearscloseexamination.

1.Nuclearpowerhasprovedtobe________.

2.Nuclearreactors________.

3.Theauthorseemstosuggestthat________.

4.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.BuildingnuclearplantsmayinvolveallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

6.Theadvantagesnotedbythosefornuclearpower________.

问题1选项

A.indispensable

B.expensive

C.economical

D.competitive

问题2选项

A.haveceasedtogointooperation

B.areassumedtosellinAsia

C.keepthefavoroftherichworld

D.arerejectedbyFranceandJapan

问题3选项

A.buildinganuclearpowerstationwillnottaketoomuchtime

B.westerncountriesrefusedtobuyanynuclearreactors

C.nuclearreactorsareingreatdemandindevelopingcountries

D.nuclearpoweriscostlytotherichworld,letalonetothepoorworld

问题4选项

A.Chinawilldenyitselftothecompleteuseofnuclearpower.

B.Chinaissupposedtousenuclearpowertoadegree.

C.Theargumentsinfavorofbuildingnuclearpowerarejustifiable.

D.Mostdevelopingcountriesarenotpressedforeithertimeormoney.

问题5选项

A.laborintensiveness

B.hugecapitalinvestment

C.longperiodoftime

D.pollution

问题6选项

A.areutterlygroundless

B.areapprovedunquestionable

C.arefullytestified

D.aresubjecttoexamination

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由题干，我们可以定位到文章第一段第三句Atechnologythatwasoncedeemedbothcleanand“toocheaptometer”hasprovedtotheneither.（这项曾经被认为清洁又便宜的技术，现在被证明两者都没有），A选项“不可替代的”，文章没有提及，而且不符合逻辑；B选项“昂贵”，以前觉得清洁又便宜，但是这种想法已经被推翻了，所以是既不清洁又很贵，答案选B；C选项“economical”（经济的）和cheap是同义词；D选项“有竞争力的”，文章没有提及，所以排除。

第2题:事实细节题。由题干，我们可以定位到第一段第二句ButwiththeexceptionofFranceandJapan,therichworldhasstoppedorderingnewreactors.（但是除了法国和日本，发达国家已经停止订购新的反应堆。）由此可知反应堆仍然有人在用，而且法国和日本也没有拒绝使用反应堆，A选项“人们停止使用反应堆”和D选项“被日本和法国禁止使用”排除。第一段第四句Theindustry’schiefhopenowrestsonthepoorworld.（现在这个行业的主要希望就是不发达国家了），以及第一段倒数第二、三句话Asia,whereelectricitydemandfromdevelopingcountriesisgrowingat8%ayear,willbeoneveryone’slips.NewreactorsareplannedinChina,Taiwan,Indonesia,SouthKorea,PakistanandIndia.（在亚洲，发展中国家的电力需求以每年8%的速度增长，这将成为每个人谈论的话题。中国大陆、中国台湾、印尼、韩国、巴基斯坦和印度都计划建设新的核反应堆。），由此可见反应堆的销售者不会偏向地选择富裕国家，因为他们把希望寄托在了不发达国家。所以C选项“反应堆（销售者）仍然倾向于富裕国家”错误；而在发展中国家中打算建立核电站的都是亚洲国家，所以答案是B选项“都准备销往亚洲”。

第3题:推理判断题，定位到第三段最后一句Nuclearplantsfailonboth